sigma

sigma, SIGMA

1. The 18th letter of the Greek alphabet, sigma. 2. (sigma) Symbol for reflection coefficient; standard deviation; a factor in prokaryotic RNA initiation; wavenumber; surface tension. 3. (SIGMA) Summation of a series.

S S

1. Abbreviation for sacral vertebra (S1 to S5); spherical or spherical lens; Svedberg unit. 2. Symbol for siemens; sulfur; entropy in thermodynamics; substrate in the Michaelis-Menton mechanism; percentage saturation of hemoglobin (when followed by subscript O₂ or CO); serine; one of the two stereochemical designations (in italics) in the Cahn-Ingold-Prelog system. 3. Designation of a rare human antigen (hemagglutinogen) related genetically to the MNSs blood group. See Blood Groups appendix.

35S ³⁵S

Symbol for sulfur-35.

S1 S₁

Symbol for first heart sound.

S2 S₂

Symbol for second heart sound.

S3 S₃

Symbol for third heart sound.

S4 S₄

Symbol for fourth heart sound.

S7 S₇

summation gallop

Sf S_f

Symbol for flotation constant.

s s

Abbreviation of L. sinister, left; L. semis, half; second; as a subscript, denotes steady state.

s s

Abbreviation for L. sine, without.

s s

Symbol for selection coefficient; sedimentation coefficient.

S-A S-A

Abbreviation for sinuatrial.

sabadilla sabadilla (sab-a-dil´a)

The seed of Schoenocaulon officinale (family Liliaceae), a plant of the shores of the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea; it yields cevadine, veratridine, and several other alkaloids; has been used externally as a parasiticide.cevadilla; [Sp. cevadilla, ult. fr. L. cibus, food]

Sabin Sabin

Albert B., Polish-U.S. virologist, 1906-1993. See S. vaccine; S.-Feldman dye test.

Sabin-Feldman dye test Sabin-Feldman dye test

See under test.

Sabouraud Sabouraud

Raymond J.A., French dermatologist, 1864-1938. See S.'s agar, pastils, under pastil; S.-Noiré instrument.

sabulous sabulous (sab´yu-lus)

Sandy; gritty. [L. sabulosus, fr. sabulum, coarse sand]

saburra saburra (sa-bur´a)

1. Foulness of the stomach or mouth resulting from decomposed food. 2. sordes [L. sand]

saburral saburral (sa-bur´al)

Relating to saburra (1).

sac sac (sak)

1. A pouch or bursa. See sacculus. 2. An encysted abscess at the root of a tooth. 3. The capsule of a tumor, or envelope of a cyst.saccus [NA] ; [L. saccus, a bag]
abdominal s.the part of the embryonic celom that becomes the abdominal cavity.
air s.alveolar s
allantoic s.the dilated distal portion of the allantois; it forms part of the placenta in many mammals.
alveolar s. 1. terminal dilation of the alveolar ducts that give rise to alveoli in the lung; a small air chamber in the pulmonary tissue from which the pulmonary alveoli project like bays and into which an alveolar duct opens; 2. in birds, air-containing extensions of bronchi that connect with bone cavities.sacculus alveolaris [NA] , air s;
amniotic s.amnion
anal s.a vesicular cutaneous invagination opening by a duct on each side of the anal canal in carnivores (best developed in skunks, but absent in some bears, the raccoon, kinkajou, coati, and sea otter), each lying between the external and internal anal sphincter muscles, which aid in emptying the contents. The s. stores odoriferous scent markers produced by glands that line its wall or duct; frequently the s. becomes impacted in the dog or cat, requiring manual emptying.
aneurysmal s.the dilated wall of an artery in a saccular aneurysm.
aortic s.in mammalian embryos, the endothelially lined dilation just distal to the truncus arteriosus; it is the primordial vascular channel from which the aortic arches arise and is homologous to the ventral aorta of gill-bearing vertebrates.
chorionic s.chorion
conjunctival s.the space bound by the conjunctival membrane between the palpebral and bulbar conjunctiva; into which the lacrimal fluid is secreted; it opens anteriorly between the eyelids.saccus conjunctivae [NA] ;
cupular blind s.cupular cecum of the cochlear duct
dental s.the outer connective tissue envelope surrounding a developing tooth; also applied to the mesenchymal concentration that is the primordium of the s. See also dental follicle.
endolymphatic s.the dilated blind extremity of the endolymphatic duct.saccus endolymphaticus [NA] , Böttcher's space, Cotunnius' space, sacculus endolymphaticus;
heart s.pericardium
hernial s.the peritoneal envelope of a hernia.
Hilton's s.saccule of larynx
lacrimal s.the upper portion of the nasolacrimal duct into which empty the two lacrimal canaliculi; empty.saccus lacrimalis [NA] , dacryocyst, sacculus lacrimalis, tear s;
lesser peritoneal s.omental bursa
lymph s.'sthe earliest lymphatic vessels formed in the embryo.
nasal s.'sthe deepened nasal pits that develop into the definitive nasal cavities.
omental s.omental bursa
preputial s.the space between the prepuce and the glans penis.
pudendal s.a pear-shaped encapsulated collection of connective tissue and fat in each labium majus.Broca's pouch;
tear s.lacrimal s
tooth s.a capsule that encloses the developing tooth.
vestibular blind s.vestibular cecum of the cochlear duct
vitelline s.yolk s
yolk s. 1. in vertebrates with telolecithal eggs; the highly vascular layer of splanchnopleure surrounding the yolk of an embryo; 2. in humans and other mammals, the s. of extraembryonic membrane that is located ventral to the embryonic disk and, after formation of the gut tube, is connected to the midgut; by the second month of development, this connection has become the narrow yolk stalk; the yolk s. is the first hematopoietic organ of the embryo, and its vitelline circulation plays an important role in the early embryonic circulation; the s. is also the site of origin of the primordial germ cells.umbilical vesicle, vesicula umbilicalis, vitelline s;

sacbrood sacbrood (sak´brud)

A viral disease affecting the larvae of bees.

saccade saccade (sa-kad´)

Rapid eye movement to redirect the line of sight. [Fr. saccade, sudden check of a horse]

saccadic saccadic (sa-kad´ik)

Jerky. See saccadic movement.

saccate saccate (sak´at)

Relating to a sac. [L. saccus, sac]

sacchar- sacchar-

See saccharo-.

saccharase saccharase (sak´a-ras)

beta-fructofuranosidase

saccharate saccharate (sak´a-rat)

A salt or ester of saccharic acid.

saccharephidrosis saccharephidrosis (sak-ar-ef-i-dro´sis)

The presence of sugar in the sweat. [sacchar- + G. ephidrosis, a slight perspiration]

sacchari- sacchari-

See saccharo-.

saccharic saccharic (sa-kar´ik)

Relating to sugar.

saccharic acid saccharic acid (sak´a-rik)

Term used to denote the class of dicarboxy sugar acids.

saccharides saccharides (sak´a-rIdz)

S. are classified as mono-, di-, tri-, and polysaccharides according to the number of monosaccharide groups composing them. See carbohydrates.

sacchariferous sacchariferous (sak´a-rif´er-us)

Producing sugar.

saccharification saccharification (sa-kar´i-fi-ka´shun)

The process of saccharifying.

saccharify saccharify (sa-kar´i-fI)

To convert starch or cellulose or other polysaccharides into sugar. [sacchari- + L. facio, to make]

saccharimeter saccharimeter (sak-a-rim´e-ter)

An instrument for determining the amount of sugar in a solution; it may be a polarimeter, a hygrometer, or a container in which the solution is fermented and the amount estimated by the volume of CO₂ produced.saccharometer; [(sacchari- + G. metron, measure]

saccharin saccharin (sak´a-rin)

o-sulfobenzimide; 2,3-dihydro-3-oxobenzisosulfonazole;in dilute aqueous solution it is 300 to 500 times sweeter than sucrose; used as a sweetening agent (sugar substitute); s. sodium and s. calcium have the same use.benzosulfimide;

saccharine saccharine (sak´a-ren, -rin, -rIn)

Relating to sugar; sweet.

saccharo- saccharo-, sacchar-, sacchari-

Combining forms denoting sugar (saccharide). [G. sakcharon, sugar]

saccharogen amylase saccharogen amylase (sak´a-ro-jen)

beta-amylase

saccharolytic saccharolytic (sak´a-ro-lit´ik)

Capable of hydrolyzing or otherwise breaking down a sugar molecule. [saccharo- + G. lysis, loosening]

saccharometabolic saccharometabolic (sak´a-ro-met´a-bol´ik)

Relating to saccharometabolism.

saccharometabolism saccharometabolism (sak-a-ro-me-tab´o-lizm)

Metabolism of sugar; the process of utilization of sugar in cells.

saccharometer saccharometer (sak-a-rom´e-ter)

saccharimeter

Saccharomyces Saccharomyces (sak´a-ro-mI´sez)

A genus of budding yeasts (family Saccharomycetaceae); an ascomycete. S. cerevisiae is used to produce brewer's yeast and ethanol. S. cerevisiae has been reported to cause paronychia in diabetics and immunocompromised patients. [saccharo- + G. mykes, fungus]

Saccharomycetaceae Saccharomycetaceae (sak´a-ro-mI-se-ta´se-e)

The family of yeasts; that group of fungi comprising the ascomycetes which possess a predominantly unicellular thallus, reproduce asexually by budding, transverse division, or both, and produce ascospores in an ascus, originating from a zygote or pathogenetically from a single somatic cell. The term yeastlike fungus is often applied to fungi that are not known to form ascospores, but otherwise possess the characteristics of yeasts; such forms are properly placed with the Fungi Imperfecti unless methods of sexual reproduction are known; e.g., Cryptococcus neoformans.

Saccharomycetales Saccharomycetales (sak´a-ro-mI´se-ta´lez)

Endomycetales

saccharopine saccharopine (sak-ar´o-pen)

HOOC(CH₂)₂CH(COOH)NH(CH₂)₄CH(NH₂)COOH;a derivative of a-ketoglutarate and l-lysine that is an intermediate in l-lysine catabolism; elevated in cases of saccharopinuria.
s. dehydrogenasetwo enzymes that are used in the pathway of l-lysine catabolism; the first isoform catalyzes the reversible conversion of l-lysine, a-ketoglutarate, and NADH to s. and NAD⁺; the other isoform reversibly catalyzes to conversion of s. and NAD⁺ to l-glutamate, NADH, and l-a-aminoadipate delta-semialdehyde. A deficiency of one of these isoforms is associated with familial hyperlysinemia and saccharopinuria.

saccharopinuria saccharopinuria (sak-ar´o-pen-ur-e-a)

Elevated levels of saccharopine in the urine; associated with a variant of familial hyperlysinuria.

saccharorrhea saccharorrhea (sak´a-ro-re´a)

Obsolete term for glycosuria. [saccharo- + G. rhoia, a flow]

saccharose saccharose (sak´a-ros)

sucrose

saccharosuria saccharosuria (sak´a-ro-su´re-a)

Obsolete term denoting the excretion of saccharose in the urine. [saccharose + G. ouron, urine]

saccharum saccharum (sak´a-rum)

sucrose [Mod. L. fr. G. sakcharon]
s. canaden´semaple sugar
s. lac´tislactose

sacciform sacciform (sak´si-form)

Pouched; sac-shaped.saccular, sacculated; [L. saccus, sack, + forma, form]

saccular saccular (sak´yu-lar)

sacciform

sacculated sacculated (sak´yu-la´ted)

sacciform

sacculation sacculation (sak´yu-la´shun)

1. A structure formed by a group of sacs. 2. The formation of a sac or pouch.
s.'s of colonhaustra of colon, under haustrum

saccule saccule (sak´yul)

sacculus [L. sacculus]
s. of larynxa small diverticulum provided with mucous glands extending upward from the ventricle of the larynx between the vestibular fold and the lamina of the thyroid cartilage; it is a vestigial structure, being a much larger structure interdigitating with the neck musculature in some of the great apes where it serves as a resonating chamber.sacculus laryngis [NA] , appendix ventriculi laryngis, Hilton's sac, laryngeal pouch;

sacculocochlear sacculocochlear (sak´yu-lo-kok´le-ar)

Relating to the sacculus and the membranous cochlea.

sacculus sacculus, pl. sacculi (sak´yu-lus, -lI)

1. [NA] The smaller of the two membranous sacs in the vestibule of the labyrinth, lying in the spherical recess; it is connected with the cochlear duct by a very short tube, the ductus reuniens, and with the utriculus by the beginning of the ductus endolymphaticus and the ductus utriculosaccularis that joins it. 2. The immense bag-shaped structure formed by peptidoglycans as part of the cell wall of certain microorganisms.saccule, s. proprius, s. vestibuli; [L. dim. of saccus, sac]
s. alveola´ris, pl. sacculi alveola´res [NA] alveolar sac
s. commu´nisutricle
s. endolymphat´icusendolymphatic sac
s. lacrima´lislacrimal sac
s. laryn´gis [NA] saccule of larynx
s. pro´priussacculus
s. vestib´ulisacculus

saccus saccus, pl. sacci (sak´us, sak´sI) [NA]

sac [L. a bag, sack]
s. conjuncti´vae [NA] conjunctival sac
s. endolymphat´icus [NA] endolymphatic sac
s. lacrima´lis [NA] lacrimal sac
s. reu´nienssinus venosus
s. vagina´lisan embryonic peritoneal fossa indicating the site where the processus vaginalis peritonei extends through the anterior abdominal wall during descent of the testis.

Sachs Sachs

Maurice D., U.S. radiologist, *1909. See Hill-S. lesion.

Sachs Sachs

M. See S.'s bacillus; Ghon-S. bacillus.

Sachs Sachs

Hans, German bacteriologist, 1877-1945. See S.-Georgi test.

Sachs Sachs

Bernard, U.S. neurologist, 1858-1944. See Tay-S. disease.

Sacks Sacks

Benjamin, U.S. physician, 1896-1939. See Libman-S. endocarditis, syndrome.

sacr- sacr-

See sacro-.

sacrad sacrad (sa´krad)

In the direction of the sacrum. [sacr- + L. ad, to]

sacral sacral (sa´kral)

Relating to or in the neighborhood of the sacrum.

sacralgia sacralgia (sa-kral´je-a)

Pain in the sacral region.sacrodynia; [sacr- + G. algos, pain]

sacralization sacralization (sa´kral-i-za´shun)

Lumbar development of the first sacral vertebra.

sacrectomy sacrectomy (sa-krek´to-me)

Resection of a portion of the sacrum to facilitate an operation.sacrotomy; [sacr- + G. ektome, excision]

sacro- sacro-, sacr-

Muscular substance; resemblance to flesh. [L. os sacrum, sacred bone]

sacrococcygeal sacrococcygeal (sa-kro-kok-sij´e-al)

Relating to both sacrum and coccyx.

sacrococcygeus sacrococcygeus (sa´kro-kok-si-je´us)

See muscle.

sacrodynia sacrodynia (sa´kro-din´e-a)

sacralgia [sacro- + G. odyne, pain]

sacroiliac sacroiliac (sa-kro-il´e-ak)

Relating to the sacrum and the ilium.

sacroiliitis sacroiliitis (sa´kro-il-e-I´tis)

Inflammation of the sacroiliac joint.

sacrolisthesis sacrolisthesis (sa´kro-lis´the-sis)

spondylolisthesis [sacro- + G. olisthesis, a slipping and falling]

sacrolumbalis sacrolumbalis (sa´kro-lum-ba´lis)

The iliocostalis lumborum muscle.

sacrolumbar sacrolumbar (sa´kro-lum´bar)

lumbosacral

sacrosciatic sacrosciatic (sa´kro-sI-at´ik)

Relating to both sacrum and ischium.

sacrospinal sacrospinal (sa´kro-spI´nal)

Relating to the sacrum and the vertebral column above.

sacrotomy sacrotomy (sa-krot´o-me)

sacrectomy [sacro- + G. tome, incision]

sacrovertebral sacrovertebral (sa´kro-ver´te-bral)

Relating to the sacrum and the vertebrae above.

sacrum sacrum, pl. sacra (sa´krum, sa´kra) [NA]

The segment of the vertebral column forming part of the pelvis; a broad, slightly curved, spade-shaped bone, thick above, thinner below, closing in the pelvic girdle posteriorly; it is formed by the fusion of five originally separate sacral vertebrae; it articulates with the last lumbar vertebra, the coccyx, and the hip bone on either side.os sacrum [NA] , sacred bone, vertebra magna; [L. (lit. sacred bone), neuter of sacer (sacr-), sacred]
assimilation s.one which is composed of six segments, the last lumbar vertebra assuming the appearance of a sacral segment; or one which is composed of but four segments, the first sacral being free and having the characteristics of a lumbar vertebra.

SACT SACT

Abbreviation for sinoatrial conduction time.

SAD (seasonal affective disorder) SAD (seasonal affective disorder)

Abbreviation for seasonal affective disorder.

saddle saddle (sad´l)

1. A structure shaped like, or suggestive of, a seat or s. used in riding horseback.sella; 2. denture base
Turkish s.sella turcica

sadism sadism (sa´dizm, sad´izm)

A form of perversion, often sexual in nature, in which a person finds pleasure in inflicting abuse and maltreatment. Cf. masochism. [Marquis de Sade, 1740-1814, confessedly addicted to the practice]

sadist sadist (sa´dist, sad´ist)

One who practices sadism.

sadistic sadistic (sa-dis´tik)

Pertaining to or characterized by sadism.

sadomasochism sadomasochism (sa-do-mas´o-kizm, sad-o-)

A form of perversion marked by enjoyment of cruelty and/or humiliation in its received or active and/or dispensed and passive form. [sadism + masochism]

Saemisch Saemisch

Edwin T., German ophthalmologist, 1833-1909. See S.'s section, ulcer.

Saenger Saenger

M., Prague obstetrician, 1853-1903. See S.'s macula, operation.

Saenger Saenger

Alfred, German neurologist, 1860-1921. See S.'s sign.

safflower safflower (saf´low-er)

carthamus [Ar. safra, yellow]

safflower oil safflower oil

An oil extracted from the seeds of Carthamus tinctorius, containing 74.5% linoleic acid and 6.6% saturated fatty acids; used in hypercholesteremia, myocardial infarction, and coronary insufficiency.

saffron saffron (saf´ron)

crocus [Ar. zafaran, fr. safra, yellow]

safranin O safranin O (saf´ra-nin) [C.I. 50240]

A mixture of dimethyl- and trimethylphenosafranin chloride, a basic red dye that exhibits orange metachromasia; used in histology as a nuclear stain, in microbiology as a counterstain in the Gram method, and to demonstrate enterochromaffin.

safranophil safranophil, safranophile (saf´ra-no-fil, -fIl)

Staining readily with safranin; denoting certain cells and tissues.

safrole safrole (saf´rol)

C₁₀H₁₀O₂;the methylene ether of allyl pyrocatechol; contained in oil of sassafras, oil of camphor, and various other volatile oils; it is obtained chiefly from oil of camphor by fractional distillation; used as a tonic and carminative; prolonged administration causes fatty degeneration.

sage sage (saj)

salvia [L. salvia, the sage plant, fr. salvus, safe]

sagitta sagitta (saj´i-ta)

statoliths

sagittal sagittal (saj´i-tal)

Resembling an arrow; in the line of an arrow shot from a bow, i.e., in an anteroposterior direction. referring to a sagittal plane or direction.sagittalis [NA] ; [L. sagitta, an arrow]

sagittalis sagittalis (saj-i-ta´lis) [NA]

sagittal [L.]

Saint Saint

Charles F.M., African surgeon, *1886. See S.'s triad.

Saint Anthony's fire Saint Anthony's fire (sant anth-o-nez)

1. ergotism 2. Any of several inflammations or gangrenous conditions of the skin (e.g., erysipelas). [St. Anthony, Egyptian monk, about 250-350 A.D.]

Sakaguchi reaction Sakaguchi reaction

See under reaction.

Sakurai Sakurai

Japanese ophthalmologist See Sakurai-Lisch nodule.

sal sal, pl. sales (sal, sal´ez)

salt [L.]
s. alem´broththe product obtained by crystallization from a solution of equal parts of ammonium chloride and mercuric chloride.salt of wisdom; [an alchemist's term of unknown origin]
s. ammo´niacammonium chloride
s. diuret´icumpotassium acetate
s. sodasodium carbonate
s. vol´atilearomatic ammonia spirit

Salah Salah

M., 20th century Egyptian surgeon. See S.'s sternal puncture needle.

salbutamol salbutamol (sal-byu´ta-mol)

albuterol

salicin salicin (sal´i-sin)

Saligenin-beta-d-glucopyranoside;a glucoside of o-hydroxybenzylalcohol, obtained from the bark of several species of Salix (willow) and Populus (poplar); s. is hydrolyzed to glucose and saligenin (salicyl alcohol); formerly used in rheumatoid arthritis.

salicyl salicyl (sal´i-sil)

The acyl radical of salicylic acid.
s. aldehyde o-hydroxybenzaldehyde;obtained from Spirea ulmaria (meadow sweet), and made synthetically; used as a diuretic and antiseptic, and in perfumery.salicylic aldehyde;

salicylamide salicylamide (sal-i-sil´a-mId)

The amide of salicylic acid, o-hydroxybenzamide; an analgesic, antipyretic and antiarthritic, similar in action to aspirin.

salicylanilide salicylanilide (sal´i-sil-an´i-lId)

N-Phenylsalicylamide;an antifungal agent especially useful in the treatment of tinea capitis caused by Microsporum audouinii.

salicylate salicylate (sa-lis´i-lat)

1. A salt or ester of salicylic acid. 2. To treat foodstuffs with salicylic acid as a preservative.salicylize;

salicylated salicylated (sa-lis´i-lat-ed)

Treated by the addition of salicylic acid as a preservative.

salicylazosulfapyridine salicylazosulfapyridine (sal´i-sil-az´o-sul-fa-pir´i-den)

sulfasalazine

salicylic acid salicylic acid (sal-i-sil´ik)

o-Hydroxybenzoic acid;a component of aspirin, derived from salicin and made synthetically; used externally as a keratolytic agent, antiseptic, and fungicide.

salicylic aldehyde salicylic aldehyde (sal-i-sil´ik)

salicyl aldehyde

salicylism salicylism (sal´i-sil-izm)

Poisoning by salicylic acid or any of its compounds.

salicylize salicylize (sal´i-sil-Iz)

salicylate (2)

salicylsalicylic acid salicylsalicylic acid (sal´i-sil-sal-i-sil´ik)

salsalate

salicylsulfonic acid salicylsulfonic acid (sal´i-sil-sul-fon´ik)

sulfosalicylic acid

salicyluric acid salicyluric acid (sal´i-sil-yur´ik)

The conjugation product of glycine with salicylic acid; excreted in urine after the administration of salicylic acid or some of its compounds.

salient salient (sa´le-ent, sal´yent)

1. projection 2. In radiology, an obsolete term for projection. [L. salio, to leap or spring up]
pulmonary s.the middle of the three normal convexities along the left cardiac border on a chest radiograph. It is caused by the prominence of the main pulmonary artery.

salifiable salifiable (sal-i-fI´a-bl)

Capable of being made into salts; said of a base that combines with acids to make salts.

salify salify (sal´i-fI)

To convert into a salt.

saligenin saligenin, saligenol (sal-i-jen´in, sal´i-jen-ol)

obtained by the hydrolysis of salicin; a local anesthetic.

salimeter salimeter (sa-lim´e-ter)

A hydrometer used to determine the specific gravity, or the concentration, of a saline solution.

saline saline (sa´len, -lIn)

1. Relating to, of the nature of, or containing salt; salty. 2. A salt solution, usually sodium chloride. [L. salinus, salty, fr. sal, salt]
physiological s.an isotonic aqueous solution of salts, containing 0.9% sodium chloride.

salinometer salinometer (sal-i-nom´e-ter)

A hydrometer so calibrated as to give a direct reading of the percentage of a particular salt present in solution.

saliva saliva (sa-lI´va)

A clear, tasteless, odorless, slightly acid (pH 6.8) viscid fluid, consisting of the secretion from the parotid, sublingual, and submandibular salivary glands and the mucous glands of the oral cavity; its function is to keep the mucous membrane of the mouth moist, to lubricate the food during mastication, and, in a measure, to convert starch into maltose, the latter action being effected by a diastatic enzyme, ptyalin.spittle; [L. akin to G. sialon]
chorda s.the secretion of the submaxillary gland obtained by stimulation of the chorda tympani nerve.
ganglionic s.submaxillary s. obtained by direct irritation of the gland.
resting s.the s. found in the mouth in the intervals of food taking and mastication.
sympathetic s.submaxillary s. obtained by stimulation of the sympathetic fibers innervating the gland.

salivant salivant (sal´i-vant)

1. Causing a flow of saliva. 2. An agent that increases the flow of saliva.salivator;

salivary salivary (sal´i-var-e)

Relating to saliva.sialic, sialine; [L. salivarius]

salivate salivate (sal´i-vat)

To cause an excessive flow of saliva.

salivation salivation (sal´i-va´shun)

sialism

salivator salivator (sal´i-va-ter)

salivant (2)

salivolithiasis salivolithiasis (sa-lI´vo-li-thI´a-sis)

sialolithiasis

Salk Salk

Jonas, U.S. immunologist, *1914. See S. vaccine.

Salmonella Salmonella (sal´mo-nel´a)

A genus of aerobic to facultatively anaerobic bacteria (family Enterobacteriaceae) containing Gram-negative rods that are either motile or nonmotile; motile cells are peritrichous. These organisms do not liquefy gelatin or produce indole and vary in their production of hydrogen sulfide; they utilize citrate as a sole source of carbon; their metabolism is fermentative, producing acid and usually gas from glucose, but they do not attack lactose; most are aerogenic, but S. typhi never produces gas; they are pathogenic for humans and other animals. The type species is S. choleraesuis. [Daniel E. Salmon, U.S. pathologist, 1850-1914]
S. choleraesuisa species that occurs in pigs, where it is an important secondary invader in the virus disease hog cholera, but does not occur as a natural pathogen in other animals; occasionally causes acute gastroenteritis and enteric fever in humans; it is the type species of the genus S.
S. enterit´idisa widely distributed species that occurs in humans and in domestic and wild animals, especially rodents.Gärtner's bacillus;
S. paratyphi Aan etiologic agent of enteric fever.
S. schottmül´leria species causing enteric fever in man; found rarely in cattle, sheep, swine, chickens, and lower primates.Schottmueller's bacillus;
S. ty´phia species that causes typhoid fever in humans and is transmitted in contaminated water and food.Eberth's bacillus, typhoid bacillus;
S. typhimu´riuma species causing food poisoning in humans; it is a natural pathogen of all warm-blooded animals and is also found in snakes.
S. typho´saformer name for S. typhi.

salmonellosis salmonellosis (sal´mo-nel-o´sis)

Infection with bacteria of the genus Salmonella. Patients with sickle cell anemia and compromised immune systems are particularly susceptible. [Salmonella + G. -osis, condition]

salol salol (sal´ol)

phenyl salicylate

salping- salping-

See salpingo-.

salpingectomy salpingectomy (sal-pin-jek´to-me)

Removal of the fallopian tube.tubectomy; [salping- + G. ektome, excision]
abdominal s.removal of one or both fallopian tubes through an abdominal incision.celiosalpingectomy, laparosalpingectomy;

salpingemphraxis salpingemphraxis (sal´pin-jem-frak´sis)

Obstruction of the eustachian or the fallopian tube. [salping- + G. emphraxis, a stopping]

salpinges salpinges (sal-pin´jez)

Plural of salpinx.

salpingian salpingian (sal-pin´je-an)

Relating to the fallopian tube or to the auditory tube.

salpingioma salpingioma (sal-pin-je-o´ma)

Any tumor arising in the tissues of a fallopian tube. [salping- + G. -oma, tumor]

salpingitic salpingitic (sal-pin-jit´ik)

Relating to salpingitis.

salpingitis salpingitis (sal-pin-jI´tis)

Inflammation of the fallopian or the eustachian tube. [salping- + G. -itis, inflammation]
chronic interstitial s.s. in which fibrosis or mononuclear cell infiltration involves all layers of the fallopian or eustachian tube.pachysalpingitis;
foreign body s.s. in which giant cells form in the tissue, as a result of introduction of foreign material into the fallopian tube.
gonorrheal s.inflammation of the fallopian tube following acute gonorrheal infection.
s. isth´mica nodo´saa condition of the fallopian tube characterized by nodular thickening of the tunica muscularis of the isthmic portion of the tube enclosing gland-like or cystic duplications of the lumen.adenosalpingitis;
pyogenic s.a form of acute s. usually occurring with puerperal infection.

salpingo- salpingo-, salping-

A tube (usually the fallopian or eustachian tubes). See also tubo-. Cf. tubo-. [G. salpinx, trumpet (tube)]

salpingocele salpingocele (sal-ping´go-sel)

Hernia of a fallopian tube. [salpingo- + G. kele, hernia]

salpingocyesis salpingocyesis (sal-ping´go-sI-e´sis)

tubal pregnancy [salpingo- + G. kyesis, pregnancy]

salpingography salpingography (sal-ping-gog´ra-fe)

Radiography of the fallopian tubes after the injection of radiopaque contrast medium. [salpingo- + G. grapho, to write]

salpingolysis salpingolysis (sal-ping-gol´i-sis)

Freeing the fallopian tube from adhesions. [salpingo- + G. lysis, loosening]

salpingo-oophor- salpingo-oophor-, salpingo-oophoro-

The fallopian tube and ovary. [salpingo- + Mod. L. oophoron, ovary, fr. G. oophoros, egg-bearing]

salpingo-oophorectomy salpingo-oophorectomy (sal-ping´go-o-of-o-rek´to-me)

Removal of the ovary and its fallopian tube.salpingo-ovariectomy, tubo-ovariectomy;
abdominal s.-o.laparosalpingo-oophorectomy

salpingo-oophoritis salpingo-oophoritis (sal-ping´go-o-of-o-rI´tis)

Inflammation of both fallopian tube and ovary.tubo-ovaritis;

salpingo-oophorocele salpingo-oophorocele (sal-ping´go-o-of´o-ro-sel)

Hernia of both ovary and fallopian tube.

salpingo-ovariectomy salpingo-ovariectomy (sal-ping´go-o-var-e-ek´to-me)

salpingo-oophorectomy

salpingoperitonitis salpingoperitonitis (sal-ping´go-per-i-to-nI´tis)

Inflammation of the fallopian tube, perisalpinx, and peritoneum. [salpingo- + peritonitis]

salpingopexy salpingopexy (sal-ping´go-pek-se)

Operative fixation of an oviduct. [salpingo- + G. pexis, fixation]

salpingopharyngeal salpingopharyngeal (sal-ping´go-fa-rin´je-al)

Relating to the auditory tube and pharynx.

salpingopharyngeus salpingopharyngeus

See salpingopharyngeus muscle.

salpingoplasty salpingoplasty (sal-ping´go-plas-te)

Plastic surgery of the fallopian tubes.tuboplasty; [salpingo- + G. plastos, formed]

salpingorrhagia salpingorrhagia (sal-ping-go-ra´je-a)

Hemorrhage from a fallopian tube. [salpingo- + G. rhegnymi, to burst forth]

salpingorrhaphy salpingorrhaphy (sal-ping-gor´a-fe)

Suture of the fallopian tube. [salpingo- + G. rhaphe, stitching]

salpingoscopy salpingoscopy (sal-ping-gos´ko-pe)

Visualization of the intraluminal portion of the fallopian tubes, usually by x-ray or by means of an endoscope. [salpingo- + G. skopeo, to view]

salpingostomatomy salpingostomatomy (sal-ping´go-sto-mat´o-me)

salpingostomy [salpingo- + G. stoma, mouth, + tome, incision]

salpingostomy salpingostomy (sal-ping-gos´to-me)

Establishment of an artificial opening in a fallopian tube primarily as surgical treatment for an ectopic pregnancy.salpingostomatomy; [salpingo- + G. stoma, mouth]

salpingotomy salpingotomy (sal-ping-got´o-me)

Incision into a fallopian tube. [salpingo- + G. tome, incision]
abdominal s.incision into the fallopian tube through an opening in the abdominal wall.celiosalpingotomy, laparosalpingotomy;

salpinx salpinx, pl. salpinges (sal´pingks, sal-pin´jez)

1. [NA] * official alternate term for uterine tube 2. * official alternate term for auditory tube [G. a trumpet (tube)]
s. uteri´na [NA] uterine tube

salsalate salsalate (sal´sa-lat)

A combination of 2 molecules of salicylic acid in ester linkage. The compound is hydrolyzed during and after absorption to salicylic acid which, like other salicylates, exerts analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects.salicylsalicylic acid;

salt salt

1. A compound formed by the interaction of an acid and a base, the ionizable hydrogen atoms of the acid being replaced by the positive ion of the base. 2. Sodium chloride, the prototypical s. 3. A saline cathartic, especially magnesium sulfate, sodium sulfate, or Rochelle s.; often denoted by the plural, salts.sal; [L. sal]
acid s.a s. in which not all of the ionizable hydrogen of the acid is replaced by the electropositive element; e.g., NaHSO₄, KH₂PO₄.bisalt, protosalt;
artificial Carlsbad s.a mixture of potassium sulfate, sodium chloride, sodium bicarbonate, and dried sodium sulfate; a laxative.
artificial Kissingen s.a mixture of potassium chloride, sodium chloride, anhydrous magnesium sulfate, and sodium bicarbonate; an antacid and laxative.
artificial Vichy s.a mixture of sodium bicarbonate, anhydrous magnesium sulfate, potassium carbonate, and sodium chloride; an antacid.
basic s.a s. in which there are one or more hydroxyl ions not replaced by the electronegative element of an acid; e.g., Fe(OH)₂Cl.
bile s.'sthe s. forms of bile acids; e.g., taurocholate, glycocholate.
bone s. See bone-salt.
common s.sodium chloride
diazonium s.'ss.'s of a theoretical base R-N=N or R-N=NOH useful in histochemistry to demonstrate tissue phenols and aryl amines or with enzymatically released naphthols and naphthylamines to form the chromophore azo group -N=N-; diazonium s.'s contain only one R-N=N group, tetrazonium s.'s contain two, and hexazonium s.'s contain three; examples include fast garnet GBC base and naphthol AS.
double s.a s. in which two different positive ions are bonded to the same negative ion, or vice versa; e.g., NaKSO₄.
effervescent s.'spreparations made by adding sodium bicarbonate and tartaric and citric acids to the active s.; when thrown into water the acids break up the sodium bicarbonate, setting free the carbonic acid gas.
Epsom s.'smagnesium sulfate
Glauber's s.sodium sulfate
hexazonium s.'sdiazonium s.'s that contain three azo groups.
Reinecke s.an ammonium salt prepared by fusing ammonium thiocyanate with ammonium dichromate; dark red crystals; used in the detection and analysis of primary and secondary amines, including amino acids; also used as a reagent for mercury.
Rivière's s.potassium citrate
Rochelle s.potassium sodium tartrate
Seignette's s.potassium sodium tartrate
smelling s.'saromatic ammonia spirit
table s.sodium chloride
tetrazonium s.'sdiazonium s.'s that contain three azo groups.
s. of wisdomsal alembroth

saltation saltation (sal-ta´shun)

A dancing or leaping, as in a disease (e.g., chorea) or physiologic function (e.g., saltatory conduction). [L. saltatio, fr. salto, pp. -atus, to dance, fr. salio, to leap]

saltatory saltatory (sal´ta-tor-e)

Pertaining to, or characterized by, saltation.

Salter Salter

Sir Samuel J.A., English dentist, 1825-1897. See S.'s incremental lines, under line.

Salter Salter

Robert, 20th century Canadian orthopedist. See S.-Harris classification of epiphysial plate injuries.

salting in salting in (solt´ing)

The increase in solubility (as observed for some proteins) by dilute salt solutions (as compared to pure water).

salting out salting out

The precipitation of a protein from its solution by saturation or partial saturation with such neutral salts as sodium chloride, magnesium sulfate, or ammonium sulfate.

saltpeter saltpeter (salt´pe-ter)

potassium nitrate
Chilean s.sodium nitrate

salt substitute salt substitute

A low-sodium food additive that tastes like salt, such as potassium chloride; useful as a dietary alternative to salt.

salubrious salubrious (sa-lu´bre-us)

Healthful, usually in reference to climate. [L. salubris, healthy, fr. salus, health]

saluresis saluresis (sal-yu-re´sis)

Excretion of sodium in the urine. [L. sal, salt, + G. ouresis, uresis (urination)]

saluretic saluretic (sal-yu-ret´ik)

Facilitating the renal excretion of sodium.

Salus Salus

Robert, Bohemian ophthalmologist, *1877.

salutarium salutarium (sal-yu-tar´e-um)

sanitarium [L. salutaris, healthful, fr. salus (salut-), health]

salutary salutary (sal´yu-tar-e)

Healthful; wholesome. [L. salutaris]

Salvarsan Salvarsan (sal´var-san)

Historic proprietary name for arsphenamine. [L. salvare, to preserve, + sanitas, health]

salve salve (sav)

ointment [A.S. sealf]

salvia salvia (sal´ve-a)

The dried leaves of Salvia officinalis (family Labiatae), garden or meadow sage; it inhibits secretory activity, especially of the sweat glands, and was also used in bronchitis and inflammation of the throat.sage; [L.]

Salzmann Salzmann

Maximilian, German ophthalmologist, 1862-1954. See S.'s nodular corneal degeneration.

SAM SAM

Abbreviation for S-adenosyl-l-methionine.

samandarine samandarine (sa-man´da-ren)

A toxic alkaloid from salamanders; causes hemolysis.

samarium (Sm) samarium (Sm) (sa-mar´e-um)

A metallic element of the lanthanide group, atomic no. 62, atomic wt. 150.36. [bands indicating its presence first found in the spectrum of samarskite, a mineral named after Col. von Samarski, 19th century Russian mine official]

sambucus sambucus (sam-byu´kus)

The dried flowers of Sambucus canadensis or S. nigra (family Caprifoliaceae), the common elder or black elder; slightly laxative.elder, elder flowers; [L. an elder-tree]

sAMP sAMP

Abbreviation for adenylosuccinic acid.

sample sample

A specimen of a whole entity small enough to involve no threat or damage to the whole; an aliquot.
cluster s.each sampling unit is a group of individuals.
end-tidal s.a s. of the last gas expired in a normal expiration, ideally consisting only of alveolar gas.
Haldane-Priestley s.an approximation of alveolar gas obtained from the end of a sudden maximal expiration into a Haldane tube.
probability s.each individual in the s. has a known, generally equal, chance of being selected.
Rahn-Otis s.an approximation of alveolar gas continuously provided by a simple device that admits just the latter part of each expiration.
random s.a selection on the basis of chance of individuals or items in a population for research; selection is made in such a way that all members presumably have the same chance of being selected.
stratified s.a subset of a total population, defined by some objective criterion such as age or occupation, is sampled.

sample sample

A selected subset of a population; a sample may be random or nonrandom (haphazard); representative or nonrepresentative. [M.E. ensample, fr. L. exemplum, example]

sampling sampling

The policy of inferring the behavior of a whole batch by studying a fraction of it. [MF essample, from L. exemplum, taking out]
biological samplingdenotes sampling that can be taken without jeopardy to the whole organism (e.g., for hematological or biochemical study). Because of the complexity of biological samples it is usually supposed that the source of the sample is thoroughly mixed and hence representative; this assumption is often not true e.g., in genetic studies in mosaic patients.
chemical samplinga sample that is obtained by whatever means is convenient and then purified of irrelevant elements before analysis; the assumption of thorough mixing is not necessary.
haphazard samplingthe assembly of data in an unprescribed and undefined fashion that allows no sound scientific inferences other than establishing the existence of types. (Finding even one unicorn in such a set would establish that unicorns can exist, but no inference about their prevalence could be made from it.) Cf. random sample.
random samplinga selection of elements by a formal randomizing device for purposes of inference about a population of inference from that population in such a way that the probability of each possible outcome may be precisely specified in advance; the inferences are necessarily stochastic.
snowball samplinga method whereby interview subjects for a statistical study are obtained from subjects already interviewed for that study.This technique is most often used with target populations made up of elusive or uncooperative subjects (e.g., IV drug users). Those subjects first contacted are asked to name acquaintances, who are then approached, interviewed, and asked for additional names. In this way, a sufficient number of subjects can be accumulated to give a study adequate power.

Sanarelli Sanarelli

Giuseppe, Italian bacteriologist, 1864-1940. See S. phenomenon; S.-Shwartzman phenomenon.

sanative sanative (san´a-tiv)

Having a tendency to heal. [L. sano, to cure, heal]

sanatorium sanatorium (san´a-tor´e-um)

An institution for the treatment of chronic disorders and a place for recuperation under medical supervision. Cf. sanitarium. [Mod. L. neuter of sanatorius, curative, fr. sano, to cure, heal]

sanatory sanatory (san´a-tor-e)

Health-giving; conducive to health. [Mod. L. sanatorius]

Sanchez Salorio Sanchez Salorio

Manuel, Spanish ophthalmologist, *1930. See Sanchez Salorio syndrome.

sand sand

The fine granular particles of quartz and other crystalline rocks, or a gritty material resembling s. [A.S.]
brain s.corpora arenacea, under corpus
hydatid s.the scoleces of Echinococcus tapeworms in the fluid within a primary or daughter hydatid cyst.
intestinal s.minute calculi or gritty material occurring in feces, composed of soaps, bile pigment, cholesterol, magnesium salts, succinic acid, etc.
urinary s.multiple small calculous particles passed in the urine of patients with nephrolithiasis; each particle is usually too small to cause significant symptoms or to be identified as a true calculus.

sandalwood oil sandalwood oil (san´dal-wud)

santal oil

sand-crack sand-crack (sand´krak)

A crack or fissure in the hoof of the horse, occurring usually on the inside of the forefoot (quarter-crack) or in the forepart of the hindfoot (toe-crack); when the crack is deep enough to expose the sensitive laminae, or when it extends to the coronary band, lameness results.

sandfly sandfly (sand´flI)

A small, biting, dipterous midge of the genus Phlebotomus or Lutzomyia; a vector of leishmaniasis.

Sandhoff Sandhoff

K., contemporary German biochemist. See S.'s disease.

Sandison Sandison

J. Calvin, U.S. surgeon, *1899. See S.-Clark chamber.

Sandström Sandström

I., Swedish anatomist, 1852-1889. See S.'s bodies, under body.

sandworm sandworm (sand´werm)

Any of the various dog and cat hookworms whose larvae cause cutaneous larva migrans.

sane sane (san)

Denoting sanity. [L. sanus]

Sanfilippo Sanfilippo

Sylvester J., 20th century U.S. pediatrician. See S.'s syndrome.

Sanger Sanger

Frederick, English biochemist and twice Nobel laureate, *1918. See S.'s reagent; S. method.

Sanger's reagent Sanger's reagent

See under reagent.

sangui- sangui-, sanguin-, sanguino-

Blood, bloody. [G. sanguis]

sanguifacient sanguifacient (sang-gwi-fa´shent)

hemopoietic [sangui- + L. facio, to make]

sanguiferous sanguiferous (sang-gwif´er-us)

Conveying blood.circulatory (2) ; [sangui- + L. fero, to carry]

sanguification sanguification (sang´gwi-fi-ka´shun)

hemopoiesis [sangui- + L. facio, to make]

sanguinarine sanguinarine (sang-gwi-na´ren)

An alkaloid obtained from the bloodroot plant, Sanguinaria canadensis, used to treat and remove dental plaque.

sanguine sanguine (sang´gwin)

1. plethoric 2. Formerly, denoting a temperament characterized by a light, fair complexion, full pulse, good digestion, optimistic outlook, and a quick but not lasting temper.sanguineous (3) ; [L. sanguineus]

sanguineous sanguineous (sang-gwin´e-us)

1. Relating to blood; bloody. 2. plethoric 3. sanguine (2) [L. sanguineus]

sanguinolent sanguinolent (sang-gwin´o-lent)

Bloody; tinged with blood. [L. sanguinolentus]

sanguinopurulent sanguinopurulent (sang´gwi-no-pu´ru-lent)

Denoting exudate or matter containing blood and pus. [sanguino- + L. purulentus, festering (suppurative), fr. pus, pus]

Sanguisuga Sanguisuga (sang-gwi-su´ga)

Former name for Hirudo. [L. a leech, fr. sanguis, blood, + sugo, pp. suctus, to suck]

sanguivorous sanguivorous (sang-gwiv´er-us)

Bloodsucking, as applied to certain bats, leeches, insects, etc. [sangui- + L. voro, to devour]

sanies sanies (sa´ne-ez)

A thin, blood-stained, purulent discharge. [L.]

saniopurulent saniopurulent (sa´ne-o-pu´ru-lent)

Characterized by bloody pus. [L. sanies, thin, bloody matter, + purulentus, festering (suppurative), fr. pus, pus]

sanioserous sanioserous (sa´ne-o-ser´us)

Characterized by blood-tinged serum.

sanious sanious (sa´ne-us)

Relating to sanies; ichorous and blood-stained.

sanitarian sanitarian (san-i-tar´e-an)

One who is skilled in sanitation and public health. [L. sanitas, health, fr. sanus, sound]

sanitarium sanitarium (san-i-tar´e-um)

A health resort. Cf. sanatorium. salutarium; [L. sanitas, health]

sanitary sanitary (san´i-tar-e)

Healthful; conducive to health; usually in reference to a clean environment. [L. sanitus, health]

sanitation sanitation (san-i-ta´shun)

Use of measures designed to promote health and prevent disease; development and establishment of conditions in the environment favorable to health. [L. sanitas, health]

sanitization sanitization (san´i-ti-za´shun)

The process of making something sanitary.

sanity sanity (san´i-te)

Soundness of mind, emotions, and behavior; of a sound degree of mental health. [L. sanitas, health]

San Jose San Jose

See Maldonado-San Jose stain.

Sansom Sansom

Arthur E., English physician, 1838-1907. See S.'s sign.

Sanson Sanson

Louis J., French physician, 1790-1841. See S.'s images, under image; Purkinje-S. images, under image.

santal oil santal oil (san´tal)

A volatile oil distilled from the wood of Santalum album (family Santalaceae), a tree of India; formerly used in subacute bronchitis and in gonorrhea.sandalwood oil;

Santini's booming sound Santini's booming sound

See under sound.

santonin santonin (san´to-nin)

The inner anhydride or lactone of santoninic acid, obtained from santonica, the unexpanded flower heads of Artemisia cina and other species of Artemisia (family Compositae); has been used to effect expulsion of roundworms (Ascaris lumbricoides); and in the treatment of urinary incontinence. [G. santonikon, wormwood]

Santorini Santorini

Giandomenico (Giovanni Domenico), Italian anatomist, 1681-1737. See S.'s canal, cartilage, major caruncle, minor caruncle, concha, duct, fissures, under fissure, incisures, under incisure, labyrinth, muscle, tubercle, vein; incisurae santorini, under incisura.

sap sap

The juice or tissue fluid of a living organism.
cell s.contents of vacuoles.
nuclear s.karyolymph

saphena saphena (sa-fe´na)

See vein. [Med. L. attributed by some as derived fr. Ar. safin, standing; by others, fr. G. saphenes, manifest, clearly visible]

saphenectomy saphenectomy (saf-e-nek´to-me)

Excision of a saphenous vein. [saphena + G. ektome, excision]

saphenous saphenous (sa-fe´nus)

Relating to or associated with a saphenous vein; denoting a number of structures in the leg. [see saphena]

sapo- sapo-, sapon-

Soap. [L. sapo]

sapogenin sapogenin (sa-poj´e-nin)

The aglycon of a saponin; one of a family of steroids of the spirostan type (a 16,22:22,26-diepoxycholestane).

saponaceous saponaceous (sap-o-na´shus)

Soapy; relating to or resembling soap.

saponatus saponatus (sap-o-na´tus)

Mixed with soap. [L.]

saponification saponification (sa-pon´i-fi-ka´shun)

Conversion into soap, denoting the hydrolytic action of an alkali upon fat especially, on triacylglycerols; in histochemistry, s. is used to demethylate or reverse blockage of carboxylic acid groups, thus permitting basophilia to occur. [sapo- (sapon-) + L. facio, to make]

saponify saponify (sa-pon´i-fI)

To perform or undergo saponification.

saponins saponins (sap´o-ninz)

Glycosides of plant origin characterized by properties of foaming in water and of lysing cells (as in hemolysis of erythrocytes when s. are injected into the bloodstream); powerful surfactants; many have antibiotic activities.

Sappey Sappey

Marie P.C., French anatomist, 1810-1896. See S.'s fibers, under fiber, plexus, veins, under vein.

sapphism sapphism (saf´izm)

lesbianism [Sappho, homosexual Greek poet, queen of the island of Lesbos]

sapr- sapr-

See sapro-.

sapremia sapremia (sa-pre´me-a)

septicemia [sapr- + G. haima, blood]

sapro- sapro-, sapr-

Rotten, putrid, decayed. [G. sapros]

saprobe saprobe (sap´rob)

An organism that lives upon dead organic material. This term is preferable to saprophyte, since bacteria and fungi are no longer regarded as plants. [sapro- + G. bios, life]

saprobic saprobic (sap-ro´bik)

Pertaining to a saprobe.

saprodontia saprodontia (sap-ro-don´she-a)

dental caries [sapro- + G. odous, tooth]

saprogen saprogen (sap´ro-jen)

An organism living on dead organic matter and causing the decay thereof. [sapro- + G. -gen, producing]

saprogenic saprogenic, saprogenous (sap-ro-jen´ik, sa-proj´e-nus)

Causing or resulting from decay.

saprophilous saprophilous (sa-prof´i-lus)

Thriving on decaying organic matter. [sapro- + G. philos, fond]

saprophyte saprophyte (sap´ro-fIt)

An organism that grows on dead organic matter, plant or animal. See saprobe.necroparasite; [sapro- + G. phyton, plant]
facultative s.an organism, usually parasitic, that occasionally may live and grow as a s.

saprophytic saprophytic (sap-ro-fit´ik)

Relating to a saprophyte.

saprozoic saprozoic (sap-ro-zo´ik)

Living in decaying organic matter; especially denoting certain protozoa. [sapro- + G. zoikos, relating to animals]

saprozoonosis saprozoonosis (sap´ro-zo-o-no´sis)

A zoonosis the agent of which requires both a vertebrate host and a nonanimal (food, soil, plant) reservoir or developmental site for completion of its cycle. Combination terms may be used, such as saprometazoonoses for fluke infections, when metacercariae encyst on plants, or saprocyclozoonoses for tick infestations, whose agents complete part of their life cycles in soil. [sapro- + G. zoon, animal, + nosos, disease]

SAR SAR

Abbreviation for scaffold-associated regions, under region.

Sar Sar

Abbreviation for sarcosine.

saralasin acetate saralasin acetate (sar-al´a-sin)

An angiotensin II antagonist used in the treatment of essential hypertension.

a-sarcin a-sarcin (sar´sin)

A fungal toxin that acts on the large subunit of rRNA and inactivates the ribosome.

Sarcina Sarcina (sar´si-na)

A genus of nonmotile, strictly anaerobic bacteria (family Micrococcaceae) containing Gram-positive cocci, 1.8 to 3.0 mum in diameter, which divide in three perpendicular planes, producing regular packets of eight or more cells. The metabolism of these chemoorganotrophic organisms is fermentative. Saprophytic and facultatively parasitic species occur. The type species is S. ventriculi. [L. sarcina, a pack, bundle, fr. sarcio, to mend, patch]
S. max´imaa species from the hull or outer coat of cereal grains such as wheat, oat, rice, and rye, and from horse manure and soil.
S. ventric´ulia species found in soil, mud, the contents of a diseased human stomach, rabbit and guinea pig stomach contents, and on the surfaces of cereal seeds; it is the type species of the genus S.

sarcine sarcine (sar´sen)

1. Obsolete term for hypoxanthine. 2. A packet of cocci of the genus Sarcina.

sarco- sarco-

Combining form denoting muscular substance or a resemblance to flesh. [G. sarx (sark-), flesh]

sarcoblast sarcoblast (sar´ko-blast)

myoblast [sarco- + G. blastos, germ]

sarcocele sarcocele (sar´ko-sel)

Obsolete term for a fleshy tumor or sarcoma of the testis. [sarco- + G. kele, tumor]

Sarcocystis Sarcocystis (sar-ko-sis´tis)

A genus of protozoan parasites, related to the sporozoan genera Eimeria, Isospora, and Toxoplasma, and placed in a distinct family, Sarcocystidae, but with the above genera in the same suborder, Eimeriina, within the subclass Coccidia, class Sporozoea, and phylum Apicomplexa. Tissue stages of S. are usually seen as thick-walled cylindrical or (often extremely large (1 cm or more) fusiform cysts (Miescher's tubes) in reptile, bird, or mammal striated muscles. Cysts are smooth in the house mouse form or with radial spines (cytophaneres) in sheep or rabbit cysts; contents may be compartmentalized by septa. Variably-shaped spores (Rainey's corpuscles) probably are peripheral rounded cells (sporoblasts, cytomeres) that divide to form mature "spores" (bradyzoites), motile bodies when released from the cyst; sexual stages have been described in tissue cultures. These parasites are abundant but rarely of pathogenic significance. [sarco- + G. kystis, bladder]
S. bovihominisS. hominis
S. fusifor´misa species found in the striated and heart muscle of cattle and water buffalo.
S. hom´inisa species now recognized as a two-host infection, with beef serving as the intermediate host source of infective tissue cysts to humans, as the final host. Gamogony and sporogony occur in mucosal cells of the human small intestine; cattle become infected from human feces contaminated with S. hominis sporocysts.S. bovihominis;
S. lindeman´nia species described on rare occasions from the striated and heart muscles of humans, probably as an infection due to various species, possibly from domestic dogs or other final hosts from which infective oocysts or sporocysts were passed to man via water or direct exposure; in these instances man serves as an intermediate rather than a final host.
S. miescheria´naa common species of worldwide distribution that is found in the striated and heart muscle of pigs; it is the type species of the genus S.
S. suihom´inisa form of S. in which man serves as the final host, with the pig serving as intermediate host, the source of infected tissues to humans. The life cycle and moderate disease induced follow the pattern of S. hominis, though the disease appears to be somewhat more pathogenic. Human infection is widespread, having been reported in Europe, the Mediterranean area, northern and western Africa, Indonesia, and South America.
S. tenel´laan extremely common species of worldwide distribution that is found in the striated and heart muscle of sheep and goats.

sarcocystosis sarcocystosis (sar´ko-sis-to´sis)

Infection with protozoan parasites of the genus Sarcocystis.

sarcode sarcode (sar´kod)

A term of historical interest (1835), applied to the protoplasm of protozoa before the term protoplasm was coined. [sarco- + G. eidos, resemblance]

Sarcodina Sarcodina (sar´ko-dI´na, -de´na)

The amebae; a subphylum of protozoa in the phylum Sarcomastigophora, possessing pseudopodia or locomotive protoplasmic flow for movement. Includes forms that possess flagella during development and forms with an internal or external test or skeleton and others lacking such a structure; asexual reproduction occurs by fission, and sexual reproduction, if present, by flagellate or ameboid gametes; most species are free-living. [Mod. L. fr. G. sarx, flesh]

sarcoglia sarcoglia (sar-kog´le-a)

The accumulation of neurolemma cells at the motor endplate. [sarco- + G. glia, glue]

sarcoid sarcoid (sar´koyd)

1. sarcoidosis 2. Obsolete term for a tumor resembling a sarcoma. [sarco- + G. eidos, resemblance]
Boeck's s.sarcoidosis
Spiegler-Fendt s.benign lymphocytoma cutis

sarcoidosis sarcoidosis (sar-koy-do´sis)

A systemic granulomatous disease of unknown cause, especially involving the lungs with resulting fibrosis, but also involving lymph nodes, skin, liver, spleen, eyes, phalangeal bones, and parotid glands; granulomas are composed of epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells with little or no necrosis.Besnier-Boeck-Schaumann disease, Besnier-Boeck-Schaumann syndrome, Boeck's disease, Boeck's sarcoid, sarcoid (1) , Schaumann's syndrome; [sarcoid + G. -osis, condition]
hypercalcemic s.s. with hypercalcemia of unknown cause, not necessarily associated with detectable bone involvement by s.

sarcolemma sarcolemma (sar´ko-lem´a)

The plasma membrane of a muscle fiber; formerly, the delicate connective tissue of the endomysium was included under this term by some.myolemma; [sarco- + G. lemma, husk]

sarcolemmal sarcolemmal, sarcolemmic, sarcolemmous (sar´ko-lem´al, -lem´ik, -lem´us)

Relating to the sarcolemma.

sarcology sarcology (sar-kol´o-je)

1. myology 2. The anatomy of the soft parts, as distinguished from osteology. [sarco- + G. logos, study]

sarcolysine sarcolysine (sar-ko-lI´sen)

merphalan

sarcoma sarcoma (sar-ko´ma)

A connective tissue neoplasm, usually highly malignant, formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells. [G. sarkoma, a fleshy excrescence, fr. sarx, flesh, + -oma, tumor]
alveolar soft part s.a malignant tumor formed of a reticular stroma of connective tissue enclosing aggregates of large round or polygonal cells; occurs in subcutaneous and fibromuscular tissues.
ameloblastic s.ameloblastic fibrosarcoma
angiolithic s.psammomatous meningioma
avian s.Rous s
botryoid s.a polypoid form of embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma which occurs in children, most frequently in the urogenital tract, characterized by the formation of grossly apparent grapelike clusters of neoplastic tissue that consist of rhabdomyoblasts, spindle, and stellate cells in a myxomatous stroma; neoplasms of this type grow relatively rapidly and are highly malignant.
endometrial stromal s.a term sometimes used for a relatively rare s. believed to be a form of endometriosis in which the lesions form multiple foci in the myometrium and in vascular spaces in other sites, and which consist of histologic and cytologic elements that resemble those of the endometrial stroma.stromatosis;
Ewing's s.Ewing's tumor
fascicular s.spindle cell s
giant cell s.a malignant giant cell tumor of bone.
giant cell monstrocellular s. of Zülchgigantocellular glioma
granulocytic s.a malignant tumor of immature myeloid cells, frequently subperiosteal, associated with or preceding granulocytic leukemia. See also chloroma.myeloid s;
immunoblastic s.obsolete term for immunoblastic lymphoma.
Jensen's s.a mouse tumor transmissible by inoculation.
juxtacortical osteogenic s.a form of osteogenic s. of relatively low malignancy, probably arising from the periosteum and initially involving cortical bone and adjacent connective tissue, which occurs in middle-aged as well as young adults and most commonly affects the lower part of the femoral shaft.periosteal s;
Kaposi's s.a multifocal malignant neoplasm of primitive vasoformative tissue, occurring in the skin and sometimes in lymph nodes or viscera, consisting of spindle cells and irregular small vascular spaces frequently infiltrated by hemosiderin-pigmented macrophages and extravasated red cells; clinically manifested by cutaneous lesions consisting of reddish-purple to dark blue macules, plaques, or nodules; seen most commonly in men over 60 years of age and as an opportunistic disease in AIDS patients.multiple idiopathic hemorrhagic s;
leukocytic s.leukemia
lymphatic s.obsolete term for lymphosarcoma.
medullary s.a soft, extremely vascular s.
multiple idiopathic hemorrhagic s.Kaposi's s
myelogenic s.s. originating in the bone marrow.
myeloid s.granulocytic s
osteogenic s.the most common and malignant of bone s.'s, which arises from bone-forming cells and affects chiefly the ends of long bones; its greatest incidence is in the age group between 10 and 25 years.osteosarcoma;
periosteal s.juxtacortical osteogenic s
reticulum cell s.obsolete term for histiocytic lymphoma.
round cell s.old term for an undifferentiated malignant neoplasm, believed to be of mesenchymal origin, composed chiefly of closely packed round cells.
Rous s.a fibrosarcoma, originally observed in a Plymouth Rock hen, now thought to be an expression of infection by certain viruses of the avian leukosis-sarcoma complex in the family Retroviridae.avian s., Rous tumor;
spindle cell s.a malignant neoplasm, believed to be of mesenchymal origin, composed of elongated, spindle-shaped cells.fascicular s;
synovial s.a rare malignant tumor of synovial origin, most commonly involving the knee joint and composed of spindle cells usually enclosing slits or pseudoglandular spaces that may be lined by radially disposed epithelial-like cells.malignant synovioma;
telangiectatic osteogenic s.a lytic cystic variant of osteogenic s. composed of aneurysmal blood-filled spaces lined by sarcoma cells producing osteoid.

Sarcomastigophora Sarcomastigophora (sar´ko-mas-ti-gof´o-ra)

A phylum of the subkingdom Protozoa characterized by flagellae, pseudopodia, or both types of locomotory organelles; includes both the flagellates (subphylum Mastigophora) and the amebae (subphylum Sarcodina) in a single large assemblage. [sarco- + G. mastix (mastig-), whip, + phoros, to bear]

sarcomatoid sarcomatoid (sar-ko´ma-toyd)

Resembling a sarcoma. [sarcoma + G. eidos, resemblance]

sarcomatosis sarcomatosis (sar´ko-ma-to´sis)

Occurrence of several sarcomatous growths on different parts of the body. [sarcoma + G. -osis, condition]

sarcomatous sarcomatous (sar-ko´ma-tus)

Relating to or of the nature of sarcoma.

sarcomere sarcomere (sar´ko-mer)

The segment of a myofibril between two adjacent Z lines, representing the functional unit of striated muscle. [sarco- + G. meros, part]

sarconeme sarconeme (sar´ko-nem)

microneme [sarco- + G. nema, thread]

sarcoplasm sarcoplasm (sar´ko-plazm)

The nonfibrillar cytoplasm of a muscle fiber. [sarco- + G. plasma, a thing formed]

sarcoplasmic sarcoplasmic (sar-ko-plaz´mik)

Relating to sarcoplasm.

sarcoplast sarcoplast (sar´ko-plast)

satellite cell of skeletal muscle [sarco- + G. plastos, formed]

sarcopoietic sarcopoietic (sar´ko-poy-et´ik)

Forming muscle. [sarco- + G. poiesis, a making]

Sarcopsylla penetrans Sarcopsylla penetrans (sar-ko-sil´a pen´e-tranz)

Tunga penetrans

Sarcopsyllidae Sarcopsyllidae (sar-kop-sil´li-de)

Older name for Tungidae. [sarco- + G. psylla, flea]

Sarcoptes scabiei Sarcoptes scabiei (sar-kop´tez ska´be-I)

Formerly Acarus scabiei, the itch mite, varieties of which are distributed worldwide and affect humans, horses, cattle, swine, sheep, dogs, cats, and many wild animals; serious and fatal infections are not uncommon in untreated animals. Although considered to belong to a single species, they do not readily pass from one host to another of a different animal species; transitory infections of this type do occur, however, especially from various animals to humans, and are spread by direct contact. The mite burrows into the skin and lays eggs within the burrow; intense itching and rash develop near the burrow in about a month. See scabies, mange. [sarco- + G. kopto, to cut; L. scabies, scurf]

sarcoptic sarcoptic (sar-kop´tik)

Of, relating to, or caused by mites of the genus Sarcoptes or other members of the family Sarcoptidae.

sarcoptid sarcoptid (sar-kop´tid)

Common name for members of the Sarcoptidae, a family of mites that includes the genera Sarcoptes, Knemidokoptes, and Notoedres.

sarcosine (Sar) sarcosine (Sar) (sar´ko-sen)

N-Methylglycine;an intermediate in the metabolism of choline; it can donate a methyl group to tetrahydrofolate, yielding N⁵,N¹⁰-methylenetetrahydrofolate; demethylation by s. dehydrogenase yields formaldehyde, glycine, and a reduced acceptor; elevated in certain inherited disorders.
s. dehydrogenasean enzyme that cleaves s. using some acceptor to produce glycine, formaldehyde, and a reduced acceptor molecule; a deficiency of this enzyme will result in sarcosinemia.

sarcosinemia sarcosinemia (sar´ko-si-ne´me-a) [MIM*268900]

A disorder of amino acid metabolism due to deficiency of sarcosine dehydrogenase, causing the sarcosine level to rise in blood plasma and be excreted in the urine; affected infants fail to thrive, are irritable, may have muscle tremors, and have retarded motor and mental development; autosomal recessive inheritance.hypersarcosinemia;

sarcosis sarcosis (sar-ko´sis)

1. An abnormal increase of flesh. 2. A multiple growth of fleshy tumors. 3. A diffuse sarcoma involving the whole of an organ. [G. sarkosis, the growth of flesh, fr. sarx, flesh]

sarcosome sarcosome (sar´ko-som)

1. Formerly, any granule in a muscle fiber. 2. Now, sometimes used synonymously with myomitochondrion. [sarco- + G. soma, body]

sarcostosis sarcostosis (sar-kos-to´sis)

Ossification of muscular tissue. [sarco- + G. osteon, bone, + -osis, condition]

sarcotic sarcotic (sar-kot´ik)

1. Relating to sarcosis. 2. Causing an increase of flesh.

sarcotripsy sarcotripsy (sar´ko-trip-se)

Rarely used term for use of a crushing forceps to stop hemorrhage. [sarco- + G. tripsis, a rubbing]

sarcotubules sarcotubules (sar-ko-tu´bulz)

The continuous system of membranous tubules in striated muscle that corresponds to the smooth endoplasmic reticulum of other cells.

sarcous sarcous (sar´kus)

Relating to muscular tissue; fleshy. [G. sarx, flesh]

sardonic grin sardonic grin (sar-don´ik)

risus caninus

sarin sarin (zah-ren´)

Isopropyl methylphosphonofluoridate;a nerve poison similar to diisopropyl fluorophosphate and tetraethyl pyrophosphate; a very potent irreversible cholinesterase inhibitor and a more toxic nerve gas than tabun or soman. [Ger.]

sarmassation sarmassation (sar-ma-sa´shun)

Erotic squeezing, kneading, or caressing of female tissues and organs. [G. sarx, flesh, + masso, to knead]

sarsaparilla sarsaparilla (sar´sa-per-il´a, sas-per-il´a)

The dried root of Smilax aristolochiaefolia (Mexican s.), S. regelii (Honduras s.), S. febrifuga (Ecuadorian s.), or of undetermined species of Smilax (family Liliaceae), a thorny vine widely distributed throughout the tropical and semitropical world; it has been used in psoriasis, gout, rheumatism, and syphilis, and popularly as a "blood purifier." [Sp. zarza, a bramble]

SART SART

Abbreviation for sinoatrial recovery time.

sartorius sartorius (sar-tor´e-us)

See sartorius muscle. [L. sartor, a tailor, the muscle being used in crossing the legs in the tailor's position, fr. sarcio pp. sartus, to patch, mend]

sassafras sassafras (sas´a-fras)

The dried bark of the root of Sassafras albidum (family Lauraceae), a tree of the eastern U.S.; a flavoring agent, diuretic, and diaphoretic; s. oil, a volatile oil obtained by distillation from the bark of S. albidum and S. variifolium, is used as a carminative, topical antiseptic, pediculicide, and flavoring agent.

sat sat

Abbreviation for saturated.

satellite satellite (sat´e-lIt)

1. A minor structure accompanying a more important or larger one; e.g., a vein accompanying an artery, or a small or secondary lesion adjacent to a larger one. 2. The posterior member of a pair of gregarine gamonts in syzygy, several of which may be found in some species. See also primite. [L. satelles (sattelit-), attendant]
chromosome s.a small chromosomal segment separated from the main body of the chromosome by a secondary constriction; in humans it is usually associated with the short arm of an acrocentric chromosome.
perineuronal s.an oligodendroglia cell surrounding the neuron.

satellitosis satellitosis (sat´e-lI-to´sis)

1. A condition marked by an accumulation of neuroglia cells around the neurons of the central nervous system; often as a prelude to neuronophagia. 2. The presence of satellite, smaller structures, or lesions, e.g., metastic melanoma in the skin adjacent to the primary tumor, or lymphocytes in contact with a damaged keratinocyte in acute cutaneous graft versus host reaction. [L. satelles (satellit-), an attendant, + G. -osis, condition]

satiation satiation (sa-she-a´shun)

The state produced by fulfillment of a specific need, such as hunger or thirst. [L. satio, pp. -atus, to fill, satisfy]

sat. sol. sat. sol., sat. soln.

Abbreviation for saturated solution.

Sattler Sattler

Hubert, Austrian ophthalmologist, 1844-1928. See S.'s elastic layer, veil.

saturate saturate (satch´u-rat)

1. To impregnate to the greatest possible extent. 2. To neutralize; to satisfy all the chemical affinities of a substance (as by converting all double bonds to single bonds). 3. To dissolve a substance up to that concentration beyond which the addition of more results in two phases. [L. saturo, pp. -atus, to fill, fr. satur, sated]

saturation saturation (satch-u-ra´shun)

1. Impregnation of one substance by another to the greatest possible extent. 2. Neutralization, as of an acid by an alkali. 3. That concentration of a dissolved substance that cannot be exceeded. 4. In optics, see saturated color. 5. Filling of all the available sites on an enzyme molecule by its substrate, or on a hemoglobin molecule by oxygen (symbol S_O2) or carbon monoxide (symbol S_CO). [L. saturatio, fr. saturo, to fill, fr. satis, enough]
secondary s.a technique of nitrous oxide anesthesia consisting of an abrupt curtailment of the oxygen in the inhaled mixture to produce a deep plane of anesthesia, following which oxygen is administered to correct hypoxia.

saturnine saturnine (sat´er-nIn)

1. Relating to lead. 2. Due to or symptomatic of lead poisoning. [Mediev. L. saturninus, fr. saturnus, lead, fr. L. saturnus, the god and planet Saturn]

saturnism saturnism (sat´er-nizm)

lead poisoning [Mediev. L. saturnus, alchemical term for lead]

satyriasis satyriasis (sat-i-rI´a-sis)

Satyromania; excessive sexual excitement and behavior in the male; the counterpart of nymphomania in the female.satyrism; [G. satyros, a satyr]

satyrism satyrism (sat´i-rizm)

satyriasis

saucerization saucerization (saw´ser-i-za´shun)

Excavation of tissue to form a shallow depression, performed in wound treatment to facilitate drainage from infected areas.craterization;

Saundby Saundby

Robert, English physician, 1849-1918. See S.'s test.

sauriasis sauriasis (saw-rI´a-sis)

ichthyosis [G. sauros, lizard, + -iasis, condition]

sauriderma sauriderma (saw-ri-der´ma)

ichthyosis [G. sauros, lizard, + derma, skin]

sauriosis sauriosis (saw-ri-o´sis)

ichthyosis [G. sauros, lizard, + -osis, condition]

sauroderma sauroderma (saw´ro-der´ma)

ichthyosis [G. sauros, lizard, + derma, skin]

Savage Savage

Henry, English anatomist and gynecologist, 1810-1900. See S.'s perineal body.

saw saw

A metal operating instrument having an edge of sharp, toothlike projections, for dividing bone, cartilage, or plaster; edges may be attached to a rigid band, a flexible wire or chain, or a motorized oscillator. [A.S. saga]
Gigli's s.a hand-held wire s. for use in craniotomy or pubiotomy.
Stryker s.a rapidly oscillating s. used for cutting bone or plaster casts; it cuts hard matter, but soft tissues give and thus are not injured.

saxitoxin saxitoxin (sak-si-tok´sin)

A potent neurotoxin found in shellfish, such as the mussel or the clam, produced by the dinoflagellate Gonyaulax catenella, which is ingested by the shellfish; the cause of cases of poisoning from eating California sea mussel (Mytilus californianus), the scallop, and the Alaskan butterclam (Saxidomus giganteus).

Sayre Sayre

Lewis A., U.S. surgeon, 1820-1900. See S.'s suspension traction, suspension apparatus, jacket.

Sayre Sayre

George P., U.S. ophthalmologist, *1911. See Kearns-S. syndrome.

Sb Sb

Symbol for antimony.

SBE SBE

Abbreviation for subacute bacterial endocarditis.

Sc Sc

Symbol for scandium.

s.c. s.c.

Abbreviation for subcutaneous; subcutaneously.

scab scab (skab)

A crust formed by coagulation of blood, pus, serum, or a combination of these, on the surface of an ulcer, erosion, or other type of wound. [A.S. scaeb]

scabicidal scabicidal (ska-bi-sI´dal)

Destructive to scabies mites.

scabicide scabicide (ska´bi-sId)

An agent lethal to scabies mites.scabieticide;

scabies scabies (ska´bez)

1. An eruption due to the mite Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis; the female of the species burrows into the skin, producing a vesicular eruption with intense pruritus between the fingers, on the male genitalia, buttocks, and elsewhere on the trunk and extremities. 2. In animals, s. or scab is usually applied to cutaneous acariasis in sheep, which may be caused by Sarcoptes, Psoroptes, or Chorioptes. [L. scabo, to scratch]
Norwegian s.a severe form of s. with innumerable mites in thickened stratum corneum.Norway itch;

scabieticide scabieticide (ska-be-et´i-sId)

scabicide

scabious scabious (ska´be-us)

Relating to or suffering from scabies.

scabrities scabrities (ska-brish´i-ez)

Roughness of the skin. [L., fr. scaber, scurfy]
s. un´guiumthickening and distortion of the nails.

scala scala, pl. scalae (ska´la, -le) [NA]

One of the cavities of the cochlea winding spirally around the modiolus. [L. a stairway]
Löwenberg's s.cochlear duct
s. me´diacochlear duct
s. tym´pani [NA] the division of the spiral canal of the cochlea lying on the basal side of the spiral lamina.
s. vestib´uli [NA] the division of the spiral canal of the cochlea lying on the apical side of the spiral lamina and vestibular membrane.vestibular canal;

scald scald (skawld)

1. To burn by contact with a hot liquid or steam. 2. The lesion resulting from such contact. 3. scall [L. excaldo, to wash in hot water]

scalding scalding (skawl´ding)

A burning pain in urinating.

scale scale (skal)

1. A standardized test for measuring psychological, personality, or behavioral characteristics. See also test. 2. squama 3. A small thin plate of horny epithelium, resembling a fish s., cast off from the skin. 4. To desquamate. 5. To remove tartar from the teeth. [L. scala, a stairway]
absolute s.obsolete term for Kelvin s.
activities of daily living s.a s. to score physical activity and its limitations, based on answers to simple questions about mobility, self-care, grooming, etc; widely used in geriatrics, rheumatology, etc.
adaptive behavior s.'sa behavioral assessment device to quantify the levels of skills of mentally retarded and developmentally delayed individuals in interacting with the environment; consists of three developmentally related factors: 1) personal self-sufficiency, e.g., eating, dressing; 2) community self-sufficiency, e.g., shopping, communicating; 3) personal and social responsibility, e.g., use of leisure time, job performance. See intelligence.
Ångström s.a table of wavelengths of a large number of light rays corresponding to as many Fraunhofer's lines in the spectrum.
Baumé s.a hydrometer s. for determining the specific gravity of liquids heavier and lighter than water, respectively: for liquids lighter than water, divide 140 by 130 plus the Baumé degree; for liquids heavier than water, divide 145 by 145 minus the Baumé degree.
Brazelton's Neonatal Behavioral Assessment s.'sa s. used by obstetricians, pediatricians, and pediatric psychologists to assess the sensory, motor, emotional and physical development of the neonate, usually beginning at birth or in the first month of life.
Bayley s.'s of Infant Developmenta psychological test used to measure the developmental progress of infants over the first two and one-half years of life; consists of three scales: mental, motor, and behavior record.
Binet s.a measure of intelligence designed for both children and adults.
Binet-Simon s.forerunner of individual intelligence tests, particularly the Stanford-Binet intelligence s., and sometimes referred to as the Binet s.
Cattell Infant Intelligence S.a standardized s. for assessment of the cognitive development of infants between the ages of 3 and 30 months.
Celsius s.a temperature s. that is based upon the triple point of water (defined to be 273.16 K) and assigned the value of 0.01°C; this has replaced the centigrade scale because the triple point of water can be more accurately measured than the ice point; although, for most practical purposes, the two s.'s are equivalent.
centigrade s.a thermometer s. in which there are 100 degrees between the freezing point of water (assigned the value of 0.0°C) and the boiling point of water at sea level; technically, supplanted by the Celsius s. Cf. Celsius s.
Charrière s.French s
Columbia Mental Maturity S.an individually administered intelligence test that provides an estimate of the intellectual ability of children; provides mental ages ranging from 3 to 12 years, and requires no verbal response and minimal motor response. [Columbia University, NY]
coma s.a clinical s. to assess impaired consciousness; assessment may include motor responsiveness, verbal performance, and eye opening, as in the Glasgow (Scotland) c.s., or the same three items and dysfunction of cranial nerves, as in the Maryland (U.S.) c.s.
digital gray s.latitude
Fahrenheit s.a thermometer s. in which the freezing point of water is 32°F and the boiling point of water 212°F; 0°F indicates the lowest temperature Fahrenheit could obtain by a mixture of ice and salt in 1724; °C = (5/9)(°F - 32).
French s. (Fr) a s. for grading sizes of sounds, tubules, and catheters as based on a measurement of 1 / 3 mm and equaling 1 fr on the scale (e.g., 3 fr = 1 mm); grading to scale is carried out using a metal plate with holes ranging from 1 / 3 mm to 1 cm in diameter.Charrière s;
Gaffky s.Gaffky table
gray s.latitude See gray-scale ultrasonography.
hardness s.a qualitative s. in which minerals are classified in order of their increasing hardness, based on the fact that the harder of two materials will scratch the softer and will not be scratched by it. The s. lists 15 substances: 1, talc; 2, gypsum; 3, calcite; 4, fluorite; 5, apatite; 6, orthoclase, periclase; 7, vitreous pure silica; 8, quartz, stellite; 9, topaz; 10, garnet; 11, tantalum carbide, fused zirconia; 12, fused alumina; 13, silicon carbide; 14, boron carbide; 15, diamond.Mohs s;
homigrade s.a special thermometer s. in which 100° indicates the normal temperature of man (98.6°F, 37°C), 0° the freezing point, and 270° the boiling point (212°F, 100°C).
interval s.like a temperature s. in centigrade or Fahrenheit units, a s. on which the intervals are equal but which has an arbitrary zero point; e.g., intelligence quotient values are values along an interval s.
Karnofsky s.a performance s. for rating a person's usual activities; used to evaluate a patient's progress after a therapeutic procedure.
Kelvin s.temperature scale in which the triple point of water is assigned the value of 273.16 K; °C = K - 273.15.
Leiter International Performance S.a nonverbal (performance) test for measuring intelligence which contains norms for each age between 2 and 18; originally developed as a method of assessing the comparative intellectual abilities of Caucasian, Chinese, and Japanese children, but now occasionally used for assessing slow learners and those who are blind, deaf, or verbally handicapped.
Likert s.a method of measuring attitudes that asks respondents to indicate their degree of agreement or disagreement with statements, according to a three- or five-point scoring system, e.g., "strongly agree" "no opinion" or "strongly disagree."
masculinity-femininity s.any s. on a psychological test that assesses the relative masculinity or femininity of an individual; s.'s vary and may focus, for example, on basic identification with either sex or preference for a particular sex role.
Mohs s.hardness s
ordinal s.a s. that is based on classification of persons or things into ordered qualitative categories, such as socioeconomic status.
pH s.Sörensen s
Rahe-Holmes social readjustment rating s.a widely used s. in the social and behavioral sciences that assigns values to significant life events such as marriage, birth of offspring, bereavement, loss of job; such events correlate with emotional states.
Rankine s.a thermometer s. in which each degree Rankine (°Rank) is equal to the Fahrenheit but applied to the absolute temperature s. with its zero point at absolute zero; °Rank = °F + 459.67.
ratio s.a s. that involves physical units and demonstrates their relations.
Réaumur s.a thermometer s. in which each degree Réaumur (°R) is 1 / 80 of the temperature difference between the freezing point and boiling point of pure water at 1 atmosphere pressure, with 0°R set at the freezing point and 80°R set at the boiling point of water.
Shipley-Hartford s.a test of intellectual and conceptual aptitude. [Hartford Retreat, CT, where Shipley was employed]
Sörensen s.the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration, used as a s. for expressing acidity and alkalinity. See also pH.pH s;
Stanford-Binet intelligence s.a standardized test for the measurement of intelligence consisting of a series of questions, graded according to the intelligence of normal children at different ages, the answers to which indicate the mental age of the person tested; primarily used with children, but also contains norms for adults standardized against adult age levels rather than those of children, as formerly was the case.Binet test;
Wechsler-Bellevue s.a measure of general intelligence superseded by the Wechsler adult intelligence s. and its subsequent revision. See also Wechsler intelligence s.'s.
Wechsler intelligence s.'scontinuously revised and updated standardized s.'s for the measurement of general intelligence in preschool children (Wechsler preschool and primary s. of intelligence), in children (Wechsler intelligence s. for children), and in adults (Wechsler adult intelligence s., the successor to the Wechsler-Bellevue s.).
Zubrod s.a 5-point s. similar to the 10-point Karnofsky s.; both measure the performance status of a patient's ambulatory nature, from normal activity to total dependence on others for care. See also Karnofsky s.

scalene scalene (ska´len)

1. Having sides of unequal length, said of a triangle so formed. 2. One of several muscles so named. See scalenus anterior muscle, musculus scalenus anticus, scalenus medius muscle, scalenus minimus muscle, scalenus posterior muscle, musculus scalenus posticus.scalenus; [G. skalenos, uneven]

scalenectomy scalenectomy (ska´le-nek´to-me)

Resection of the scalene muscles. [scalene + G. ektome, excision]

scalenotomy scalenotomy (ska´le-not´o-me)

Division or section of the anterior scalene muscle. [scalene + G. tome, incision]

scalenus scalenus (ska-le´nus)

scalene [L.]

scaler scaler (ska´ler)

1. An instrument for removing tartar from the teeth. 2. A device for counting electrical impulses, as in the assay of radioactive materials.
hoe s.a hoe-shaped s. with a very short blade.
ultrasonic s.an ultrasonic instrument that uses high frequency vibration to remove adherent deposits from the teeth.

scaling scaling (ska´ling)

In dentistry, removal of accretions from the crowns and roots of teeth by use of special instruments.

scall scall (skawl)

Any crusted or pustular scaly eruption or lesion of the skin or scalp, e.g., favus.scald (3) ; [Ice. skalli, bald-head]
milk s.crusta lactea

scalloping scalloping (skal´o-ping)

A series of indentations or erosions on a normally smooth margin of a structure.

scalp scalp (skalp)

The skin and subcutaneous tissue normally hair bearing covering the neuro-cranium. [M. E. fr. Scand. skalpr, sheath]

scalpel scalpel (skal´pl)

A knife used in surgical dissection. [L. scalpellum; dim. of scalprum, a knife]
plasma s.a s. that uses a fine high-temperature gas jet, instead of a blade, for cutting.

scalpriform scalpriform (skal´pri-form)

Chisel-shaped. [L. scalprum, chisel, + forma, shape]

scalprum scalprum (skal´prum)

1. A large strong scalpel. 2. A raspatory. [L. chisel, penknife, fr. scalpo, pp. scalptus, to carve]

scaly scaly (ska´le)

squamous

scammony scammony (skam´o-ne)

The plant, Convolvulus scammonia (family Convolvulaceae), the dried root of which contains a cathartic resin. See also ipomea. [G. skammonia]

scan scan (skan)

1. To survey by traversing with an active or passive sensing device. 2. The image, record, or data obtained by scanning, usually identified by the technology or device employed; e.g., CT s., radionuclide s., ultrasound s., etc. 3. Abbreviated form of scintiscan, usually identified by the organ or structure examined; e.g., brain s., bone s., etc.
duplex Doppler s.a method of visualizing and selectively assessing the flow patterns of peripheral arteries and veins using ultrasound imaging and pulsed Doppler.
EMI s.historically, the name commonly used for computed tomography of the head, the technique devised by Hounsfield, who was a scientist at EMI, an English electronics firm.
Meckel s.use of technetium-99m pertechnetate in a s. of the gastric mucosa to detect ectopic gastric mucosa in Meckel's diverticulum; the pertechnetate anion is secreted by epithelial cells in the gastric mucosa.
sector s.in ultrasonography, a system in which the transducer or transmitted ultrasound beam is rotated through an angle, resulting in a pie-shaped image.
ventilation-perfusion s.a lung function test, especially useful for pulmonary embolism, employing an inhaled radionuclide for ventilation and an intravenous radionuclide for perfusion; their respective distributions in the lung are recorded scintigraphically.

scandium (Sc) scandium (Sc) (skan´de-um)

A metallic element, atomic no. 21, atomic wt. 44.955910. [L. Scandia, Scandinavia, where discovered]

scanner scanner (skan´er)

A device or instrument that scans.

scanning scanning (skan´ing)

The act of imaging by traversing with an active or passive sensing device, often identified by the technology or device employed.

scanogram scanogram (skan´o-gram)

A radiographic technique for showing true dimensions by moving a narrow orthogonal beam of x-rays along the length of the structure being measured, e.g., the lower extremities. [scan- + G. gramma, something written]

Scanzoni Scanzoni

Friedrich W., German obstetrician, 1821-1891. See S.'s maneuver, second os.

scapha scapha (skaf´a, ska´fa) [NA]

1. [na] The longitudinal furrow between the helix and the antihelix of the auricle.fossa of helix, scaphoid fossa (2) ; 2. Obsolete term for scaphoid fossa (1) . [L. fr. G. skaphe, skiff]

scapho- scapho-

A scapha, scaphoid. [G. skaphe, skiff, boat]

scaphocephalic scaphocephalic (skaf-o-se-fal´ik)

Denoting or relating to scaphocephaly.scaphocephalous, tectocephalic;

scaphocephalism scaphocephalism (skaf-o-sef´a-lizm)

scaphocephaly

scaphocephalous scaphocephalous (skaf-o-sef´a-lus)

scaphocephalic

scaphocephaly scaphocephaly (skaf-o-sef´a-le)

A form of craniosynostosis that results in a long, narrow head in which the parietal eminences are absent and frontal and occiptal protrusions are conspicuous; there may be a crest indicating the site of a prenatally closed sagittal suture; sometimes accompanied by mental retardation.cymbocephaly, sagittal synostosis, scaphocephalism, tectocephaly; [scapho- + G. kephale, head]

scaphohydrocephalus scaphohydrocephalus, scaphohydrocephaly (skaf´o-hI´dro-sef´a-lus, -le)

Occurrence of hydrocephalus in a scaphocephalic individual.

scaphoid scaphoid (skaf´oyd)

Boat-shaped; hollowed. See scaphoid bone.navicular; [scapho- + G. eidos, resemblance]

scapula scapula, gen and pl. scapulae (skap´yu-la, -le) [NA]

A large triangular flattened bone lying over the ribs, posteriorly on either side, articulating laterally with the clavicle at the acromioclavicular joint and the humerus at the glenohumeral joint. It forms a functional joint with the chest wall, the scapulothoracic joint.blade bone, shoulder blade; [L. scapulae, the shoulder blades]
s. ala´tawinged s
s. eleva´taSprengel's deformity
scaphoid s.a s. in which the vertebral border below the level of the spine presents concavity instead of the normal convexity; the scaphoid type of s. (Graves) is a s. in which the vertebral border between the spine and the teres major process is either straight or tends toward concavity.
winged s.condition wherein the medial border of the scapula protrudes away from the thorax; the protrusion is posterior and lateral, as the scapula rotates out; caused by paralysis of the serratus anterior muscle.s. alata;

scapulalgia scapulalgia (skap´yu-lal´je-a)

Rarely used term meaning pain in the shoulder blades.scapulodynia; [scapula + G. algos, pain]

scapular scapular (skap´yu-lar)

Relating to the scapula.

scapulary scapulary (skap´yu-lar-e)

A form of brace or suspender for keeping a belt or body bandage in place.

scapulectomy scapulectomy (skap´yu-lek´to-me)

Excision of the scapula. [scapula + G. ektome, excision]

scapulo- scapulo-

Scapula, scapular. [L. scapulae, shoulder blades]

scapuloclavicular scapuloclavicular (skap´yu-lo-kla-vik´yu-lar)

1. acromioclavicular 2. coracoclavicular

scapulodynia scapulodynia (skap´yu-lo-din´e-a)

scapulalgia [scapulo- + G. odyne, pain]

scapulohumeral scapulohumeral (skap´yu-lo-hyu´mer-al)

Relating to both scapula and humerus. See also glenohumeral.

scapulopexy scapulopexy (skap´yu-lo-pek-se)

Operative fixation of the scapula to the chest wall or to the spinous process of the vertebrae. [scapulo- + G. pexis, fixation]

scapus scapus, pl. scapi (ska´pus, -pI)

A shaft or stem. [L. shaft, stalk]
s. pe´nisbody of penis
s. pi´lihair shaft

scar scar (skar)

The fibrous tissue replacing normal tissues destroyed by injury or disease. [G. eschara, scab]
cigarette-paper s.'satrophic s.'s in the skin at sites of minor lacerations over the knees, shins, and elbows of persons with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome.papyraceous s.'s;
hypertrophic s.an elevated s. resembling a keloid but which does not spread into surrounding tissues, is rarely painful, and regresses spontaneously; collagen bundles run parallel to the skin surface.
papyraceous s.'scigarette-paper s.'s
radial s.radial sclerosing lesion
shilling s.'sobsolete term for round, well healed s.'s that follow involution of rupial syphilids.

Scardino Scardino

Peter L., U.S. urologist, *1915. See S. vertical flap pyeloplasty.

Scarff Scarff

John E., U.S. neurosurgeon, *1898. See Stookey-S. operation.

scarification scarification (skar-i-fi-ka´shun)

The making of a number of superficial incisions in the skin. [L. scarifico, to scratch, fr. G. skariphos, a style for sketching]

scarificator scarificator (skar´i-fi-ka-tor)

An instrument for scarification, consisting of a number of concealed spring-projected cutting blades, set near together, that make superficial incisions in the skin.

scarify scarify (skar´i-fI)

To produce scarification.

scarlatina scarlatina (skar´la-te´na)

An acute exanthematous disease, caused by infection with streptococcal organisms producing erythrogenic toxin, marked by fever and other constitutional disturbances, and a generalized eruption of closely aggregated points or small macules of a bright red color followed by desquamation in large scales, shreds, or sheets; mucous membrane of the mouth and fauces is usually also involved.scarlet fever; [through It. fr. Mediev. L. scarlatum, scarlet, a scarlet cloth]
anginose s., s. angino´saa form of s. in which the throat affection is unusually severe.Fothergill's disease (2) ;
s. hemorrhag´icaa form of s. in which blood extravasates into the skin and mucous membranes, giving to the eruption a dusky hue; frequent bleeding from the nose and into the intestine also occurs.
s. la´tens, latent s.a form of s. in which the rash is absent, but other complications of streptococcal infection occur, such as acute nephritis.
s. malig´naa severe scarlet fever in which the patient is quickly overcome with the intensity of the systemic intoxication.
s. rheumat´icadengue
s. sim´plexa mild form of the disease.

scarlatinal scarlatinal (skar-la-te´nal)

Relating to scarlatina.

scarlatinella scarlatinella (skar-la-ti-nel´a)

Filatov Dukes' disease [dim. of scarlatina]

scarlatiniform scarlatiniform (skar-la-te´ni-form, -tin´i-form)

Resembling scarlatina, denoting a rash.scarlatinoid (1) ;

scarlatinoid scarlatinoid (skar-la-te´noyd, skar-lat´i-noyd)

1. scarlatiniform 2. fourth disease [scarlatina + G. eidos, resemblance]

scarlet scarlet (skar´let)

Denoting a bright red color tending toward orange. [Mediev. L. scarlatum, scarlet cloth]

scarlet red scarlet red [C.I. 26905]

o-Tolylazo-o-tolylazo-beta-naphthol. An azo dye; a dark, brownish red powder, soluble in oils, fats, and chloroform, but insoluble in water; used in medicine as a vulnerary, in histology to stain fat in tissue sections and basic proteins at high pH, and in immunoelectrophoresis.Biebrich scarlet red, medicinal scarlet red, scharlach red, Sudan IV;

scarlet red sulfonate scarlet red sulfonate

An azo dye that has been used to stimulate healing of chronic superficial wounds and ulcers.

Scarpa Scarpa

Antonio, Italian anatomist, orthopedist, and ophthalmologist, 1747-1832. See canals of S., under canal; S.'s fascia, fluid, foramina, under foramen; fossa scarpae major; S.'s ganglion, habenula, hiatus, liquor, membrane, method, sheath, staphyloma, triangle.

Scatchard Scatchard

George, U.S. chemist and biochemist, 1892-1973. See S. plot.

scatemia scatemia (ska-te´me-a)

Intestinal autointoxication. [scato- + G. haima, blood]

scato- scato-

Feces. See also copro-, sterco-. [G. skor (skat-), excrement]

scatologic scatologic (skat-o-loj´ik)

Pertaining to scatology.

scatology scatology (ska-tol´o-je)

1. The scientific study and analysis of feces, for physiologic and diagnostic purposes.coprology; 2. The study relating to the psychiatric aspects of excrement or excremental (anal) function. [scato- + G. logos, study]

scatoma scatoma (ska-to´ma)

coproma [scato- + G. -oma, tumor]

scatophagy scatophagy (ska-tof´a-je)

coprophagia [scato- + G. phago, to eat]

scatoscopy scatoscopy (ska-tos´ko-pe)

Examination of the feces for purposes of diagnosis. [scato- + G. skopeo, to view]

scatter scatter (skat´er)

1. A change in direction of a photon or subatomic particle, as the result of a collision or interaction. 2. The secondary radiation resulting from the interaction of primary radiation with matter.
Compton s.the mechanism of s. called the Compton effect scintillator.
liquid s.a liquid with the properties of a scintillator, in which the substance whose radioactivity is to be measured can be dissolved and placed in a well counter.

scattergram scattergram (skat-er-gram)

Graphical display of distribution of two variables in relation to each other. [scatter + G. gramma, something written]

scatula scatula (skat´yu-la)

A square pillbox. [Mediev. L. a rectangular figure whose width is one-tenth of its length]

Scedosporium apiospermum Scedosporium apiospermum (sked-os-por´e-um a-pe-os´per-mum)

The imperfect state of the fungus Pseudallescheria boydii, one of the 16 species of true fungi that may cause mycetoma in humans.Monosporium apiospermum;

scelalgia scelalgia (se-lal´je-a)

Pain in the leg. [G. skelos, leg, + algos, pain]

scent scent (sent)

odor [M.E., fr. O.Fr., fr. L. sentio, to feel]

Schacher Schacher

Polycarp G., German physician, 1674-1737. See S.'s ganglion.

Schaer's reagent Schaer's reagent

See under reagent.

Schafer Schafer

Sir Edward A. Sharpey-, English physiologist and histologist, 1850-1935. See Schäfer's method.

Schäffer Schäffer

Max, German neurologist, 1852-1923. See S.'s reflex.

Schaffer's test Schaffer's test

See under test.

Schamberg Schamberg

Jay F., U.S. dermatologist, 1870-1934. See S.'s dermatitis.

Schanz Schanz

Alfred, German orthopedic surgeon, 1868-1931. See S. syndrome.

Schapiro Schapiro

Heinrich, Russian physician, 1852-1901. See S.'s sign.

Schardinger Schardinger

Franz, 19th century Austrian scientist. See S. dextrins, under dextrin, enzyme, reaction.

scharlach red scharlach red (shar´lak)

scarlet red

Schatzki Schatzki

Richard, U.S. radiologist, 1901-1992. See Schatzki's ring.

Schaudinn Schaudinn

Fritz R., German bacteriologist, 1871-1906. See S.'s fixative.

Schaumann Schaumann

Jörgen, Swedish physician, 1879-1953. See S. bodies, under body; S.'s lymphogranuloma, syndrome; Besnier-Boeck-S. disease, syndrome.

Schaumberg Schaumberg

H.H., U.S. neuropathologist, *1912.

Schauta Schauta

Friedrich, Austrian gynecologist, 1849-1919. See S. vaginal operation.

Schede Schede

Max, German surgeon, 1844-1902. See S.'s clot, method.

schedule schedule (sked´jul)

A procedural plan for a proposed objective, especially the sequence and time allotted for each item or operation required for its completion. [L. scheda, fr. scida, a strip of papyrus, leaf of paper]
s.'s of reinforcementin the psychology of conditioning, established procedures or sequences for reinforcing operant behavior; e.g., in a lever pressing situation, every displacement of the lever will bring a pellet of food or comparable reinforcer (continuous reinforcement s.), or the reinforcer will come at every 5 seconds, regardless of how many displacements occur earlier (fixed-interval reinforcement s.), at every 10th displacement (fixed-ratio reinforcement s.), or on an average of every 5 seconds (variable-interval reinforcement s.), or the reinforcer will come in a noncontinuous fashion in which less than 100% of the displacements bring a reinforcer (intermittent reinforcement s.).

Scheele Scheele

Karl W., Swedish chemist, 1742-1786. See S.'s green.

Scheibe's deafness Scheibe's deafness

See under deafness.

Scheibler's reagent Scheibler's reagent

See under reagent.

Scheie Scheie

Harold G., U.S. ophthalmologist, *1909. See S.'s syndrome.

Scheiner Scheiner

Christoph, German physicist, 1575-1650. See S.'s experiment.

Schellong Schellong

Fritz, German physician, 1891-1953. See S. test; S.-Strisower phenomenon.

schema schema, pl. schemata (ske´ma, ske-mah´ta)

1. A plan, outline, or arrangement.scheme; 2. In sensorimotor theory, the organized unit of cognitive experience. [G. schema, shape, form]
body s.body image

schematic schematic (ske-mat´ik)

Made after a definite type of formula; representing in general, but not with absolute exactness; denoting an anatomical drawing or model. [G. schematikos, in outward show, fr. schema, shape, form]

schematograph schematograph (ske-mat´o-graf)

An instrument for making a tracing in reduced size of the outline of the body. [G. schema, form, + grapho, to write]

scheme scheme (skem)

schema (1)
occlusal s.occlusal system

schemochromes schemochromes (ske-mo-kromz)

structural color

Schenck Schenck

Benjamin R., U.S. surgeon, 1873-1920. See S.'s disease.

Scheuermann Scheuermann

Holger W., Danish surgeon, 1877-1960. See S.'s disease.

Schick Schick

Bela, Austrian pediatrician in U.S., 1877-1967. See S. method, test, test toxin.

Schiff Schiff

Moritz, German physiologist, 1823-1896. See S.-Sherrington phenomenon.

Schiff Schiff

Hugo, German chemist in Florence, 1834-1915. See S. base; S.'s reagent; Kasten's fluorescent S. reagents, under reagent; periodic acid-S. stain; ninhydrin-S. stain for proteins.

Schilder Schilder

Paul Ferdinand, Austrian neurologist, 1886-1940.

Schiller Schiller

Walter, Austrian pathologist in U.S., 1887-1960. See S.'s test.

Schilling Schilling

Victor, German hematologist, 1883-1960. See S.'s blood count, band cell, index; S. test, type of monocytic leukemia.

schindylesis schindylesis (skin-dI-le´sis) [NA]

wedge-and-groove joint [G. schindylesis, splintering]

Schiötz Schiötz

Hjalmar, Norwegian physician, 1850-1927. See S. tonometer.

Schirmer Schirmer

Otto W.A., German ophthalmologist, 1864-1917. See S. test.

schisto- schisto-

Cleft, division. See also schizo-. [G. schistos, split]

schistocelia schistocelia (skis-to-se´le-a)

Congenital fissure of the abdominal wall. [schisto- + G. koilia, a hollow]

schistocormia schistocormia (skis-to-kor´me-a)

Congenital clefting of the trunk, the lower extremities of the fetus usually being imperfectly developed.schistosomia; [schisto- + G. kormos, trunk of a tree]

schistocystis schistocystis (skis-to-sis´tis)

Fissure of the bladder. [schisto- + G. kystis, bladder]

schistocyte schistocyte (skis´to-sIt)

A variety of poikilocyte that owes its abnormal shape to fragmentation occurring as the cell flows through damaged small vessels.schizocyte; [schisto- + G. kytos, cell]

schistocytosis schistocytosis (skis´to-sI-to´sis)

The occurrence of many schistocytes in the blood.schizocytosis;

schistoglossia schistoglossia (skis-to-glos´e-a)

Congenital fissure or cleft of the tongue. [schisto- + G. glossa, tongue]

schistomelia schistomelia (skis´to-mel´e-a)

Congenital cleft of a limb.

schistorrhachis schistorrhachis (skis-tor´a-kis)

spina bifida [schisto- + G. rhachis, spine]

Schistosoma Schistosoma (skis-to-so´ma)

A genus of digenetic trematodes, including the important blood flukes of man and domestic animals, that cause schistosomiasis; characterized by elongate shape, by separate sexes with marked sexual dimorphism, by their unusual location in the smaller blood vessels of their host, and by utilization of water snails as intermediate hosts. [schisto- + G. soma, body]
S. bo´visa species infecting cattle, buffalo, sheep, goats, and wild ruminants in Africa, the Middle East, southern Europe, and Asia; characterized by long spindle-shaped eggs with a terminal spine.
S. haemato´biumthe vesical blood fluke, a species with terminally spined eggs that occurs as a parasite in the portal system and mesenteric veins of the bladder (causing human schistosomiasis haematobium) and rectum; common in the Nile delta but is found along waterways, irrigation ditches, or streams throughout Africa and in parts of the Middle East; the intermediate host is Bulinus truncatus in Egypt; elsewhere, other snails of the subfamily Bulininae (Bulinus, Physopsis, Pyrgophysa) are involved.
S. in´dicuma species that occurs in the portal and mesenteric veins of cattle, sheep, goats, horses, and camels in Indo-Pakistan.
S. intercala´tuma blood fluke species related to S. haematobium locally distributed in Zaire and other areas of central Africa, causing mild dysentery and abdominal pains, with enlargement of the spleen and liver; a planorbid snail, Bulinus (Physopis) africanus, serves as the intermediate host.
S. japon´icumthe Oriental or Japanese blood fluke, a species having eggs with small lateral spines, usually only a small knob; causes schistosomiasis japonica, with extensive pathology from encapsulation of the eggs, particularly in the liver, and is the most pathogenic of the three common schistosome species afflicting man, possibly owing to greater egg production per female worm; it is also the most intractable to treatment and the most difficult to control, as the intermediate hosts are amphibious snails (species of Oncomelania, family Hydrobiidae) that can leave the water to avoid molluscicides, and also because many other animals, such as pigs, oxen, cattle, and dogs, serve as reservoir hosts.
S. malayensisa member of the S. japonicum complex described from the rodent Rattus muelleri in peninsular Malaysia. The aquatic snail Robertsiella kaporensis and two other species of this genus were found to be naturally infected. S. malayensis is considered most closely related to S. mekongi. Human infections, based on serological evidence, were reported among the indigenous people of central peninsular Malaysia.
S. manso´nia common species characterized by large eggs with a strong lateral spine and transmitted by planorbid snails of the genus Biomphalaria; causes schistosomiasis mansoni in man in Africa, parts of the Middle East, and West Indies, South America, and certain Caribbean islands.
S. mat´theeia species found in the portal and mesenteric veins of ruminants, primates (including man), zebra, and rodents in Africa.
S. mekon´githe Mekong schistosome, a species described from the Mekong delta near Khong Island in southern Laos and northern Cambodia. Infection rates are highest for ages 7 to 15; dogs appear to be the chief reservoir host; the intermediate host snail is the 3 mm-long operculid snail, Tricula aperta. Pathology is similar to but generally less severe than that of S. japonicum.
S. spinda´lea species parasitic in the portal and mesenteric veins of ruminants, and occasionally horses and dogs, in Africa, Indo-Pakistan, and Southeast Asia.

schistosome schistosome (skis´to-som)

Common name for a member of the genus Schistosoma.

schistosomia schistosomia (skis-to-so´me-a)

schistocormia [schisto- + G. soma, body]

schistosomiasis schistosomiasis (skis´to-so-mI´a-sis)

Infection with a species of Schistosoma; manifestations of this often chronic and debilitating disease vary with the infecting species but depend in large measure upon tissue reaction (granulation and fibrosis) to the eggs deposited in venules and in the hepatic portals, the latter resulting in portal hypertension and esophageal varices, as well as liver damage leading to cirrhosis. See tropical diseases, under disease. See also schistosomal dermatitis, Symmers' clay pipestem fibrosis.bilharziasis, bilharziosis, hemic distomiasis, snail fever;
Asiatic s.s. japonica
bladder s.s. haematobium
cutaneous s. japonicas. japonica
ectopic s.a clinical form of s. that occurs outside of the normal site of parasitism (mesenteric vein or hepatic portals); may result from accidental blood-borne transport of schistosome eggs or, rarely, adult worms, to various unusual sites such as the skin, brain, or spinal cord.
s. haemato´biuminfection with Schistosoma haematobium, the eggs of which invade the urinary tract, causing cystitis and hematuria, and possibly an increased likelihood of bladder cancer.bladder s., Egyptian hematuria, endemic hematuria, urinary s;
s. intercalatuminfection with Schistosoma intercalatum; occurs only in West Africa; few symptoms reported and no cases of hepatic fibrosis known.
intestinal s.s. mansoni
s. japon´ica, Japanese s.infection with Schistosoma japonicum, characterized by dysenteric symptoms, painful enlargement of the liver and spleen, dropsy, urticaria, and progressive anemia.Asiatic s., cutaneous s. japonica, kabure itch, kabure, Katayama syndrome, Kinkiang fever, Oriental s., rice itch, urticarial fever, Yangtze Valley fever;
s. manso´niinfection with Schistosoma mansoni, the eggs of which invade the wall of the large intestine and the liver, causing irritation, inflammation, and ultimately fibrosis.intestinal s., Manson's disease, Manson's s;
Manson's s.s. mansoni
s. mekon´giinfection with Schistosoma mekongi, which chiefly afflicts children in the Mekong delta, where it was discovered; the disease is similar to s. japonica.
Oriental s.s. japonica
pulmonary s.pulmonary manifestations of infection with schistosoma, usually Schistosoma mansoni, occurring when schistosomals, which form in the skin from the cercariae which have entered from infected water, migrate via the blood stream to the lungs, en route to the gastrointestinal tract and the portal vein; symptoms are usually limited to cough.
urinary s.s. haematobium

schistosomulum schistosomulum, pl. schistosomula (skis-to-so´myu-lum, -la)

The stage in the life cycle of a blood fluke of the genus Schistosoma immediately after penetration of the skin as a cercaria; marked by loss of the tail and gaining of physiological modifications allowing it to survive in a mammalian bloodstream.

schistosternia schistosternia (skis-to-ster´ne-a)

schistothorax [schisto- + G. sternon, sternum]

schistothorax schistothorax (skis-to-thor´aks)

Congenital cleft of the chest wall.schistosternia; [schisto- + G. thorax, thorax]

schiz- schiz-

See schizo-.

schizamnion schizamnion (skiz-am´ne-on)

An amnion developing, as in the human embryo, by the formation of a cavity within the inner cell mass. [schiz- + amnion]

schizaxon schizaxon (skiz-ak´son)

An axon divided into two branches. [schiz- + G. axon, axis]

schizencephaly schizencephaly (skiz-en-sef´a-le)

Abnormal divisions or clefts of the brain substance. [schiz- + G. enkephalos, brain]

schizo- schizo-, schiz-

Split, cleft, division; schizophrenia. See also schisto-. [G. schizo, to split or cleave]

schizo-affective schizo-affective (skiz´o-a-fek´tiv)

Having an admixture of symptoms suggestive of both schizophrenia and affective (mood) disorder.

schizocyte schizocyte (skiz´o-sIt)

schistocyte [schizo- + G. kytos, cell]

schizocytosis schizocytosis (skiz´o-sI-to´sis)

schistocytosis

schizogenesis schizogenesis (skiz-o-jen´e-sis)

Reproduction by fission.fissiparity, scissiparity; [schizo- + G. genesis, origin]

schizogony schizogony (ski-zog´o-ne)

Multiple fission in which the nucleus first divides and then the cell divides into as many parts as there are nuclei; called merogony if daughter cells are merozoites, sporogony if daughter cells are sporozoites, or gametogony if daughter cells are gametes.agamocytogeny; [schizo- + G. gone, generation]

schizogyria schizogyria (skiz-o-jI´re-a, -jir´e-a)

Deformity of the cerebral convolutions marked by occasional interruptions of their continuity. [schizo- + G. gyros, circle (convolution)]

schizoid schizoid (skiz´oyd)

Socially isolated, withdrawn, having few (if any) friends or social relationships; resembling the personality features characteristic of schizophrenia, but in a milder form. See also schizoid personality. [schizo(phrenia), + G. eidos, resemblance]

schizoidism schizoidism (skiz´oy-dizm)

A schizoid state; the manifestation of schizoid tendencies.

schizomycete schizomycete (skiz´o-mI-set)

A member of the class Schizomycetes; a bacterium.

Schizomycetes Schizomycetes (skiz´o-mI-se´tez)

Naegeli's term for a class comprised of all the bacteria; a misnomer, since bacteria are generally not considered to be fungi. The bacteria are now classified in the kingdom Prokaryotae.fission fungi; [schizo- + G. mykes, fungus]

schizomycetic schizomycetic (skiz-o-mI-se´tik)

Relating to or caused by fission fungi (bacteria).

schizomycosis schizomycosis (skiz-o-mI-ko´sis)

Any schizomycetic or bacterial disease.

schizont schizont (skiz´ont)

A sporozoan trophozoite (vegetative form) that reproduces by schizogony, producing a varied number of daughter trophozoites or merozoites. See also meront, segmenter.agamont, segmenting body; [schizo- + G. on (ont-), a being]

schizonticide schizonticide (ski-zon´ti-sId)

An agent that kills schizonts. [schizont + L. caedo, to kill]

schizonychia schizonychia (skiz-o-nik´e-a)

Splitting of the nails. [schizo- + G. onyx, nail]

schizophasia schizophasia (skiz-o-fa´ze-a)

The disordered speech (word salad) of the schizophrenic individual. [schizo- + G. phasis, speech]

schizophrenia schizophrenia (skiz-o-fre´ne-a, skit´so-)

A term, coined by Bleuler, synonymous with and replacing dementia praecox; a common type of psychosis, characterized by a disorder in perception, content of thought, and thought processes (hallucinations and delusions), and extensive withdrawal of the individual's interest from other people and the outside world, and the investment of it in his own; now considered a group or spectrum of schizophrenic disorders rather than as a single entity, with distinction sometimes made between process s. and reactive s. Although there seem to be well-defined autosomal dominant forms [MIM*181500-*181510], in the absence of a well-defined mechanism (biochemical or at least psychopathologic model) such claims will continue to be taken with reservation.depersonalization disorder; [schizo- + G. phren, mind] During the 1940s, schizophrenia was thought to be induced in children by family interactions. For a time, the focus was on the schizophrenia-causing (schizophrenogenic) mother, thought to be domineering and destructive of the child's psychosexual development. This hypothesis was abandoned when evidence failed to support it. Current theory views schizophrenia as brain-based, possibly involving abnormalities in neuronal networks and biochemical imbalances, which may be developmental or genetic. It remains the most prevalent of the psychoses, although men and women alike run only a 1% chance of developing the disorder in their lifetimes. Those who experience schizophrenic ideation for less than 6 months, on a one-time basis with full recovery of normal thought patterns, are said to be suffering from a schizophreniform disorder, which may or may not be related causally to other schizophrenias.
acute s.a disorder in which the symptoms of s. occur abruptly; they may subside or become chronic over time.acute schizophrenic episode;
ambulatory s.a milder form of s. in which the patient is capable of maintaining himself or herself in society and need not be hospitalized.
catatonic s.s. characterized by marked disturbance, which may involve stupor, negativism, rigidity, excitement, or posturing; sometimes there is rapid alteration between the extremes of excitement and stupor. Associated features include stereotypic behavior, mannerisms, and waxy flexibility; mutism is particularly common.
childhood s.infantile autism
disorganized s.a severe form of s. characterized by the predominance of incoherence, blunted, inappropriate or silly affect, and the absence of systematized delusions.hebephrenic s;
hebephrenic s.disorganized s
latent s.a preexisting susceptibility for developing overt s. under strong emotional stress.
paranoid s.s. characterized predominantly by delusions of persecution and megalomania.
process s.an obsolete term for those forms of severe schizophrenic disorders in which chronic and progressive biologic conditions in the brain are considered to be the primary cause and in which prognosis is poor as well, with insidious onset at a young age, as contrasted with reactive s.
pseudoneurotic s.s. in which the underlying psychotic process is masked by complaints ordinarily regarded as neurotic.
reactive s.those forms of severe schizophrenic disorders which are distinguished from process s. by their more acute onset, greater relation to environmental stress, and better prognosis.
residual s.blunted or inappropriate affect, social withdrawal, eccentric behavior, or loose associations, but without prominent psychotic symptoms, as the remains of former psychotic symptoms of s.
simple s.s. characterized by withdrawal, apathy, indifference, and impoverishment of human relationships without overt psychotic features.

schizophrenic schizophrenic (skiz-o-fren´ik, -fre´nik, skit-so-)

Relating to, characteristic of, or suffering from one of the schizophrenias.

schizothemia schizothemia (skiz-o-the´me-a)

Rarely used term for repeated interruptions in a conversation by the speaker introducing other topics. [schizo- + G. thema, theme]

schizotonia schizotonia (skiz-o-to´ne-a)

Division of the distribution of tone in the muscles. [schizo- + G. tonos, tension, tone]

schizotrichia schizotrichia (skiz-o-trik´e-a)

A splitting of the hairs at their ends.scissura pilorum; [schizo- + G. thrix, hair]

Schizotrypanum cruzi Schizotrypanum cruzi (skiz-o-trI´pan-um kru´zI)

A distinct generic designation used for Trypanosoma cruzi, used frequently by workers in the endemic area of South American trypanosomiasis; also used as a subgeneric designation, i.e., Trypanosoma (Schizotrypanum) cruzi. [schizo- + G. trypanon, a borer, an auger]

schizozoite schizozoite (skiz-o-zo´It)

A merozoite prior to schizogony, as in the exoerythrocytic phase of the development of the Plasmodium agent after sporozoite invasion of the hepatocyte and before multiple division. [schizo- + G. zoon, animal]

schlammfieber schlammfieber (shlam´fe-ber)

Name given to an outbreak of leptospirosis near Breslau in Germany thought to have been due to infection with Leptospira grippotyphosa.

Schlatter Schlatter

Carl, Swiss surgeon, 1864-1934. See Osgood-S. disease.

Schlemm Schlemm

Friedrich, German anatomist, 1795-1858. See S.'s canal.

Schlesinger Schlesinger

Hermann, Austrian physician, 1868-1934. See S.'s sign; Pool-S. sign.

schlieren schlieren (schler´en)

See schlieren optics.

Schmid Schmid

Rudi, Swiss-U.S. internist and biochemist, *1922. See McArdle-S.-Pearson disease.

Schmid Schmid

W. See S.-Fraccaro syndrome.

Schmidel Schmidel

Kasimir C., German anatomist, 1718-1792. See S.'s anastomoses, under anastomosis.

Schmidt Schmidt

Henry D., U.S. anatomist and pathologist, 1823-1888. See S.-Lanterman clefts, under cleft, incisures, under incisure.

Schmidt Schmidt

Gerhard, U.S. biochemist, *1900. See S.-Thannhauser method.

Schmidt Schmidt

Martin Benno, German physician, 1863-1949. See S.'s syndrome.

Schmidt Schmidt

Johann F.M., German laryngologist, 1838-1907. See S.'s syndrome.

Schmorl Schmorl

Christian G., German pathologist, 1861-1932. See S.'s bacillus, nodule, ferric-ferricyanide reduction stain, picrothionin stain, jaundice.

Schneider Schneider

C.V., German anatomist, 1614-1680. See schneiderian membrane.

Schneider Schneider

Franz C., German chemist, 1813-1897. See S.'s carmine.

Schneider Schneider

Kurt, 20th century German psychiatrist.

Schneidersitz Schneidersitz (shnI´der-zitz)

A typical sitting position with legs crossed in front, exhibited by severely defective patients with phenylketonuria and resembling the position which was commonly attributed to tailors. [Ger.]

Scholander Scholander

Per F., Norwegian physiologist, 1905-1980. See S. apparatus; Roughton-S. apparatus, syringe.

Scholz Scholz

Willibald, German neurologist, *1889. See S.'s disease.

Schönbein Schönbein

Christian F., German chemist, 1799-1868. See S.'s test.

Schönlein Schönlein

Johann L., German physician, 1793-1864. See S.'s disease, purpura; Henoch-S. purpura.

school school (skul)

A set of beliefs, teachings, methods, etc. [O. E. scol]
biometrical s.a group of British geneticists, followers of Galton and Karl Pearson, whose approach to genetics was quantitative rather than enumerative.
dogmatic s.ancient Greek s. or tradition in medicine whose members were the successors to or followers of Hippocrates; they based their conceptions of disease upon the humoral theory and their practice upon experience and sound reasoning, and were comparatively free from fads, speculative theories, and dogma, which the term dogmatic falsely implies.
dynamic s.a group of theorists founded by Stahl, who professed the belief that all vital action is the result of an internal force independent of anything external to the body.
hippocratic s.the followers of the teachings of Hippocrates. See also dogmatic s.
iatromathematical s.a group of academicians, of whom Descartes was one of the foremost proponents, who maintained that all physiologic processes were the result of physical laws.mechanistic s;
mechanistic s.iatromathematical s

Schott Schott

Theodor, 1850-1921, German physician in Bad Nauheim. See S. treatment.

Schottmueller Schottmueller

Hugo A.G., German physician, 1867-1936. See S.'s bacillus, disease.

schradan schradan (schra´dan)

C₈H₂₄N₄O₃P₂;a potent irreversible organophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor used as an insecticide. It was prepared for potential use as a nerve gas. Poisoning produces a cholinergic crisis which can be fatal.octamethyl pyrophosphoramide; [Gerhard Schrader, Ger. chemist, + -an]

Schreger Schreger

Christian H.T., German anatomist and chemist, 1768-1833. See S.'s lines, under line; Hunter-S. bands, under band, lines, under line.

Schridde Schridde

Hermann, German pathologist, *1875. See S.'s cancer hairs, under hair.

Schroeder Schroeder

Karl L.E., German gynecologist, 1838-1887. See S.'s operation.

Schuchardt Schuchardt

Karl A., German surgeon, 1856-1901. See S.'s operation.

Schüffner Schüffner

Wilhelm, German pathologist in Sumatra, 1867-1949. See S.'s granules, under granule, dots, under dot.

Schüller Schüller

Karl H.L.A. Max, German surgeon, 1843-1907. See S.'s ducts, under duct.

Schüller Schüller

Artur, Austrian neurologist, *1874. See S.'s disease, phenomenon, syndrome; Hand-S.-Christian disease.

Schultes Schultes

Johann. See Scultetus.

Schultz Schultz

Werner, German internist, 1878-1947. See S.-Charlton phenomenon, reaction; S.-Dale reaction.

Schultz Schultz

Arthur R.H., German physician, *1890. See S. reaction, stain.

Schultze Schultze

Max J., German histologist and zoologist, 1825-1874. See S.'s cells, under cell, membrane, sign; comma bundle of S.; comma tract of S.

Schultze Schultze

Bernhard, German obstetrician, 1827-1919. See S.'s fold, mechanism, phantom, placenta.

Schütz Schütz

Erich, German biochemist, *1902. See S.'s law; S. rule.

Schütz Schütz

Hugo, 19th century German anatomist. See S.'s bundle.

Schwabach Schwabach

Dagobert, German otologist, 1846-1920. See S. test.

Schwalbe Schwalbe

Gustav A., German anatomist, 1844-1916. See S.'s corpuscle, nucleus, ring, spaces, under space.

Schwann Schwann

Theodor, German histologist and physiologist, 1810-1882. See S. cells, under cell, cell unit; S.'s white substance; sheath of S.

schwannoma schwannoma (shwah-no´ma)

A benign, encapsulated neoplasm in which the fundamental component is structurally identical to a syncytium of Schwann cells; the neoplastic cells proliferate within the endoneurium, and the perineurium forms the capsule. The neoplasm may originate from a peripheral or sympathetic nerve, or from various cranial nerves, particularly the eighth nerve; when the nerve is small, it is usually found (if at all) in the capsule of the neoplasm; if the nerve is large, the s. may develop within the sheath of the nerve, the fibers of which may then spread over the surface of the capsule as the neoplasm enlarges. Microscopically, s.'s are composed of combinations of two cell types, Antoni types A and B (see below), either of which may be predominant in various examples of s.'s. See also neurofibroma.neurilemoma, neuroschwannoma; [Theodor Schwann + -oma]
acoustic s.a benign neoplasm of the intracranial segment of the eighth cranial nerve, producing cerebellar, lower cranial nerve, and brainstem signs and symptoms.acoustic neuroma, cerebellopontine angle tumor, eighth nerve tumor;

schwannosis schwannosis (shwah-no´sis)

A non-neoplastic proliferation of Schwann cells in the perivascular spaces of the spinal cord; seen particularly in older patients, especially those with diabetes mellitus.

Schwartz Schwartz

S., U.S. physician, born 1916, Research Professor of Medicine at the university of Minnesota.

Schwartz Schwartz

Oscar, U.S. pediatrician, *1919. See S. syndrome.

Schwartz Schwartz

Henry, U.S. neurosurgeon, *1909. See S. tractotomy.

Schweigger-Seidel Schweigger-Seidel

Franz, German physiologist, 1834-1871. See sheath of Schweigger-Seidel.

Schweninger Schweninger

Ernst, German dermatologist, 1850-1924. See S.-Buzzi anetoderma; S.'s method.

sciage sciage (se-ahzh´)

A to-and-fro, sawlike movement of the hand in massage. [Fr. scie, saw]

sciatic sciatic (sI-at´ik)

1. Relating to or situated in the neighborhood of the ischium or hip. Ischial or sciatic.ischiadic, ischial, ischiatic; 2. Relating to sciatica.ischiadicus [NA] ; [Mediev. L. sciaticus, a corruption of G. ischiadikos, fr. ischion, the hip joint]

sciatica sciatica (sI-at´i-ka)

Pain in the lower back and hip radiating down the back of the thigh into the leg, initially attributed to sciatic nerve dysfunction (hence the term), but now known to usually be due to herniated lumbar disk compromising the L5 or S1 root.Cotunnius disease, sciatic neuralgia, sciatic neuritis; [see sciatic]

SCID SCID

Abbreviation for severe combined immunodeficiency.

SCID mice SCID mice

Abbreviation for severe combined immunodeficient mice.

science science (sI´ens)

1. The branch of knowledge that produces theoretical explanations of natural phenomena based on experiments and observations. 2. An area of such knowledge that is restricted to explaining a limited class of phenomena. [L. scientia, knowledge, fr. scio, to know]

scilla scilla (sil´a)

squill [G.]

scillaren scillaren (sil´la-ren)

A mixture of glycosides, possessing digitalis-like actions, present in squill.
s. Aa crystalline steroidal glycoside, present in squill (Scilla maritima), that can be hydrolyzed to glucose and proscillaridin A; the latter can be hydrolyzed to rhamnose and the steroid aglycone scillaridin A; same actions and uses as digitalis glycosides.transvaalin;
s. Ban amorphous glycosidal fraction obtained from squill, consisting of at least seven cardioactive glycosides: glucoscillaren A, scillipheoside, glucoscillipheoside, scillicryptoside, scilliglaucoside, scillicyanoside, and scillazuroside.

scillaricide scillaricide (sil´ar-I-sId)

A toxic principle from squill used as a rodenticide.

scilliroside scilliroside (sil´ir-o-sId)

Glycoside from red squill, the red variety of Urginea maritima (family Liliaceae). Used as a rodenticide.

scinticisternography scinticisternography (sin´ti-sis-tern-og´ra-fe)

Cisternography performed with a radiopharmaceutical and recorded with a stationary imaging device.

scintigram scintigram (sin´ti-gram)

scintiscan [L. scintilla, spark, + G. gramma, something written]

scintigraphic scintigraphic (sin´ti-graf´ik)

Relating to or obtained by scintigraphy.

scintigraphy scintigraphy (sin-tig´ra-fe)

A diagnostic procedure consisting of the administration of a radionuclide with an affinity for the organ or tissue of interest, followed by recording the distribution of the radioactivity with a stationary or scanning external scintillation camera. See gamma camera.

scintillascope scintillascope (sin-til´a-skop)

Obsolete term for scintillation counter. [L. scintilla, spark, + G. skopeo, to observe]

scintillation scintillation (sin-ti-la´shun)

1. Flashing or sparkling; a subjective sensation as of sparks or flashes of light. 2. In radiation measurement, the light produced by an ionizing event in a phosphor, as in a crystal or liquid scintillator. See also scintillation counter. [L. scintilla, a spark]

scintillator scintillator (sin´ti-la-ter, -tor)

A substance that emits visible light when hit by a subatomic particle or x- or gamma ray. See also scintillation counter.

scintillometer scintillometer (sin-ti-lom´e-ter)

scintillation counter [L. scintilla, spark, + G. metron, measure]

scintiphotograph scintiphotograph (sin-ti-fo´to-graf)

The image obtained by scintiphotography. See also scintiscan.

scintiphotography scintiphotography (sin´ti-fo-tog´ra-fe)

The process of obtaining a photographic recording of the distribution of an internally administered radiopharmaceutical with the use of a gamma camera.scintography;

scintiscan scintiscan (sin´ti-skan)

The record obtained by scintigraphy. See also scan.photoscan, scintigram;

scintiscanner scintiscanner (sin´ti-skan´er)

The apparatus used to make a scintiscan.

scintography scintography

scintiphotography

scion scion (sI´on)

In experimental embryology, an embryonic tissue or part grafted to another embryo of the same or of another species. See also chimera. [O. Fr. sion, shoot, sprig, fr. L. seco, to cut]

sciosophy sciosophy (sI-os´o-fe)

Rarely used term for a system of beliefs that are claimed to be facts but are not supported by scientific data. [G. skia, shadow, + sophia, wisdom]

scirrhencanthis scirrhencanthis (skir-en-kan´this, sir-en-)

Obsolete term for an indurated tumor of the lacrimal gland. [G. skirrhos, hard, a hard tumor, + en, in, + kanthos, canthus]

scirrhosity scirrhosity (skir-os´i-te, sir-)

A scirrhous state or hardness of a tumor.

scirrhous scirrhous (skir´us, sir´)

Hard; relating to a scirrhus.

scirrhus scirrhus (skir´us, sir´)

Obsolete term for any fibrous indurated area, especially an indurated carcinoma. [G. skirrhos, hard, a hard tumor]

scission scission (sizh´un)

1. A separation, division, or splitting, as in fission. 2. cleavage (2) [L. scissio, fr. scindo, pp. scissus, to cleave]

scissiparity scissiparity (sis-i-par´i-te)

schizogenesis [L. scissio, cleavage, + pario, to bring forth]

scissors scissors (siz´erz)

An instrument with two blades, moving on a pivot, that cut against each other.shears; [L. scindo, pp. scissus, to cut]
de Wecker's s.a small s. with sharp points for intraocular cutting of the iris and lens capsule.
Smellie's s.obsolete term for lance-pointed shears, with external cutting edges, used for fetal craniotomy.

scissors-shadow scissors-shadow

A distorted image seen in mixed astigmatism by retinoscopy.

scissura scissura, pl. scissurae (si-su´ra, -re)

1. Cleft or fissure. 2. A splitting.scissure; [L.]
s. pilo´rumschizotrichia

scissure scissure (sish´ur)

scissura

scler- scler-

See sclero-.

sclera sclera, pl. sclerassclerae (skler´a, -az, -e) [NA]

A portion of the fibrous tunic forming the outer envelope of the eye, except for its anterior sixth, which is the cornea.sclerotic coat, sclerotica, tunica albuginea oculi, tunica sclerotica; [Mod. L. fr. G. skleros, hard]
blue s.

scleradenitis scleradenitis (skler´ad-e-nI´tis)

Inflammatory induration of a gland. [scler- + G. aden, gland, + -itis, inflammation]

scleral scleral (skler´al)

Relating to the sclera.sclerotic (2) ;

scleratogenous scleratogenous (skler-a-toj´e-nus)

sclerogenous

sclerectasia sclerectasia (skler-ek-ta´ze-a)

Localized bulging of the sclera.scleral ectasia; [scler- + G. ektasis, an extension]
partial s.partial protrusion of a portion of the sclera, typically seen in severe myopia. See staphyloma.
total s.uniform stretching of the entire sclera, typically seen in buphthalmos.

sclerectomy sclerectomy (skle-rek´to-me)

1. Excision of a portion of the sclera. 2. Removal of the fibrous adhesions formed in chronic otitis media. [scler- + G. ektome, excision]

scleredema scleredema (skler-e-de´ma)

Hard nonpitting edema of the skin of the dorsal aspect of the upper body and extremities, giving a waxy appearance and no sharp demarcation; seen in diabetics and in s. adultorum. [scler- + G. oidema, a swelling (edema)]
s. adulto´ruma benign spreading induration of the skin and subcutaneous tissue, possibly streptoccocal in origin, that may follow a febrile illness, with thickening of the skin by collagen and mucin deposit appearing first on the head and neck and extending over the trunk; a misnomer, because the disease is not restricted to adults.Buschke's disease (1) ;

sclerema sclerema (skle-re´ma)

Induration of subcutaneous fat. [scler- + edema]
s. adipo´sums. neonatorum
s. neonato´rums. appearing at birth or in early infancy, usually in premature and hypothermic infants, as sharply demarcated and yellowish white indurated plaques that usually involve the cheeks, buttocks, shoulders, and calves; subcutaneous fat has a high proportion of saturated fatty acids; microscopically, there is thickening of interlobular fibrous tissue and formation of triglyceride crystals and foreign body giant cells; prognosis is poor for widespread lesions, but localized lesions may resolve slowly over a period of many months.s. adiposum, Underwood's disease;

sclerencephaly sclerencephaly, sclerencephalia (skler-en-sef´a-le, -en-se-fa´le-a)

Sclerosis and shrinkage of the brain substance. [scler- + G. enkephalos, brain]

scleriasis scleriasis (skle-rI´a-sis)

A diffuse, symmetrical scleroderma. [scler- + G. -iasis, condition]

scleritis scleritis (skle-rI´tis)

Inflammation of the sclera.
annular s.an often protracted inflammation of the anterior portion of the sclera, forming a ring around the corneoscleral limbus.
anterior s.inflammation of the sclera adjacent to the cornea.
brawny s.a gelatinous-appearing swelling surrounding the cornea with a tendency to involve the periphery of the cornea.gelatinous s;
deep s.severe inflammation of the sclera, with involvement of the underlying uvea.
gelatinous s.brawny s
malignant s.progressive inflammation of the anterior sclera and adjacent choroid with associated uveitis.
necrotizing s.fibrinoid degeneration and necrosis of the sclera.
nodular s.firm, immobile, single or multiple areas of localized s.
posterior s.inflammation, often monocular, of the sclera adjacent to the optic nerve, with frequent extension to the retina and choroid.

sclero- sclero-, scler-

Hardness (induration), sclerosis, relationship to sclera. [G. skleros, hard]

scleroatrophy scleroatrophy (skler-o-at´ro-fe)

sclerotylosis

scleroblastema scleroblastema (skler-o-blas-te´ma)

The embryonic tissue entering into the formation of bone. [sclero- + G. blastema, sprout]

sclerochoroidal sclerochoroidal (skler-o-ko-roy´dal)

Relating to both the sclera and the choroid.

sclerochoroiditis sclerochoroiditis (skler´o-ko-roy-dI´tis)

Inflammation of the sclera and choroid.
s. ante´riora secondary inflammation of the sclera by an extension of a process from the uvea.
s. poste´riorposterior staphyloma

scleroconjunctival scleroconjunctival (skler´o-kon-jungk-tI´val)

Relating to the sclera and the conjunctiva.

sclerocornea sclerocornea (skler-o-kor´ne-a)

1. The cornea and sclera regarded as forming together the hard outer coat of the eye, the fibrous tunic of the eye. 2. A congenital anomaly in which the whole or part of the cornea is opaque and resembles the sclera; other ocular abnormalities are frequently present.

sclerodactyly sclerodactyly, sclerodactylia (skler-o-dak´ti-le, -dak-til´e-a)

acrosclerosis [sclero- + G. daktylos, finger or toe]

scleroderma scleroderma (skler-o-der´ma)

Thickening and induration of the skin caused by new collagen formation, with atrophy of pilosebaceous follicles; either a manifestation of progressive systemic sclerosis or localized (morphea).dermatosclerosis, sclerosis corii, sclerosis cutanea; [sclero- + G. derma, skin]
localized s.morphea
progressive familial s. [MIM*181750] a syndrome characterized by calcinosis cutis, Raynaud's phenomenon, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia; usually due to s.; autosomal dominant form of progressive systemic sclerosis.

sclerodermatitis sclerodermatitis (skler´o-der-ma-tI´tis)

Inflammation and thickening of the skin. [sklero- + G. derma, skin + -itis, inflammation]

sclerodermatous sclerodermatous (skler-o-der´ma-tus)

Marked by, or resembling, scleroderma.

sclerogenous sclerogenous, sclerogenic (skle-roj´e-nus, skler-o-jen´ik)

Producing hard or sclerotic tissue; causing sclerosis.scleratogenous; [sclero- + G. -gen, producing]

scleroid scleroid (skler´oyd)

Indurated or sclerotic, of unusually firm texture, leathery, or of scar-like texture.sclerosal, sclerous; [sclero- + G. eidos, resemblance]

scleroiritis scleroiritis (skler´o-I-rI´tis)

Inflammation of both sclera and iris.

sclerokeratitis sclerokeratitis (skler´o-ker-a-tI´tis)

Inflammation of the sclera and cornea. [sclero- + G. keras, horn]

sclerokeratoiritis sclerokeratoiritis (skler-o-ker´a-to-I-rI´tis)

Inflammation of sclera, cornea, and iris.

scleroma scleroma (skle-ro´ma)

A circumscribed indurated focus of granulation tissue in the skin or mucous membrane. [G. skleroma, an induration]
respiratory s.rhinoscleroma in which the lesion involves the mucous membrane of the greater part or all of the upper respiratory tract.

scleromalacia scleromalacia (skler´o-ma-la´she-a)

Degenerative thinning of the sclera, occurring in persons with rheumatoid arthritis and other collagen disorders. [sclero- + G. malakia, a softening]

scleromere scleromere (skler´o-mer)

1. Any metamere of the skeleton, such as a vertebral segment. 2. Caudal half of a sclerotome. [sclero- + G. meros, part]

sclerometer sclerometer (skle-rom´e-ter)

A device for determining the density or hardness of any substance. [sclero- + G. metron, measure]

scleromyxedema scleromyxedema (skler´o-mik-se-de´ma)

Generalized lichen myxedematosus with diffuse thickening of the skin underlying the papules.Arndt-Gottron syndrome;

scleronychia scleronychia (skler-o-nik´e-a)

Induration and thickening of the nails. [sclero- + G. onyx, nail, + -ia, condition]

sclero-oophoritis sclero-oophoritis (skler´o-o-of´o-rI´tis)

Inflammatory induration of the ovary. [sclero- + Mod. L. oophoron, ovary + G. -itis, inflammation]

sclerophthalmia sclerophthalmia (skler-of-thal´me-a)

An abnormality in which most of the normally transparent cornea resembles the opaque sclera. [sclero- + G. ophthalmos, eye]

scleroplasty scleroplasty (skler´o-plas-te)

Plastic surgery of the sclera. [sclero- + G. plastos, formed]

scleroprotein scleroprotein (skler-o-pro´ten)

albuminoid (3) See also fibrous protein.

sclerosal sclerosal (skle-ro´sal)

scleroid

sclerosant sclerosant (skler´o-sant)

An injectable irritant used to treat varices by producing thrombi in them.

sclerose sclerose (skle-roz´)

To harden; to undergo sclerosis.

sclerosis sclerosis, pl. scleroses (skle-ro´sis, -sez)

1. induration (2) 2. In neuropathy, induration of nervous and other structures by a hyperplasia of the interstitial fibrous or glial connective tissue. [G. sklerosis, hardness]
Alzheimer's s.hyaline degeneration of the medium and smaller blood vessels of the brain.
amyotrophic lateral s. (ALS) a disease of the motor tracts of the lateral columns and anterior horns of the spinal cord, causing progressive muscular atrophy, increased reflexes, fibrillary twitching, and spastic irritability of muscles; associated with a defect in superoxide dismutase. A number of cases are inherited as an autosomal dominant trait [MIM*105400]. This disorder affects adults, is 90-95% sporadic in nature, and is usually fatal within 2 to 4 years of onset. Variants include progressive spinal muscle atrophy, in which only a lower motor neuron component occurs, and progressive bulbar palsy, in which isolated or predominantly lower brainstem motor involvement is seen.Aran-Duchenne disease, Charcot's disease, creeping palsy, Cruveilhier's disease, Duchenne-Aran disease, Lou Gehrig's disease, muscular trophoneurosis, progressive muscular atrophy, progressive spinal amyotrophy, wasting palsy, wasting paralysis;
arterial s.arteriosclerosis
arteriocapillary s.arteriosclerosis, especially of the finer vessels.
arteriolar s.arteriolosclerosis
bone s.eburnation
Canavan's s.Canavan's disease
central areolar choroidal s.areolar choroidopathy
combined s.subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord
s. co´riiscleroderma
s. cuta´neascleroderma
diffuse infantile familial s.globoid cell leukodystrophy
disseminated s.multiple s
endocardial s. 1. endocardial fibroelastosis (1) 2. endocardial fibrosis
focal s.multiple s
glomerular s.glomerulosclerosis
hippocampal s.a loss of cortical neurons and a reactive astrocytosis in the hippocampal regions of some persons with epilepsy.
idiopathic hypercalcemic s. of infants See idiopathic hypercalcemia of infants.
insular s.multiple s
laminar cortical s.a degeneration of nerve fibers in the corona radiata in a laminar pattern.
lateral spinal s.primary lateral s
lobar s.Pick's atrophy
mantle s.a common cerebral lesion in the palsied states of early life characterized by nodular cortical atrophy.
menstrual s.physiologic s
Mönckeberg's s.Mönckeberg's arteriosclerosis
multiple s. (MS) common demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system, causing patches of sclerosis (plaques) in the brain and spinal cord; occurs primarily in young adults, and has protean clinical manifestations, depending upon the location and size of the plaque; typical symptoms include visual loss, diplopia, nystagmus, dysarthria, weakness, paresthesias, bladder abnormalities, and mood alterations; characteristically, the plaques are "separated in time and space" and clinically the symptoms show exacerbations and remissions.disseminated s., focal s., insular s;
nodular s.atherosclerosis
nuclear s.increased refractivity of the central portion of the lens of the eye. See nuclear cataract.
ovulational s.physiologic s
physiologic s.a slowly progressive s. in the walls of the ovarian arteries which commences after puberty.menstrual s., ovulational s;
posterior s.tabetic neurosyphilis
posterior spinal s.tabetic neurosyphilis
primary lateral s.considered by many to be a subgroup of motor neuron disease; a slowly progressive degenerative disorder of the motor neurons of the cerebral cortex, resulting in widespread weakness on an upper motor neuron basis; spasticity, hyperreflexia, and Babinski signs are present, but not fasciculation potentials, nor any electrodiagnostic evidence of a lower motor neuron lesion.lateral spinal s;
systemic s.a systemic disease characterized by formation of hyalinized and thickened collagenous fibrous tissue, with thickening of the skin and adhesion to underlying tissues (especially of the hands and face), dysphagia due to loss of peristalsis and submucosal fibrosis of the esophagus, dyspnea due to pulmonary fibrosis, myocardial fibrosis, and renal vascular changes resembling those of malignant hypertension; Raynaud's phenomenon, atrophy of the soft tissues, and osteoporosis of the distal phalanges (acrosclerosis), sometimes with gangrene at the ends of the digits, are common findings. The term progressive systemic s. is commonly used and is appropriate for cases with initially widespread skin involvement including the trunk. However, when skin involvement is limited to the distal extremities and face there is often prolonged delay in appearance of visceral manifestations.
tuberous s. [MIM*191100] phacomatosis characterized by the formation of multisystem hamartomas producing seizures, mental retardation, and skin nodules of the face, originally considered to be sebaceous adenomas but since shown to be angiofibromas; the cerebral and retinal lesions are glial nodules; other skin lesions are white macules, shagreen patches, and periungual fibromas; autosomal dominant inheritance with variable expression.Bourneville's disease, epiloia;
unicellular s.a growth of fibrous tissue between and isolating the individual cells of a part.
valvular s.fibrosis, often with calcification of valves, considered to be an aging change and not due to primary valvular disease.
vascular s.arteriosclerosis
s. of white matterleukodystrophy

sclerostenosis sclerostenosis (skler-o-ste-no´sis)

Induration and contraction of the tissues. [sclero- + G. stenosis, a narrowing]

Sclerostoma Sclerostoma (skle-ros´to-ma)

A former generic name for strongyle (hookworm) nematodes and for trichostrongyle worms of horses; now replaced by other genera but still used as a collective term for this group. Species include S. duodenale (Ancylostoma duodenale) and S. syngamus (Syngamus trachea) [sclero- + G. stoma, mouth]

sclerostomy sclerostomy (skle-ros´to-me)

Surgical perforation of the sclera, as for the relief of glaucoma. [sclero- + G. stoma, mouth]

sclerotherapy sclerotherapy (skler-o-thar´a-pe)

Treatment involving the injection of a sclerosing solution into vessels or tissues.sclerosing therapy;

sclerothrix sclerothrix (skler´o-thriks)

Induration and brittleness of the hair.sclerotrichia; [sclero- + G. thrix, hair]

sclerotic sclerotic (skle-rot´ik)

1. Relating to or characterized by sclerosis. 2. scleral

sclerotica sclerotica (skle-rot´i-ka)

sclera [Mod. L. scleroticus, hard]

sclerotium sclerotium, pl. sclerotia (skle-ro´she-um, -she-a)

1. In fungi, a variably sized resting body composed of a hardened mass of hyphae with or without host tissue, usually with a darkened rind, from which fruit bodies, stromata, conidiophores, or mycelia may develop. 2. The hardened resting condition of the plasmodium of Myxomycetes.

sclerotome sclerotome (skler´o-tom)

1. A knife used in sclerotomy. 2. The group of mesenchymal cells emerging from the ventromedial part of a mesodermic somite and migrating toward the notochord. Sclerotomal cells from adjacent somites become merged in intersomitically located masses that are the primordia of the centra of the vertebrae. [sclero- + G. tome, a cutting]

sclerotomy sclerotomy (skle-rot´o-me)

An incision through the sclera. [sclero- + G. tome, incision]
anterior s.incision into the anterior chamber of the eye.
posterior s.incision through the sclera into the vitreous humor.

sclerotrichia sclerotrichia (skler-o-trik´e-a)

sclerothrix

sclerotylosis sclerotylosis (skler´o-tI-lo´sis) [MIM*181600]

Atrophic fibrosis of the skin, hypoplasia of the nails, and palmoplantar keratoderma; associated with gastrointestinal cancer; autosomal dominant inheritance.scleroatrophy; [sclero- + G. tylosis, the process of becoming callous]

sclerous sclerous (skler´us)

scleroid [G. skleros, hard]

scoleces scoleces (sko´le-sez)

Plural of scolex.

scoleciasis scoleciasis (sko-le-sI´a-sis)

Infection of the intestine by larvae of lepidopterans (moths and butterflies). [G. skolex, worm, + -iasis, condition]

scoleciform scoleciform (sko-le´si-form)

scolecoid

scolecoid scolecoid (sko´le-koyd)

1. Resembling a tapeworm scolex. 2. Wormlike. See also lumbricoid (1) , vermiform.scoleciform; [G. skolekoeides, fr. skolex, worm, + eidos, appearance]

scolecology scolecology (sko-le-kol´o-je)

helminthology [G. skolex, worm, + logos, study]

scolex scolex, pl. scolecesscolices (sko´leks, sko´le-sez, sko´li-sez)

The head or anterior end of a tapeworm attached by suckers, and frequently by rostellar hooks, to the wall of the intestine; it is formed within the hydatid cyst in Echinococcus, within a cysticercus in Taenia, a cysticercoid in Hymenolepis, or by a plerocercoid, as in Diphyllobothrium latum. The form of the s. varies greatly, the most familiar being rounded or club-shaped with four circular muscular suckers and an armed or unarmed rostellum, or a spatulate flattened s. with a pair of slitlike suckers (bothria) and no rostellum, as in Diphyllobothrium and its allies. Other forms have complex leaflike, cup-shaped, or fimbriated shapes, or retractile, multiply spined proboscides. These varied forms characterize the orders of cestodes, which are particularly well developed as parasites of sharks and skates or rays. [G. skolex, a worm]

scoliokyphosis scoliokyphosis (sko´le-o-kI-fo´sis)

Lateral and posterior curvature of the spine. [G. scolios, curved, + kyphosis, kyphosis]

scoliometer scoliometer (sko-le-om´e-ter)

An instrument for measuring curves, especially those in lateral curvature of the spine. [G. skolios, curved, + metron, measure]

scoliosis scoliosis (sko-le-o´sis)

Abnormal lateral curvature of the vertebral column. Depending on the etiology, there may be one curve, or primary and secondary compensatory curves; s. may be "fixed" as a result of muscle and/or bone deformity or "mobile" as a result of unequal muscle contraction.rachioscoliosis; [G. skoliosis, a crookedness]
coxitic s.s. in the lumbar spine resulting from tilting of the pelvis in a case of hip disease.
empyemic s.s. due to retraction of one side of the chest following an empyema.
habit s.s. supposedly due to habitual standing or sitting in an improper position.
myopathic s.lateral curvature due to weakness of the spinal muscles, as in poliomyelitis.
ocular s., ophthalmic s.s. supposed to be due to head tilting, caused by ophthalmological dysfunction.
osteopathic s.lateral curvature of the spine due to vertebral disease.
paralytic s.lateral curvature of the spine due to paralysis of spinal muscles.
rachitic s.s. occurring as a result of rickets.
sciatic s.s. caused by asymmetric spasm of spinal muscles usually associated with sciatica, usually presenting as a list toward one side.
static s.lateral curvature of the spine due to inequality in length of the legs.

scoliotic scoliotic (sko´le-ot´ik)

Relating to or suffering from scoliosis.

scoliotone scoliotone (sko´le-o-ton)

An apparatus for stretching the spine and reducing the curve in scoliosis. [G. skolios, crooked, + tonos, tension]

Scolopendra Scolopendra (sko-lo-pen´dra)

A genus of centipedes characterized by 21 to 23 pairs of legs. Common U.S. species are S. heros (the western house centipede) and S. morsitans. [Mod. L., fr. G. skolopendra, multipede]

s-cone s-cone

Short wavelength sensitive c. (blue c.).

scoop scoop (skup)

A narrow, spoonlike instrument for extracting the contents of cavities or cysts. [A.S. skopa]

-scope -scope

Viewing, staring; an instrument for viewing but extended to include other methods of examination (e.g., stethoscope). [G. skopeo, to view]

scopine scopine (sko´pen)

Scopolamine less the tropic acid side chain, i.e., 6,7-epoxytropine, or 6,7-epoxy-3-hydroxytropane.

scopolamine scopolamine (sko-pol´a-men, -min)

scopine tropate;an alkaloid found in the leaves and seeds of Hyoscyamus niger, Duboisia myoproides, Scopolia japonica, Scopolia carniolica, Atropa belladonna, and other solanaceous plants; the 6,7-epoxide of atropine, i.e., 6,7-epoxytropine tropate. Exerts anticholinergic actions similar to atropine; thought to have greater central nervous system effects; useful in preventing motion sickness.hyoscine;
s. hydrobromideanticholinergic action is similar to that of atropine.hyoscine hydrobromide;
s. methylbromidea quaternary ammonium derivative of s.; used when spasmolytic or antisecretory effects are desired.

scopolia scopolia (sko-po´le-a)

The dried rhizome and roots of Scopolia carniolica (family Solanaceae), a herb of Austria and neighboring countries of Europe; it resembles belladonna in pharmacologic action. [G.A. Scopoli, Italian naturalist, 1723-1788]
s. japon´icaJapanese belladonna, the leaves, root, and seeds of which contain scopolamine.

scopoline scopoline (sko´po-len)

3beta,7beta-Epoxy-1betaH,5beta H-tropan-6a-ol;a decomposition product of scopolamine, and an isomer of scopine, in that the epoxy and hydroxyl groups are in different locations.

scopometer scopometer (sko-pom´e-ter)

A device for determining the density of a precipitate by the degree of translucency of a fluid containing it. See also nephelometer. [G. skopeo, to view, + metron, measure]

scopomorphinism scopomorphinism (sko-po-mor´fi-nizm)

Associated chronic addiction to scopolamine and morphine.

scopophilia scopophilia (sko-po-fil´e-a)

voyeurism [G. skopeo, to view, + philos, fond]

scopophobia scopophobia (sko-po-fo´be-a)

Morbid dread of being stared at. [G. skopeo, to view, + phobos, fear]

Scopulariopsis Scopulariopsis (sko´pyu-lar-e-op´sis)

A genus of filamentous fungi rarely pathogenic for humans; several species have been implicated in onychomycosis, ulcerating granuloma, and other "mycotic" entities. Penicillium-like, it is common in nature and generally a contaminant in laboratory cultures of human tissues. [Mod. L. scopula, a small broom, + G. opsis, appearance]

-scopy -scopy

An action or activity involving the use of in instrument for viewing. [G. skopeo, to view]

scorbutic scorbutic (skor-byu´tik)

Relating to, suffering from, or resembling scurvy (scorbutus).

scorbutigenic scorbutigenic (skor-byu-ti-jen´ik)

Scurvy-producing.

scorbutus scorbutus (skor-byu´tus)

scurvy [Mediev. L. form of Teutonic schorbuyck, scurvy]

scordinema scordinema (skor´di-ne´ma)

Heaviness of the head with yawning and stretching, occurring as a prodrome of an infectious disease. [G. skordinema, yawning]

score score (skor)

An evaluation, usually expressed numerically, of status, achievement, or condition in a given set of circumstances. [M. E. scor, notch, tally]
APACHE s.Acute physiology and chronic health evaluation. The most widely used method of assessing the severity of illness in acutely ill patients in intensive care units.
Apgar s.evaluation of a newborn infant's physical status by assigning numerical values (0 to 2) to each of 5 criteria: 1) heart rate, 2) respiratory effort, 3) muscle tone, 4) response stimulation, and 5) skin color; a score of 8 to 10 indicates the best possible condition.
Dubowitz s.a method of clinical assessment of gestational age in the newborn that includes neurological criteria for the infant's maturity and other physical criteria to determine the gestational age of the infant; useful from birth to 5 days of life.
Gleason's s. See Gleason's tumor grade.
raw s.the actual s., measurement, or value obtained before any statistics are applied to it. Cf. standard s.
recovery s.a number expressing the condition of an infant at various stipulated intervals greater than 1 minute after birth and based on the same features assessed by the Apgar s. at 60 seconds after birth.
standard s.a statistically referenced or derived s. representing the deviation of a raw s. from its mean in standard deviation units.
symptom s.American Urological Association's scoring system to evaluate prostatic obstruction.

scorpion scorpion (skor´pe-on)

A member of the order Scorpionida; includes the devil s., Vejovis, and the hairy s., Hadrurus. [G. skorpios]

Scorpionida Scorpionida (skor-pe-on´i-da)

The scorpions; an order of venomous, predaceous, arachnid arthropods characterized by a distinctly segmented bony abdomen terminating in a sharply recurved stinging spine equipped with a poison gland; causes a severely painful but rarely fatal sting. North American genera include Centruroides, Hadrurus, and Vejovis. [Mod. L.]

scoto- scoto-

Darkness. [G. skotos]

scotochromogens scotochromogens (sko´to-kro´mo-jenz)

group II mycobacteria [scoto- + G. chroma, color, + -gen, producing]

scotograph scotograph (sko´to-graf)

1. An appliance for aiding one to write in straight lines in the dark or for aiding the blind to write, as used by the historian W.H. Prescott. 2. An impression made on a photographic film by a radioactive substance without the intervention of any opaque object other than the screen of the film.noctograph; [scoto- + G. grapho, to write]

scotoma scotoma, pl. scotomata (sko-to´ma, sko-to´ma-ta)

1. An isolated area of varying size and shape, within the visual field, in which vision is absent or depressed. 2. A blind spot in psychological awareness. [G. skotoma, vertigo, fr. skotos, darkness]
absolute s.a s. in which there is no perception of light.
annular s.a circular s. surrounding the center of the field of vision. See ring s.
arcuate s.a s. extending from the blind spot and arching into the nasal field following the lines of retinal nerve fibers.
Bjerrum's s.a comet-shaped s., occurring in glaucoma, attached at the temporal end to the blind spot or separated from it by a narrow gap; the defect widens as it extends above and nasally curves around the fixation spot, and then extends downward to end exactly at the nasal horizontal meridian.Bjerrum's sign, sickle s;
cecocentral s.a s. involving the optic disk area (blind spot) and the papillomacular fibers; there are three forms: 1) the cecocentral defect which extends from the blind spot toward or into the fixation area; 2) angioscotoma; 3) glaucomatous nerve-fiber bundle s., due to involvement of nerve-fiber bundles at the edge of the optic disk. See also Bjerrum's s., Roonne's nasal step.
central s.a s. involving the fixation point.
color s.an area of depressed color vision in the visual field.
flittering s.scintillating s
glaucomatous nerve-fiber bundle s. See cecocentral s.
hemianopic s.a s. involving half of the central field.
mental s.absence of insight into, or inability to comprehend, items relative to a subject whose content is highly emotional to the individual.blind spot (2) ;
negative s.a s. that is not ordinarily perceived, but is detected only on examination of the visual field.
paracentral s.a s. adjacent to the fixation point.
pericentral s.a s. that surrounds the fixation point more or less symmetrically.
peripheral s.a s. outside of the central 30 degrees of the visual field.
physiologic s.the negative s. in the visual field, corresponding to the optic disk.blind spot (1) ;
positive s.a s. that is perceived as a black spot within the field of vision.
quadrantic s.a s. involving a quarter segment of the central visual field.
relative s.a s. in which there is visual depression but not complete loss of light perception.
ring s.an annular area of blindness in the visual field surrounding the fixation point in pigmentary degeneration of the retina and in glaucoma.
scintillating s.a localized area of blindness edged by brilliantly colored shimmering lights (teichopsia); usually a prodromal symptom of migraine. See also fortification spectrum.flittering s;
Seidel's s.a form of Bjerrum's s. See also Seidel's sign.
sickle s.Bjerrum's s
zonular s.a curved s. not corresponding to the path of retinal nerve fibers.

scotomata scotomata (sko-to´ma-ta)

Plural of scotoma.

scotomatous scotomatous (sko-to´ma-tus)

Relating to scotoma.

scotometer scotometer (sko-tom´e-ter)

An instrument for determining the size, shape, and intensity of a scotoma.

scotometry scotometry (sko-tom´e-tre)

The plotting and measuring of a scotoma. [scoto- + G. metron, measure]

scotophilia scotophilia (sko-to-fil´e-a)

nyctophilia [scoto- + G. philos, fond]

scotophobia scotophobia (sko-to-fo´be-a)

nyctophobia [scoto- + G. phobos, fear]

scotopia scotopia (sko-to´pe-a)

scotopic vision [scoto- + G. opsis, vision]

scotopic scotopic (sko-to´pik, -top´ik)

Referring to low illumination to which the eye is dark-adapted. See scotopic vision.

scotopsin scotopsin (sko-top´sin)

The protein moiety of the pigment in the rods of the retina.

scotoscopy scotoscopy (sko-tos´ko-pe)

retinoscopy [scoto- + G. skopeo, to view]

Scott Scott

Charles I., Jr., U.S. pediatrician, *1934. See Aarskog-S. syndrome.

Scott Scott

H. William, U.S. surgeon, *1916. See S. operation.

Scott-Wilson Scott-Wilson

H., English scientist. See Scott-Wilson reagent.

scotty dog scotty dog (scot´te dawg)

The fancied appearance of the articular facets on oblique radiographs of the lumbar spine; the neck of the s.d. is the pars interarticularis, site of the most common defect in spondylolysis.

scours scours (skow(e)rs)

Neonatal diarrhea in ruminants. [M.E. scuren, to rush]
calf scoursa diarrheal disease of newborn calves caused by several different enteropathogens, particularly the bacterium Escherichia coli; two syndromes are recognized, acute disease characterized by dehydration and rapid death and subacute disease characterized by persistent diarrhea and emaciation.

scrape scrape (skrap)

A specimen scraped from a lesion or specific site, for cytological examination. See also smear.

scrapie scrapie (skrap´e, skra´pe)

A communicable spongiform encephalopathy of the central nervous system of sheep and goats caused by a virus-like agent (classified as a prion) and characterized by a very long incubation period followed by pruritus, abnormalities of gait, and frequently death; it resembles Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease and kuru in humans. [from scraping by affected animals against objects to relieve itching]

scratches scratches (skratch´ez)

grease heel (2)

screen screen (skren)

1. A sheet of any substance used to shield an object from any influence, such as heat, light, x-rays, etc. 2. A sheet upon which an image is projected. 3. Formerly, to make a fluoroscopic examination. 4. In psychoanalysis, concealment, as one image or memory concealing another. See also screen memory. 5. To examine, evaluate; to process a group to select or separate certain individuals from it. 6. A thin layer of crystals that converts x-rays to light photons to expose film; used in a cassette to produce radiographic images on film. [Fr. écran]
Bjerrum s.tangent s
s.-film contactthe closeness and uniformity with which the x-ray film in a cassette lies against the s. (6). Image resolution is dependent on this closeness and uniformity of s.
fluorescent s.a s. coated with fluorescent crystals such as the calcium tungstate used in the fluoroscope.
Hess s.a s. used in the measurement of ocular deviation.
intensifying s.a s. (6) used in radiography.
rare-earth s.an intensifying s. (6) made of a rare-earth oxide phosphor, more efficient than calcium tungstate, especially at the higher kilovoltages used in modern radiography.
tangent s.a flat, usually black surface used to measure the central 30 degrees of the field of vision.Bjerrum s;
vestibular s.a s. made of acrylic resin that covers the labial or buccal surfaces of one or both dental arches; used to treat oral habits and to stimulate tooth movement by using perioral muscle force.

screening screening (skren´ing)

1. To screen (5). 2. Examination of a group of usually asymptomatic individuals to detect those with a high probability of having a given disease, typically by means of an inexpensive diagnostic test. 3. In the mental health professions, initial patient evaluation that includes medical and psychiatric history, mental status evaluation, and diagnostic formulation to determine the patient's suitability for a particular treatment modality.
carrier s.indiscriminate examination of members of a population to detect heterozygotes for serious disorders and counsel about the risks of marriages with other carriers, and by antenatal diagnosis where a married couple are both carriers; often sacrifices precision to simplicity and is most effectively applied to populations known to be at high risk.
cytologic s.a s. for the detection of early disease, usually cancer, through microscopic examination of a cellular specimen by inspecting each cell and structure present, usually at x100 magnification with a mechanical stage, so that all areas are screened; the findings are evaluated and significant abnormalities are flagged (e.g., by dotting the cover slip) for further evaluation by a cytopathologist. This s. is usually performed by a cytotechnologist, but at times is done by automated machine prescreening.
familial s.s. directed at close relatives of probands with diseases that may lie latent, as in age-dependent dominant traits, or that may involve risk to progeny, as X-linked traits.
mass s.examination of a large population to detect the manifestation of a disease in order to initiate treatment or prevent spread, as part of a public health campaign.
multiphasic s.the routine use of multiple tests, usually biochemical, for the purpose of detecting disease at a preventable or curable stage.
neonatal s.testing of newborns for the detection of preventable or curable disease.
prenatal s.s. for the detection of fetal disease, usually by ultrasound examination or by testing amniotic fluid obtained by amniocentesis. Other s. techniques include testing maternal serum and placental biopsy.

screw screw (skru)

A helically grooved cylinder for fastening two objects together or for adjusting the position of an object resting on one end of the s.
afterloading s.a device for setting the length at which a contracting muscle encounters an afterload.

screw-worm screw-worm (skru´werm)

The larva of the botfly, Cochliomyia hominivorax, and other similar forms that cause human and animal myiasis.
primary s.-w.an obligatory s.-w. that can penetrate normal tissues and feed as a primary invader. The important myiasis flies of man that serve as p. s.-w.'s are Cochliomyia hominivorax, Chrysomyia bezziana, and Wohlfahrtia magnifica.
secondary s.-w.an accidental or facultative s.-w. that enters a prior wound or suppurated condition and feeds on infected rather than intact tissues. Many blowflies are included, such as Calliphora vicina, Phaenicia sericata, Phormia regina, Cochliomyia macellaria, Chrysomyia species, and other fleshflies.

scribe scribe (skrIb)

1. To write, trace, or mark by making a line with a marker or pointed instrument, as in surveying a dental cast for a removable prosthesis. 2. To form, by instrumentation, negative areas within a master cast to provide a positive beading in the framework of a removable partial denture, or the posterior palatal seal area for a complete denture. [L. scribo, pp. scripto, to write]

Scribner Scribner

Belding H., U.S. nephrologist, *1921. See S. shunt.

scrobiculate scrobiculate (skro-bik´yu-lat)

Pitted; marked with minute depressions. [L. scrobiculus; dim. of scrobis, a trench]

scrobiculus cordis scrobiculus cordis (skro-bik´yu-lus kor´dis)

epigastric fossa [L. pit or fossa of the heart]

scrofula scrofula (skrof´yu-la)

Obsolete term for cervical tuberculous lymphadenitis. [L. scrofulae (pl. only), a glandular swelling, scrofula, fr. scrofa, a breeding sow]

scrofuloderma scrofuloderma (skrof´yu-lo-der´ma)

Tuberculosis resulting from extension into the skin from underlying atypical mycobacterial infection, most commonly of cervical lymph nodes. [scrofula + G. derma, skin]
s. gummo´saa deep cutaneous tuberculous lesion.
papular s.lichen scrofulosorum
verrucous s.tuberculosis cutis verrucosa

scrofulous scrofulous (skrof´yu-lus)

Relating to or suffering from scrofula.

scrotal scrotal (skro´tal)

Relating to the scrotum.oscheal;

scrotectomy scrotectomy (skro-tek´to-me)

Removal of all or part of scrotum. [scrotum, + G. ektome, excision]

scrotiform scrotiform (skro´ti-form)

Having the shape or form of a scrotum.

scrotitis scrotitis (skro-tI´tis)

Inflammation of the scrotum.

scrotocele scrotocele (skro´to-sel)

Obsolete term for scrotal hernia. [scrotum + G. kele, hernia]

scrotoplasty scrotoplasty (skro´to-plas-te)

Surgical reconstruction of the scrotum.oscheoplasty; [scrotum + G. plastos, formed]

scrotum scrotum, pl. scrotascrotums (skro´tum, -ta, -tumz) [NA]

A musculocutaneous sac containing the testes; it is formed of skin, containing a network of nonstriated muscular fibers (the dartos or dartus fascia), which also forms the scrotal septum internally.marsupium (1) ; [L.]
lymph s.elephantiasis scroti
watering-can s.urinary fistulas in scrotum and perineum, resulting from disease of the perineal urethra.

scruple scruple (skru´pl)

An apothecaries' weight of 20 grains or one-third of a dram. [L. scrupulus, a small sharp stone, a weight, the 24th part of an ounce, a scruple, dim. of scrupus, a sharp stone]

SCUBA SCUBA

Acronym for self-contained underwater breathing apparatus.

Scultetus Scultetus, Scultet

Originally Schultes, Johann, German surgeon, 1595-1645. See S.'s bandage, position.

scum scum (skum)

A film of insoluble material that rises to the surface of a liquid, as in epistasis. [M.E.]

scurf scurf (skerf)

dandruff [A.S.]

scurvy scurvy (sker´ve)

A disease marked by inanition, debility, anemia, edema of the dependent parts, a spongy condition, sometimes with ulceration of the gums and hemorrhages into the skin and from the mucous membranes; due to a diet lacking vitamin C.scorbutus, sea s; [fr. A. S. scurf]
Alpine s.pellagra
hemorrhagic s.s. with extensive hemorrhages in gums, skin and other tissues, typical of severe stage of the disease.
infantile s. osteopathia hemorrhagia infantum;a cachectic condition in infants, resulting from malnutrition and marked by pallor, fetid breath, coated tongue, diarrhea, and subperiosteal hemorrhages; probably a combination of s. and rickets due to combined deficiency of vitamins C and D.Barlow's disease, Cheadle's disease, osteopathia hemorrhagica infantum, scurvy rickets;
land s.formerly, s. occurring in people who had not been to sea.
sea s.scurvy

scutate scutate (sku´tat)

scutiform

scute scute (skut)

A thin lamina or plate.scutum (1) ; [L. scutum, shield]
tympanic s.the thin bony plate separating the epitympanic recess from the mastoid cells.

scutiform scutiform (sku´ti-form)

Shield-shaped.scutate; [L. scutum, shield, + forma, form]

Scutigera Scutigera (sku-tij´er-a)

A genus of centipedes commonly found in the eastern U.S.; the eastern house centipede is a member of the species S. cleopatra. [L. scutum, an oblong shield]

scutular scutular (sku´tyu-lar)

Relating to a scutulum.

scutulum scutulum, pl. scutula (sku´tyu-lum, -la; sku´chu-lum)

A yellow saucer-shaped crust, the characteristic lesion of favus, consisting of a mass of hyphae and spores. [L. dim. of scutum, shield]

scutum scutum, pl. scuta (sku´tum, -ta)

1. scute 2. In ixodid (hard) ticks, a plate that largely or entirely covers the dorsum of the male and forms an anterior shield behind the capitulum of the female or immature ticks. [L. shield]

scybala scybala (sib´a-la)

Plural of scybalum.

scybalous scybalous (sib´a-lus)

Relating to scybala.

scybalum scybalum, pl. scybala (sib´a-lum, -la)

A hard round mass of inspissated feces. [G. skybalon, excrement]

scyphiform scyphiform (sI´fi-form)

scyphoid [G. skyphos, goblet, cup, + L. forma, form]

scyphoid scyphoid (sI´foyd)

Cup-shaped.scyphiform; [G. skyphos, cup, + eidos, resemblance]

SD SD

Abbreviation for streptodornase; standard deviation.

SDA SDA

Abbreviation for specific dynamic action.

SDS SDS

Abbreviation for sodium dodecyl sulfate.

Se Se

Symbol for selenium.

seal seal (sel)

1. An airtight closure. 2. To effect an airtight closure.
border s.the contact of the denture border with the underlying or adjacent tissues to prevent the passage of air or other substances.peripheral s;
palatal s.posterior palatal s
peripheral s.border s
posterior palatal s.the s. at the posterior border of a denture. See also posterior palatal seal area.palatal s., post dam, postdam, postpalatal s;
postpalatal s.posterior palatal s
velopharyngeal s.closure between the oral and nasopharyngeal cavities.

sealant sealant (se´lant)

A material used to effect an airtight closure.
dental s.fissure s
fissure s.a dental material usually made from interaction between bisphenol A and glycidyl methacrylate; such s.'s are used to seal nonfused, noncarious pits and fissures on surfaces of teeth.dental s;

searcher searcher (ser´cher)

A form of sound used to determine the presence of a calculus in the bladder.

Seashore Seashore

Carl E., U.S. psychologist, 1866-1949. See S. test.

seasickness seasickness (se´sik-nes)

A form of motion sickness caused by the motion of a floating platform, such as a ship, boat, or raft.mal de mer, naupathia, vomitus marinus;

season season (se´zon)

A particular phase of some slow cyclic phenomenon, especially the annual weather cycle.
mating s.the period during which an animal will mate, i.e., the period during which estrus occurs.

seat seat (set)

A surface against which an object may rest to gain support.
basal s.denture foundation area
rest s.rest area

seatworm seatworm (set´werm)

pinworm

seb- seb-

See sebo-.

sebaceous sebaceous (se-ba´shus)

Relating to sebum; oily; fatty.sebaceus; [L. sebaceus]

sebaceus sebaceus (se-ba´shus)

sebaceous [L.]

sebiagogic sebiagogic (seb´e-a-goj´ik)

sebiferous [sebi- + G. agogos, leading]

sebiferous sebiferous (se-bif´er-us)

Producing sebaceous matter.sebiagogic, sebiparous; [sebi- + L. fero, to bear]

Sebileau Sebileau

Pierre, French anatomist, 1860-1953. See S.'s hollow, muscle.

sebiparous sebiparous (se-bip´a-rus)

sebiferous [sebi- + L. pario, to produce]

sebo- sebo-, seb-, sebi-

Sebum, sebaceous. [L. sebum, suet, tallow]

sebolith sebolith (seb´o-lith)

A concretion in a sebaceous follicle. [sebo- + G. lithos, stone]

seborrhea seborrhea (seb-o-re´a)

Overactivity of the sebaceous glands, resulting in an excessive amount of sebum. [sebo- + G. rhoia, a flow]
s. adipo´sas. oleosa
s. cap´itiss. of the scalp.branny tetter (2) ;
s. ce´reawaxy secretion of sebum.
concrete s.thick, oily crusts on scalp and eyebrows.
s. cor´porisseborrheic dermatitis
eczematoid s.seborrheic eczema in which lesions have lost definition and have become confluent, usually as a result of trauma and overzealous use of soap and medication.
s. facie´i, s. of faces. oleosa affecting especially the nose and forehead.
s. furfura´ceas. sicca (1)
s. ni´graa form of s. characterized by a pigmented secretion.
s. oleo´saa greasy condition of the skin due to excessive secretion of the sebaceous glands.cutis unctuosa, hyperhidrosis oleosa, s. adiposa;
s. sic´ca 1. an accumulation on the skin, especially the scalp, of dry scales;s. furfuracea; 2. dandruff
s. squamo´sa neonato´rumseborrheic dermatitis in infants.

seborrheic seborrheic (seb-o-re´ik)

Relating to seborrhea.

sebum sebum (se´bum)

The secretion of the sebaceous glands. [L. tallow]
s. cuta´neumcutaneous fatty secretion.
s. preputia´lesmegma preputii

sec sec

Abbreviation for second.

Secernentasida Secernentasida (se-ser-nen-tas´i-da)

A class of nematodes possessing lateral canals opening into the excretory system and phasmids; it includes most of the familiar nematode parasites of humans and domestic animals, including the soil-borne nematodes, strongyles, and filiariae. See also Adenophorasida.Phasmidia, Secernentia; [L. secerno, to separate, hide]

Secernentia Secernentia (se-ser-nen´she-a)

Secernentasida

Seckel Seckel

Helmut P.G., German physician, *1900. See S. dwarfism, syndrome.

secobarbital secobarbital (se-ko-bar´bi-tahl)

5-Allyl-5-(1-methylbutyl)barbituric acid;an obsolescent sedative and short-acting hypnotic; largely replaced by benzodiazepines.

secondaries secondaries (sek´on-dar-ez)

1. metastasis 2. The lesions of secondary syphilis.

secosteroid secosteroid (sek´o-ster´oyd)

A compound derived from a steroid in which there has been a ring cleavage. [L. seco, to cut, + steroid]

secreta secreta (se-kre´ta)

Secretions. [L. neuter pl. of secretus, pp. of se-cerno, to separate]

secretagogue secretagogue (se-kre´ta-gog)

An agent that promotes secretion; e.g., acetylcholine, gastrin, secretin.secretogogue; [secreta + G. agogos, drawing forth]

Secrétan Secrétan

H., Swiss surgeon, 1856-1916. See S.'s syndrome.

secretase secretase (se-kre´tas)

A term used to describe a proteinase that acts on amyloid precursor protein to produce peptides that do not contain the entire amyloid beta protein (a major constituent of the plaques found in Alzheimer's disease), are soluble, and do not precipitate to produce amyloid.

secrete secrete (se-kret´)

To elaborate or produce some physiologically active substance (e.g., enzyme, hormone, metabolite) by a cell and to deliver it into blood, body cavity, or sap, either by direct diffusion, cellular exocytosis, or by means of a duct. [L. se-cerno, pp. -cretus, to separate]

secretin secretin (se-kre´tin)

A hormone, formed by the epithelial cells of the duodenum under the stimulus of acid contents from the stomach, that incites secretion of pancreatic juice; used as a diagnostic aid in the diagnosis of pancreatic exocrine disease and as an adjunct in obtaining desquamated pancreatic cells for cytological examination.oxykrinin; [sectete + -in]
s. familya class of hormones that are structurally and functionally similar to s.; e.g., s., glucagon, gastric inhibitory polypeptide, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, and glicentin.

secretion secretion (se-kre´shun)

1. Production by a cell or aggregation of cells (a gland) of a physiologically active substance and its movement out of the cell or organ in which it is formed. 2. The solid, liquid, or gaseous product of cellular or glandular activity that is stored up in or utilized by the organism in which it is produced. Cf. excretion. [L. se-cerno, pp. -cretus, to separate]
cytocrine s.the transfer of secretory material from one cell to another, such as the transfer of melanin granules from melanocytes to epidermal cells.
external s.a substance formed by a cell and transported outside the cell walls as a means of ridding the cell of the substance or as a messenger to affect the function of other cells.
neurohumoral s.transmission of a nerve impulse across a synapse or to an end-organ by s. of a minute amount of a chemical transmitter such as acetylcholine.

secretogogue secretogogue (se-kre´to-gog)

secretagogue

secretomotor secretomotor, secretomotory (se-kre´to-mo´ter, -mo´ter-e)

Stimulating secretion. [secrete = motor, mover]

secretor secretor (se-kre´ter, tor)

An individual whose bodily fluids (saliva, semen, vaginal secretions) contain a water-soluble form of the antigens of the ABO blood group. S.'s constitute 80% of the population. In forensic medicine, the examination of fluids has enhanced the ability of law enforcement officials to develop identifying information about perpetrators and narrow a field of suspects.

secretory secretory (se-kret´e-re, se´kre-tor-e)

Relating to secretion or the secretions.

sectile sectile (sek´til, tIl)

1. Capable of being cut or divided. 2. Having the appearance of being divided. [L. sectilis, fr. seco, to cut]

sectio sectio, pl. sectiones (sek´she-o, sek-she-o´nez) [NA]

In anatomy, a subdivision or segment. [L.]

section section (sek´shun)

1. The act of cutting. 2. A cut or division. 3. A segment or part of any organ or structure delimited from the remainder. 4. A cut surface. 5. A thin slice of tissue, cells, microorganisms, or any material for examination under the microscope.microscopic s; [L. sectio, a cutting, fr. seco, to cut]
abdominal s.celiotomy
attached cranial s.attached craniotomy
axial s.transverse s
cesarean s.incision through the abdominal wall and the uterus (abdominal hysterotomy) for extraction of the fetus.
classical cesarean s.a cesarean s. in which the uterus is entered through a vertical fundal incision.
coronal s.a cross section attained by slicing, actually or through imaging techniques, the body or any part of the body or any anatomic structure in the coronal or frontal plane, i.e., in a vertical plane perpendicular to the median or sagittal plane. Since actual sectioning in the coronal plane results in an anterior and a posterior portion, an anatomical coronal section may be a two-dimensional view of the cut surface of the posterior aspect of the anterior portion, or of the anterior aspect of the posterior portion.frontal s;
cross s. 1. a planar or two-dimensional view, diagram, or image of the internal structure of the body, part of the body, or any anatomic structure afforded by slicing, actually or through imaging (radiographic, magnetic, or microscopic) techniques, the body or structure along a particular plane. Traditionally, "cross section" referred to views resulting from slicing at right angles to the longitudinal axis of the structure, but in contemporary use, the term is applied when the structure is sliced in any given plane; 2. the slice or section of a given thickness created by actual serial parallel cuts through a structure or by the application of imaging technique.
detached cranial s.detached craniotomy
diagonal s.oblique s
frontal s.coronal s
frozen s.a thin slice of tissue cut from a frozen specimen, often used for rapid microscopic diagnosis.
Latzko's cesarean s.a cesarean s. in which the uterus is entered by paravesical blunt dissection without entering the peritoneal cavity.
longitudinal s.a cross s. attained by slicing in any plane parallel to the long or vertical axis, actually or through imaging techniques, the body or any part of the body or anatomic structure. Longitudinal sections include, but are not limited to, median, sagittal, and coronal sections.
lower uterine segment cesarean s.a cesarean s. in which the uterus is entered in its lower segment by a transperitoneal approach.
median s.a cross s. attained by slicing in the median plane, actually or through imaging techniques, the body or any part of the body which occupies or crosses the median plane or by slicing any generally symmetrical anatomic structure, such as a finger or a cell, in its midline. Since actual sectioning the median plane results in a right and a left half, an anatomical median s. may be a two-dimensional view of the cut surface on the medial aspect of either half.midsagittal s;
microscopic s.section (5)
midsagittal s.median s
oblique s.a diagonal cross s. attained by slicing, actually or through imaging techniques, the body or any part of the body or anatomic structure, in any plane which does not parallel the longitudinal axis or intersect it at a right angle, i.e., which is neither longitudinal (vertical) nor transverse (horizontal).diagonal s;
parasagittal s.sagittal s
perineal s.any s. through the perineum, either lateral or median lithotomy or external urethrotomy.
pituitary stalk s.transection of the neurovascular connection between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland.
Saemisch's s.procedure of transfixing the cornea beneath an ulcer and then cutting from within outward through the base.
sagittal s.a cross s. obtained by slicing, actually or through imaging techniques, the body or any part of the body, or any anatomic structure in the sagittal plane, i.e., in a vertical plane parallels to the median plane. Since actual sectioning in the sagittal plane results in a right and a left portion, an anatomical sagittal section may be a two-dimensional view of the cut surface on the medial aspect of either portion.parasagittal s;
serial s.one of a number of consecutive microscopic s.'s.
thin s., ultrathin s.a s. of tissue for electron microscopic examination; the specimen is fixed, typically in glutaraldehyde and/or in osmium tetroxide, embedded in a plastic resin, and sectioned at less than 0.1 mum in thickness with a glass or diamond knife in an ultramicrotome.
transverse s.a cross section obtained by slicing, actually or through imaging techniques, the body or any part of the body structure, in a horizontal plane, i.e., a plane which intersects the longitudinal axis at a right angle. Since actual sectioning in the transverse plane results in an inferior and a superior portion, an anatomical transverse section may be a two-dimensional view of the cut surface on the inferior aspect of the superior portion, or of the superior aspect of the inferior portion. By convention, in medical imaging transverse sections demonstrate the former unless otherwise stated.axial s;

sectiones sectiones (sek-she-o´nez)

Plural of sectio.

sectoranopia sectoranopia (sek´tor-an-o´pe-a)

Loss of vision in a sector of the visual field. [sector + G. an- priv. + opsis, vision]

sectorial sectorial (sek-tor´e-al)

1. Relating to a sector. 2. Cutting or adapted for cutting; denoting the carnassial or shearing molar and premolar teeth of carnivores. [L. sector, cutter]

secundigravida secundigravida (sek´un-di-grav´i-da)

See gravida.

secundina secundina, pl. secundinae (sek-un-dI´na, -ne)

afterbirth [L. secundinae, the afterbirth, fr. secundus, second]

secundines secundines (sek´un-denz)

afterbirth [L. secundinae, the afterbirth]

secundipara secundipara (sek´un-dip´a-ra)

See para.

sedate sedate (se-dat´)

To bring under the influence of a sedative. [L. sedatus; see sedation]

sedation sedation (se-da´shun)

1. The act of calming, especially by the administration of a sedative. 2. The state of being calm. [L. sedatio, to calm, allay]

sedative sedative (sed´a-tiv)

1. Calming; quieting. 2. A drug that quiets nervous excitement; designated according to the organ or system upon which specific action is exerted; e.g., cardiac, cerebral, nervous, respiratory, spinal. [L. sedativus; see sedation]

sedigitate sedigitate (se-dij´i-tat)

sexdigitate [L. sex, six, + digitus, digit]

sediment sediment (sed´i-ment)

1. Insoluble material that tends to sink to the bottom of a liquid, as in hypostasis.sedimentum; 2. To cause or effect the formation of a sediment or deposit, as in the case of centrifugation or ultracentrifugation.sedimentate; [L. sedimentum, a settling, fr. sedeo, to sit, settle down]

sedimentate sedimentate (sed´i-men-tat)

sediment (2)

sedimentation sedimentation (sed´i-men-ta´shun)

Formation of a sediment.

sedimentator sedimentator (sed´i-men-ta´ter, tor)

A centrifuge.

sedimentometer sedimentometer (sed´I-men-tom´e-ter)

A photographic apparatus for the automatic recording of the blood sedimentation rate. [sediment + G. metron, measure]

sedimentum sedimentum (sed-i-men´tum)

sediment (1) [L.]
s. laterit´iumbrickdust deposit

sedoheptulose sedoheptulose (se-do-hep´tyu-los)

A 2-ketoheptulose formed metabolically in the pentose monophosphate pathway as the 7-phosphate by condensation of d-xylulose 5-phosphate and d-ribose 5-phosphate, splitting out d-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate; the unphosphorylated sugar is found in Sedum (stonecrop).d-altro-2-heptulose;

seed seed (sed)

1. The reproductive body of a flowering plant; the mature ovule.semen (2) ; 2. In bacteriology, to inoculate a culture medium with microorganisms. [A.S. soed]

Seeligmüller Seeligmüller

Otto L.G.A., German neurologist, 1837-1912. See S.'s sign.

Seessel Seessel

Albert, U.S. embryologist, 1850-1910. See S.'s pocket, pouch.

segment segment

1. A section; a part of an organ or other structure delimited naturally, artificially, or by invagination from the remainder. See also metamere. 2. A territory of an organ having independent function, supply, or drainage. 3. To divide and redivide into minute equal parts.segmentum [NA] ; [L. segmentum, fr. seco, to cut]
anterior s.a delimited part or section of an organ or other structure which lies in front of or ventral to the other similar parts or sections. 1) segmentum anterius (hepar) [NA]; the anterior segment of the right lobe of the liver. 2) segmentum anterius (pulmo dexter et sinister) [NA]; [S 3]; the anterior segment of the superior lobe of the right and left lungs. 3) anterior segment of the eye; the intraocular segment of the eyeball occupied by the aqueous which lies in front of, and is separated from the vitreous-filled posterior segment by, the lens and zonule; it is subdivided by the iris into anterior and posterior chambers.segmentum anterius;
anterior basal s.anterior basal segment of inferior lobe of right and left lung; lies between middle lobe and diaphragm.segmentum basale anterius [NA] ;
anterior inferior s.anterior inferior segment of kidney.segmentum anterius inferius [NA] ;
anterior ocular s.that portion of the eye comprising the cornea, iris, lens, and their associated chambers and adnexa.
anterior superior s.anterior superior segment of kidney.segmentum anterius superius [NA] ;
apical s. 1. apical segment of the superior lobe of the right lung; 2. apical segment of the inferior lobe of the right and left lungs.segmentum superius (2) [NA] ; segmentum superius (1) [NA] , segmentum apicale, superior s. (2) ;
apicoposterior s.apicoposterior segment of superior lobe of left lung, composed of two segments and wedged between the anterior segment of the upper lobe and the oblique fissure.segmentum apicoposterius [NA] ;
arterial s.'s of kidneyrenal s.'s
bronchopulmonary s.the largest subdivision of a lobe of the lung; it is supplied by a direct tertiary (lobular) bronchus and a tertiary branch of the pulmonary artery; it is separated from adjacent segments by connective tissue septa.segmentum bronchopulmonale [NA] ;
cardiac s.medial basal s
cervical s.'s of spinal cordthe eight cervical segments [C₁-C₈] of the spinal cord which give rise to the eight pairs of cervical spinal nerves and constitute the cervical part of the spinal cord.segmenta medullae spinalis cervicalia;
coccygeal s.'s of spinal cordthe three coccygeal segments [Co₁-Co₃] of the spinal cord which give rise to the three pairs of coccygeal spinal nerves and constitute the coccygeal part of the spinal cord.
hepatic s.'sterritories of the liver with independent portobilioarterial distribution or independent venous drainage. The naming of segments in the NA is based upon the portobilioarterial distribution. See anterior s., lateral s., medial s., posterior s.segmenta hepatis, s.'s of liver;
hepatic venous s.'svenous s.'s of liver
inferior s.inferior segment of kidney, which typically consists of approximately the inferior third of the kidney viewed either anteriorly or posteriorly.segmentum inferius [NA] ;
inferior lingular s.inferior lingular segment of superior lobe of left lung; between superior lingular segment and oblique fissure.segmentum lingulare inferius [NA] ;
interannular s.internodal s
intermaxillary s.the primordial mass of tissue formed by the merging of the medial nasal prominences of the embryo; it contributes to the intermaxillary portion of the upper jaw, the prolabial portion of the upper lip, and the primary palate.
internodal s.the portion of a myelinated nerve fiber between two successive nodes.interannular s., internode, Ranvier's s., segmentum internodale;
Lanterman's s.'sthe divisions of the nerve fiber between the Schmidt-Lanterman incisures.
lateral s.a delimited part or section of an organ or other structure which lies farthest to the left or right side of the other similar parts or sections. 1) segmentum laterale (hepar) [NA]; the lateral segment of the left lobe of the liver. 2) segmentum laterale (pulmo dexter) [NA]; [S 4]; the lateral segment of the middle lobe of the right lung.segmentum laterale;
lateral basal s.lateral basal segment of inferior lobe of right and left lung; between anterior and posterior basal segments.segmentum basale laterale [NA] ;
s.'s of liverhepatic s.'s
lower uterine s.the inferior portion or isthmus of the uterus, the lower extremity of which joins with the cervical canal and, during pregnancy, expands to become the lower part of the uterine cavity.
lumbar s.'s of spinal cordthe five lumbar segments [L₁-L₅] of the spinal cord which give rise to the five pairs of lumbar spinal nerves and constitute the lumbar part of the spinal cord.segmenta medullae spinalis lumbaria;
medial s.a delimited part or section of an organ or other structure which lies closer or closest to the midline than the other similar parts or sections. 1) segmentum mediale (hepar) [NA]; the medial segment of the left lobe of the liver. 2) segmentum mediale (pulmo dexter) [NA]; [S 5]; the medial segment of the middle lobe of the right lung.segmentum mediale;
medial basal s.cardiac segment; medial basal segment of inferior lobe of right and left lung; can only be seen from medial and inferior surfaces since it does not reach lateral surface of lung.segmentum basale mediale [NA] , segmentum cardiacum [NA] , cardiac s;
mesoblastic s.somite
neural s.neuromere
posterior s.a delimited part or section of an organ or other structure which lies in back of or dorsal to the other similar parts or sections; 1) segmentum posterius (hepar) [NA]; the posterior segment of the right lobe of the liver; 2) segmentum posterius (pulmo dexter) [NA]; [S 2]; the posterior segment of the superior lobe of the right lung; 3) segmentum posterius (ren) [NA]; the posterior segment of the kidney; 4) camera vitrea bulbi [NA]; vitreous camera; vitreous chamber of eye; the posterior intraocular segment of the eyeball occupied by the vitreous which lies behind the aqueous-filled anterior segment and is separated from it by the lens and zonule.segmentum posterius;
posterior s. of eyeballthe large space between the lens and the retina; it is filled with the vitreous body.camera vitrea bulbi [NA] , vitreous camera, vitreous chamber of eye;
posterior basal s.posterior basal segment of inferior lobe of right and left lungs; lies adjacent to vertebral column below superior segment.segmentum basale posterius [NA] ;
P-R s.that part of the electrocardiographic curve between the end of the P wave and the beginning of the QRS complex.
Ranvier's s.internodal s
renal s.'sregions of the kidney supplied by end arteries branching from the renal arteries; they are named anterior inferior s., anterius superior s., inferior s. , posterior s., and superior s.segmenta renalia [NA] , arterial s.'s of kidney;
RST s.the part of the electrocardiogram between the QRS complex and the T wave. Virtually never distinct in normal hearts in which it forms the initial limb of the T wave without an agreed endpoint.
s.'s of spinal cordportions of the spinal cord corresponding to the line of attachment of the roots of the individual spinal nerves. These are the cervical spinal cord segments [C₁-C₈]; the thoracic spinal cord segments [T₁-T₁₂]; the lumbar spinal cord segments [L₁-L₅]; the sacral spinal cord segments [S₁-S₅]; and the coccygeal spinal cord segments [Co₁-Co₃].segmenta medullae spinalis [NA] ;
s.'s of spleensplenic territories receiving independent arterial supply or drained by independent roots of the splenic vein.segmenta lienis;
S-T s.that part of the electrocardiographic tracing immediately following the QRS complex and merging into the T wave.
subapical s.an inconstant segment of the inferior lobe of the right and left lungs.segmentum subapicale, segmentum subsuperius, subsuperior s;
subsuperior s.subapical s
superior s. 1. the uppermost segment of the kidney; 2. apical s
superior lingular s.superior lingular segment of the superior lobe of the left lung; lies above inferior lingular segment.segmentum lingulare superius [NA] ;
sympathetic s.a divison of the sympathetic trunks based on the origins of the gray communicating branches.
upper uterine s.the main portion of the body of the gravid uterus, the contraction of which furnishes the chief force of expulsion in labor.
venous s.'s of the kidneyanatomical s.'s of the kidney drained by tributaries of the renal vein; not a true segmental distribution, since cross communication exists between the various tributaries within the kidney.
venous s.'s of livereach of the four territories of the liver separately drained by the hepatic veins.hepatic venous s.'s;

segmenta segmenta (seg-men´ta)

Plural of segmentum.

segmental segmental (seg-men´tal)

Relating to a segment.

segmentation segmentation (seg´men-ta´shun)

1. The act of dividing into segments; the state of being divided into segments. 2. cleavage (1)

segmentectomy segmentectomy (seg-men-tek´to-me)

Excision of a segment of any organ or gland.

segmenter segmenter (seg´men-ter)

A schizont; usually applied to the malaria parasite developing in a red blood cell after having undergone nuclear and cytoplasmic division, just before cell rupture and release of the merozoites.

Segmentina Segmentina (seg-men-tI´na)

A genus of freshwater pulmonate snails (family Planorbidae, subfamily Segmentininae); includes the species S. hemisphaerula, an important intermediate host of Fasciolopsis buski. [L. segmentum, fr. seco, to cut]

segmentum segmentum, pl. segmenta (seg-men´tum, -ta) [NA]

segment [L. segment]
s. ante´riusanterior segment
s. ante´rius infe´rius [NA] anterior inferior segment
s. ante´rius supe´rius [NA] anterior superior segment
s. apica´leapical segment 2. apical segment of the inferior lobe of the right and left lungs.
s. apicoposte´rius [NA] apicoposterior segment
s. basa´le ante´rius [NA] anterior basal segment
s. basa´le latera´le [NA] lateral basal segment
s. basa´le media´le [NA] medial basal segment
s. basa´le poste´rius [NA] posterior basal segment
s. bronchopulmona´le [NA] bronchopulmonary segment
s. cardi´acum [NA] * official alternate term for medial basal segment
segmen´ta hep´atishepatic segments, under segment
s. infe´rius [NA] inferior segment
s. internoda´leinternodal segment
s. latera´lelateral segment
segmen´ta lien´issegments of spleen, under segment
s. lingula´re infe´rius [NA] inferior lingular segment
s. lingula´re supe´rius [NA] superior lingular segment
s. media´lemedial segment
segmen´ta medul´lae spina´lis [NA] segments of spinal cord, under segment
segmen´ta medul´lae spina´lis cervica´liacervical segments of spinal cord, under segment
segmen´ta medul´lae spina´lis coccyg´eacoccygeal part of spinal cord
segmen´ta medul´lae spina´lis lumba´rialumbar segments of spinal cord, under segment
segmen´ta medul´lae spina´lis sacra´liasacral part of spinal cord
segmen´ta medul´lae spina´lis thora´cicathoracic part of spinal cord
s. poste´riusposterior segment
segmen´ta rena´lia [NA] renal segments, under segment
s. subapica´lesubapical segment
s. subsupe´riussubapical segment
s. supe´rius [NA] 1. apical segment 2. apical segment (2)

segregation segregation (seg-re-ga´shun)

1. Removal of certain parts from a mass, e.g., those with infectious diseases. 2. Separation of contrasting characters in the offspring of heterozygotes. 3. Separation of the paired state of genes, which occurs at the reduction division of meiosis; only one member of each somatic gene pair is normally included in each sperm or ovum; e.g., an individual heterozygous for a gene pair, Aa, will form gametes half containing gene A and half containing gene a. 4. Progressive restriction of potencies in the zygote to the following embryo. [L. segrego, pp. -atus, to set apart from the flock, separate]

segregator segregator (seg´re-ga-ter, tor)

separator (2)

Seidel Seidel

Erich, German ophthalmologist, 1882-1946. See S.'s scotoma, sign.

Seignette Seignette

Pierre, French apothecary, 1660-1719. See S.'s salt.

Seiler Seiler

Carl, Swiss laryngologist and anatomist in U.S., 1849-1905. See S.'s cartilage.

Seip Seip

Martin, 20th century Scandinavian physician. See Lawrence-S. syndrome.

seismocardiogram seismocardiogram (sIz´mo-kar´de-o-gram)

Recording of cardiac vibrations as they affect the entire body, by various techniques. [G. seismos, a shaking, + cardiogram]

seismotherapy seismotherapy (sIz-mo-thar´a-pe)

vibratory massage [G. seismos, a shaking, vibration]

seizure seizure (se´zher)

1. An attack; the sudden onset of a disease or of certain symptoms. 2. An epileptic attack.convulsion (2) ; [O. Fr. seisir, to grasp, fr. Germanic]
absence s.a brief s. characterized by arrest of activity and occasionally clonic movements. There is loss of consciousness or slowing of thought. The EEG typically shows generalized spike wave discharges greater than 2.5 Hz. More prolonged absence seizures may have automatisms.
akinetic s.atonic s
anosognosic s.'sanosognosic epilepsy
atonic s.s. characterized by sudden loss of muscle tone.akinetic s;
atypical absence s.an absence s. associated with an EEG pattern of irregular or slow spike and wave at less than 2.5 Hz or paroxysmal fast activity on an abnormally slow background EEG.
audiogenic s.a reflex s. precipitated by loud noises, rare in humans. Audiogenic seizures in rodents are an animal model of epilepsy.
clonic s.a s. characterized by repetitive rhythmical jerking of all or part of the body.
complex partial s.a partial s. with impairment of consciousness without features of a generalized s. Complex partial s.'s are commonly associated with automatisms.
convulsive s.s. with clonic or tonic-clonic motor activity.
early s.a s. occurring within one week after craniocerebral trauma.
electrographic s.subclinical s
epileptic s.a s. that is caused by epilepsy.
febrile s.febrile convulsion
focal motor s.a simple partial s. with localized motor activity.
gelastic s.a s. characterized by laughing. This seizure type is often accompanied by hypothalamic lesions, such as hamartomas.
generalized s.s.'s characterized by generalized cerebral onset clinically and on EEG.
generalized tonic-clonic s.a generalized s. characterized by the sudden onset of tonic contraction of the muscles often associated with a cry or moan, and frequently resulting in a fall to the ground. The tonic phase of the s. gradually give way to clonic convulsive movements occurring bilaterally and synchronously before slowing and eventually stopping, followed by a variable period of unconsciousness and gradual recovery.cryptogenic epilepsy, generalized tonic-clonic epilepsy, grand mal s., grand mal, idiopathic epilepsy (2) , major epilepsy;
grand mal s.generalized tonic-clonic s
Jacksonian s.a s. originating in or near the rolandic neocortex, which clinically involves one part of the body; s. spread is accompanied by progressive spread to other parts of the body on the same side; may become generalized.jacksonian epilepsy;
late s.a s. that occurs greater than one week after a craniocerebral trauma or CNS insult.
major motor s.a grand mal s. or other convulsive s.
minor motor s.old term for nonconvulsive s. seen in patients with secondary generalized epilepsies.
myoclonic s.s. associated with single or repetitive myoclonic jerks.
nonconvulsive s.a s. without clonic or tonic activity or other convulsive motor activity. See also complex partial s., absence s.
nonepileptic s.any behavior that resembles a s., but is not epileptic, i.e., not associated with abnormal cerebral EEG activity. See also psychogenic s.
partial s.s. characterized by localized cerebral ictal onset. The symptoms experienced are dependent on the cortical area of ictal onset or seizure spread.
petit mal s.an absence s.
psychic s.a simple partial s. characterized by an attack of psychic phenomena such as a dreamy state, déjà vu, autonomic sensation or emotion; commonly, but not exclusively, associated with temporal lobe epilepsy.
psychogenic s.a clinical spell that resembles an epileptic s., but is not due to epilepsy. The EEG is normal during an attack, and the behavior is often related to psychiatric disturbance, such as a conversion disorder.
psychomotor s.psychomotor epilepsy
secondarily generalized tonic-clonic s.a generalized tonic-clonic s. that begins with a partial s. and evolves into a generalized tonic-clonic s.
simple partial s.a partial s. that is not associated with impairment of consciousness.
subclinical s.a s. detected by EEG, which has no clinical correlate, i.e., an EEG seizure alone or an electrical seizure alone.electrographic s;
tonic s.a s. characterized by increased muscle tone, usually generalized.
tonic-clonic s.a generalized tonic-clonic s.
versive s.a partial s. associated with head and eye deviation to one side.

sejunction sejunction (se-jungk´shun)

Rarely used term for a separation; a breaking of continuity in the mental processes. [L. se-jungo, pp. -junctus, to disjoin]

selaphobia selaphobia (se-la-fo´be-a)

Rarely used term for a morbid fear of a flash of light. [G. selas, light, + phobos, fear]

Seldinger Seldinger

Sven Ivar, Swedish radiologist, *1921. See Seldinger technique.

selectins selectins

Glycoproteins which are found on the surface of lymphocyte or endothelial cells which regulate the traffic patterns of lymphocytes. [L. se-ligo, pp. se-lectum, to sort, choose, + -in]

selection selection (se-lek´shun)

The combined effect of the causes and consequences of genetic factors that determine the average number of progeny of a species that attain sexual maturity; phenotypes that are lethal early in life (e.g., Tay-Sachs disease), that cause sterility (e.g., Turner's syndrome), or that produce sterile progeny are selected against. When s. is used of individual pedigrees, other factors, notably variance of the number of progeny and number that survive to maturity, are important considerations; in large populations, these factors even out and the mean only is of importance. [L. se-ligo, to separate, select, fr. se, apart, + lego, to pick out]
artificial s.interference by man with natural s. by purposeful breeding of animals or plants of specific genotype or phenotype to produce a strain with desired characteristics; e.g., breeding of dairy cattle for high milk production.
medical s.preservation, by medical care and treatment, of individuals of pathologic genotypes who would not otherwise reproduce, thus tending to increase the frequency of pathologic genes in the population; conversely, reduction of the frequency of pathologic genes by preventing reproduction of individuals of specified genotype by surgical sterilization or other means.
natural s."survival of the fittest," the principle that in nature those individuals best able to adapt to their environment will survive and reproduce, while those less able will die without progeny; and the genes carried by the survivors will increase in frequency. This principle is heuristic rather than rigorous since it cannot be tested, the outcome being tautologous with the empirical definition of fitness.
sexual s.a form of natural s. in which, according to Darwin's theory, the male or female is attracted by certain characteristics, form, color, behavior, etc., in the opposite sex; thus modifications of a special nature are brought about in the species.

selegiline selegiline (se-lej´e-len)

A monoamine oxidase enzyme inhibitor; inhibits only the type B isozyme so that consuming tyramine-containing foods or beverages is less likely to induce hypertensive crisis in persons treated with selegiline than in persons treated with nonselective monoamine oxidase inhibitors. The drug is used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease.deprenyl

selene unguium selene unguium (se-le´ne ung´gwi-um)

lunula (1) [G. selene, moon; gen. pl. of L. unguis, nail]

selenium (Se) selenium (Se) (se-le´ne-um)

A metallic element chemically similar to sulfur, atomic no. 34, atomic wt. 78.96; an essential trace element toxic in large quantities; required for glutathione peroxidase and a few other enzymes; ⁷⁵Se (half-life equal to 119.78 days) is used in scintography of the pancreas and parathyroid glands. [G. selene, moon]
s. sulfidea mixture of crystalline s. monosulfide and solid solutions of s. and sulfur in an amorphous form, containing 52 to 55.5% Se; used in the treatment of seborrhea of the scalp or dandruff; it is applied to the scalp as a suspension.

selenocysteine selenocysteine (se-le-no-sis´ten)

Cysteine containing selenium in place of one sulfur atom, found in nature and, at least in part, responsible for certain curative effects of cysteine; present in certain bacterial formate dehydrogenases and glycine reductases.

selenodont selenodont (se-le´no-dont)

Denoting an animal, or man, having teeth, as the human molars, with longitudinal crescent-shaped ridges. [G. selene, moon, + odous (odont-), tooth]

selenomethionine selenomethionine (se-le´no-me-thI´o-nen)

Methionine containing selenium in place of sulfur.

Selenomonas Selenomonas (se-le´no-mo´nas)

A genus of bacteria of uncertain taxonomic affiliation, containing curved to crescentic or helical, Gram-negative, strictly anaerobic rods that are motile with an active tumbling motion. Several flagella are present in a tuft, often near the center of the concave side. The type species, S. sputigena, is found in the human buccal cavity. [G. selene, moon, + monas, single (unit)]

self self

1. A sum of the attitudes, feelings, memories, traits, and behavioral predispositions that make up the personality. 2. The individual as represented in his or her own awareness and in his or her environment. 3. In immunology, an individual's autologous cell components as contrasted with non-s., or foreign, constituents; the basic mechanism underlying recognition of s. from non-s. is unknown, but serves to protect the host from an immunologic attack on his own antigenic constituents, as opposed to immune system destruction or elimination of foreign antigens.
subliminal s.the sum of the mental processes which take place without the conscious knowledge of the individual.subconscious mind;

self-accusation self-accusation

A common psychiatric symptom, encountered most characteristically in agitated depression.

self-analysis self-analysis

autoanalysis

self-awareness self-awareness

Realization of one's ongoing feeling and emotional experience; a major goal of all psychotherapy.

self-centeredness self-centeredness

autosynnoia

self-commitment self-commitment

Voluntary mental hospitalization.

self-control self-control

1. Self-regulation of one's behavior in accordance with personal beliefs, goals, attitudes and societal expectations. 2. Use by an individual of active coping strategies to deal with problem situations, in contrast to passive conditioning strategies which do things to the individual and require no action by the person.

self-differentiation self-differentiation

Differentiation resulting from the action of intrinsic causes.

self-discovery self-discovery

In psychoanalysis, the freeing of the repressed ego in a person raised to be submissive to those around him.

self-efficacy self-efficacy

An individual's estimate or personal judgment of his or her own ability to succeed in reaching a specific goal, e.g., quitting smoking or losing weight or a more general goal, e.g., continuing to remain at a prescribed weight level.

self-fertilization self-fertilization

Fecundation of the ovules by the pollen of the same flower, or of the ova by the spermatozoa of the same animal in hermaphrodite forms; denoting an extreme type of inbreeding seen in certain plants and animal forms which produce both male and female gametes.

self-infection self-infection

autoinfection

self-knowledge self-knowledge

autognosis

self-limited self-limited

Denoting a disease that tends to cease after a definite period; e.g., pneumonia.

self-love self-love

narcissism

self-poisoning self-poisoning

autointoxication

self-regulation self-regulation

A three-stage strategy patients are taught to use in order to end risky health-associated behaviors such as smoking and overeating. 1. self-monitoring (self-observation), the first stage in self-regulation involves the individual's deliberately attending to and recording his or her own behavior; 2. self-evaluation, the second stage, in which the individual assesses what was learned by self-monitoring, such as how often and where one smokes, and uses those observational data to establish health goals or criteria; 3. self-reinforcement, the third stage, in which the individual rewards him/herself for each behavioral success on the road to that goal, thereby enhancing the chance of reaching it.

self-stimulation self-stimulation

A technique for electrical stimulation of peripheral nerves, spinal cord, or brain by the patient himself to relieve pain.

Selivanoff Selivanoff

Feodor, Russian chemist, *1859. See S.'s test.

sella sella (sel´a)

saddle (1) [L. saddle]
empty s.a sella turcica, often enlarged, that contains no discernible pituitary gland; may be primarily due to an incompetent sellar diaphragm with compression of the pituitary gland by herniating arachnoid or secondarily due to surgery or radiotherapy.
s. tur´cica [NA] a saddle-like bony prominence on the upper surface of the body of the sphenoid bone, constituting the middle part of the butterfly-shaped middle cranial fossa; it includes the tuberculum sellae anteriorly and the dorsum sellae posteriorly; with its covering of dura mater it constitutes the hypophysial fossa which accommodates the hypophysis or pituitary gland.pars sellaris, Turkish saddle;

sellar sellar (sel´ar)

Relating to the sella turcica.

Sellick Sellick

Brian A., 20th century British anesthetist. See S.'s maneuver.

Selye Selye

Hans, Austrian endocrinologist in Canada, 1907-1982. See adaptation syndrome of S.

SEM SEM

Abbreviation for standard error of the mean.

semantics semantics (se-man´tiks)

A branch of semiotics: 1. The study of the significance and development of the meaning of words. 2. The study concerned with the relations between signs and their referents; the relations between the signs of a system; and human behavioral reaction to signs, including unconscious attitudes, influences of social institutions, and epistemological and linguistic assumptions. [G. semaino, to show]

Sémélaigne Sémélaigne

Georges, 20th century French pediatrician. See Debré-S. syndrome; Kocher-Debré-S. syndrome.

semelincident semelincident (sem-el-in´si-dent)

An obsolete term that means happening once only; said of an infectious disease, one attack of which confers permanent immunity. [L. semel, once, + incido, to happen, fr. cado, to fall]

semen semen, pl. seminasemens (se´men, se-mi´na, se´menz)

1. [NA] The penile ejaculate; a thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid containing spermatozoa; a mixture produced by secretions of the testes, seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral glands.sperm (2) [NA] , seminal fluid; 2. seed (1) [L. semen (semin-), seed (of plants, men, animals)]

semenuria semenuria (se-me-nu´re-a)

The excretion of urine containing semen.seminuria, spermaturia;

semi- semi-

One-half; partly (properly used with words derived from L. roots). Cf. hemi-. [L. semis, half]

semialdehyde semialdehyde (sem-e-al´de-hId)

The monoaldehyde of a dicarboxylic acid, so called because half the COOH groups of the original acid are reduced to the aldehyde while the other half are unchanged; e.g., glutamic acid gamma-s., OHC-CH₂CH₂CH(NH₃)⁺-COO^-. Many s.'s are intermediates in the biosynthesis and metabolic degradation of amino acids (e.g., l-proline, l-lysine, l-glutamate).

semicanal semicanal (sem´e-ka-nal´)

A half canal; a deep groove on the edge of a bone which, uniting with a similar groove or part of an adjoining bone, forms a complete canal.semicanalis;
s. of auditory tubethe inferior division of the musculotubal canal which forms the bony part of the auditory (eustachian) tube.semicanalis tubae auditivae [NA] ;
s. for tensor tympani musclesemicanal of the tensor muscle of the tympanum; the superior division of the canalis musculotubarius containing the tensor tympani muscle.semicanalis musculi tensoris tympani [NA] ;

semicanalis semicanalis, pl. semicanales (sem´e-ka-nal´is, -ez)

semicanal [L.]
s. mus´culi tensor´is tym´pani [NA] semicanal for tensor tympani muscle
s. tu´bae auditi´vae [NA] semicanal of auditory tube

semicartilaginous semicartilaginous (sem´e-kar-ti-laj´i-nus)

Composed partly of cartilage.

semicircular semicircular (sem´e-sir´kyu-lar)

Forming a half circle or an incomplete circle.semiorbicular;

semicoma semicoma

See semicomatose.

semicomatose semicomatose

An imprecise term for a state of drowsiness and inaction, in which more than ordinary stimulation may be required to evoke a response, and the response may be delayed or incomplete.semiconscious;

semiconductor semiconductor (sem´e-kon-duk´ter)

A metalloid, in one form or another, that conducts electricity more easily than a true nonmetal but less easily than a metal; e.g., silicon, germanium.

semiconscious semiconscious

semicomatose

semiconservative semiconservative

The process of replicating DNA in which the two strands remain intact, separate, are copied and one parental strand goes to each daughter cell.

semicrista semicrista (sem´e-kris´ta)

A small or imperfect ridge or crest. [semi- + L. crista, crest, tuft]
s. incisi´vanasal crest

semidecussation semidecussation (sem´e-de-kus-sa´shun)

Incomplete decussation such as occurs in the human optic chiasm.

semiflexion semiflexion (sem-e-flek´shun)

The position of a joint or segment of a limb midway between extension and flexion.

semilunar semilunar (sem-e-lu´nar)

lunar (2) [semi- + L. luna, moon]

semilunare semilunare (sem-e-lu-na´re)

Obsolete term for lunate bone.

semiluxation semiluxation (sem-e-luk-sa´shun)

subluxation

semimembranosus semimembranosus (sem´e-mem-bra-no´sus)

See semimembranosus muscle.

semimembranous semimembranous (sem´e-mem´bra-nus)

Consisting partly of membrane; denoting the semimembranosus muscle.

seminal seminal (sem´i-nal)

1. Relating to the semen. 2. Original or influential of future developments.

semination semination (sem-i-na´shun)

insemination

seminiferous seminiferous (sem´i-nif´er-us)

Carrying or conducting the semen; denoting the tubules of the testis. [L. semen, seed (semen) + fero, to carry]

seminoma seminoma (sem-i-no´ma)

A radiosensitive malignant neoplasm usually arising from germ cells in the testis of young male adults which metastasizes to the paraortic lymph nodes; a counterpart of dysgerminoma of the ovary. [L. semen, seed (semen) + G. -oma, tumor]
spermacytic s.a relatively slow-growing, locally invasive type of testicular s. that does not metastasize and has no ovarian counterpart.

seminomatous seminomatous (sem-i-no´ma-tus)

Relating to a seminoma.

seminormal (N/2) seminormal (N/2) (sem-e-nor´mal)

Denoting a solution one-half the strength of a normal solution (0.5 n).

seminuria seminuria (se-mi-nu´re-a)

semenuria

semiography semiography, semeiography (se-me-og´ra-fe)

Obsolete term for a treatise on symptomatology or a description of the symptoms of a disease. [G. semeion, sign, + graphe, a description]

semiologic semiologic, semeiologic (se´me-o-loj´ik)

1. The general philosophical theory of signs and symbols in communication, having three branches: syntactics, semantics, and pragmatics. 2. Obsolete term for symptomatic.

semiology semiology, semeiology (se-me-ol´o-je)

Obsolete term for symptomatology. [G. semeion, sign, + logos, study]

semiopathic semiopathic, semeiopathic (se´me-o-path´ik)

Denoting the disordered use of symbols. [G. semeion, sign, + pathos, disease]

semiorbicular semiorbicular (se-me-or-bik´yu-lar)

semicircular

semiosis semiosis, semeiosis (se-me-o´sis)

The mental or symbolic process in which something (e.g., word, symbol, nonverbal cue) functions as a sign for the organism. [G. semeiosis, fr. semeion, sign]

semiotic semiotic, semeiotic (se-me-ot´ik, sem-e-)

1. Relating to semiotics. 2. Relating to signs, linguistic or bodily. [G. semeiotikos, fr. semeion, sign]

semiotics semiotics, semeiotics (se-me-ot´iks, sem-e-)

1. The general philosophical theory of signs and symbols in communication, having three branches: syntactics, semantics, and pragmatics. 2. Obsolete term for symptomatology. [see semiotic]

semipenniform semipenniform (sem´e-pen´i-form)

Penniform on one side. See unipennate muscle.

semipermeable semipermeable (sem-e-per´me-a-bl)

Freely permeable to water (or other solvent) but relatively impermeable to solutes. Depending on the context, it has been used to imply impermeability to all solutes except very small uncharged molecules (e.g., a cell membrane), or merely impermeability to very large molecules such as proteins (e.g., a capillary membrane).

semiplacenta semiplacenta (sem´e-pla-sen´ta)

The type of placenta in ruminants, horse and pig, in which the maternal and fetal placentas do not grow together but can be easily separated without tearing; an apposed or contact placenta.

semipronation semipronation (sem´e-pro-na´shun)

The attitude or assumption of a partly prone position, as in Sims' position.

semiprone semiprone (sem-e-pron´)

Denoting semipronation.

semiquinone semiquinone (sem-e-kwin´on)

A free radical resulting from the removal of one hydrogen atom with its electron during the process of dehydrogenation of a hydroquinone to quinone or similar compound (e.g., flavin mononucleotide).

semispinal semispinal (sem-e-spI´nal)

Half spinal; denoting muscles attached in part to the spinous processes of the vertebrae.

Semisulcospina Semisulcospina (sem´e-sul-ko-spI´na)

A genus of operculate snails (family Pleuroceriidae, subclass Prosobranchiata). An oriental form, S. libertina, is the first intermediate host of a number of trematodes, including Paragonimus westermani. [semi- + L. sulcus, a furrow + spina, thorn, spine]

semisulcus semisulcus (sem´e-sul´kus)

A slight groove on the edge of a bone or other structure, which, uniting with a similar groove on the corresponding adjoining structure, forms a complete sulcus.

semisupination semisupination (sem´e-su-pi-na´shun)

The attitude or assumption of a partly supine position.

semisupine semisupine (sem-e-su-pIn´)

Denoting semisupination.

semisynthetic semisynthetic (sem´e-sin-thet´ik)

Describing the process of synthesizing a particular chemical utilizing a naturally occurring chemical as a starting material, thus obviating part of a total synthesis; e.g., the conversion of cholesterol (obtained from a natural source) into a corticosteroid.

semisystematic name semisystematic name (sem´e-sis-te-mat´ik)

A name of a chemical of which at least one part is systematic and at least one part is not (i.e., is trivial). For example, calciferol includes the -ol suffix denoting an -OH radical, while calcifer-, which has no systematic meaning, is used only in this word. Cortisone contains the -one suffix, indicating a ketone group, but the rest of the term derives from cortex (adrenal). Hippuric acid (trivial) may be defined as N-benzoylglycine (semitrivial name); benzoyl is systematic for the C₆H₅-CO- radical, whereas glycine is the trivial name for a-aminoacetic (or 2-aminoethanoic, to be completely systematic) acid, and the N signifies that the benzoyl is attached to the nitrogen of glycine; from this, the structure C₆H₅-CO-NH-CH₂-COOH is uniquely defined. Many generic or nonproprietary names of drugs, including USAN names, hormones, etc., are semitrivial in this chemical sense, although often termed trivial names; distinction between trivial and semitrivial is not often made.semitrivial name;

semitendinosus semitendinosus (sem´e-ten-di-no´sus)

semitendinous [L.]

semitendinous semitendinous (sem´e-ten´di-nus)

Composed in part of tendon; denoting the semitendinosus muscle.semitendinosus; [L. semitendinosus]

semitertian semitertian (sem-e-ter´she-an, -ter´shun)

Partly tertian, partly quotidian; denoting a malarial fever in which two paroxysms occur on one day and one on the succeeding day.

semitrivial name semitrivial name (sem-e-triv´e-al)

semisystematic name

semivalent semivalent (sem-e-va´lent)

Denoting the ability to form a one-electron bond.

Semon Semon

Richard W., German biologist, 1859-1908. See S.-Hering theory.

Semon Semon

Sir Felix, German laryngologist in Britain, 1849-1921. See S.'s law; Gerhardt-S. law.

Semple Semple

Sir David, English physician, 1856-1937. See S. vaccine.

semustine semustine

methyl-CCNU

Senear Senear

Francis E., U.S. dermatologist, 1889-1958. See S.-Usher disease, syndrome.

Senecio Senecio (se-ne´se-o, -she-o)

1. A large genus of plants (family Compositae), many species of which contain alkaloids that produce hepatic necrosis. 2. Senecio aureus; life-root; squaw-weed; ragwort;a common weed of the eastern U.S., formerly used in the treatment of amenorrhea and other menstrual irregularities. [L. a plant, groundsel, fr. senecio, an old man]

senecioic acid senecioic acid (se-ne´si-o-ik)

(CH₃)₂C=CH-COOH; 3-Methyl-2-butenoic acid; 3,3-dimethylacrylic acid; methylcrotonic acid;a polymer precursor and a precursor of isoprenoid and terpene compounds; the acid component of binapacryl in which it is esterified with 4,6-dinitro-2-(1-methylpropyl)phenol; the coenzyme A derivative is an intermediate in l-leucine degradation; used as a fungicide and miticide.

seneciosis seneciosis (se-ne-se-o´sis)

Liver degeneration and necrosis caused by ingestion of plants of the genus Senecio, such as ragwort and groundsel; similar hepatotoxic properties have been observed after ingestion of some kinds of Crotalaria and Heliotropium.

senega senega (sen´e-ga)

The dried root of Polygala senega (family Polygalaceae), a herb of eastern and central North America; an expectorant.Seneca snakeroot; [Seneca, an Indian tribe]

senescence senescence (se-nes´ens)

The state of being old. [L. senesco, to grow old, fr. senex, old]
dental s.that condition of the teeth and associated structures in which there is deterioration due to normal or premature aging processes.

senescent senescent (se-nes´ent)

Growing old.

Sengstaken Sengstaken

Robert W., U.S. neurosurgeon, *1923. See S.-Blakemore tube.

senile senile (se´nIl, sen´Il)

Relating to or characteristic of old age. [L. senilis]

senility senility (se-nil´i-te)

Old age; a general term for a variety of mental disorders occurring in old age which consist of two broad categories, organic and psychological disorders.anility; [see senile]

senium senium (se´ne-um)

Rarely used term for old age; especially the debility of advanced age. [L. the feebleness of age, fr. seneo, to be old, feeble]

senna senna (sen´a)

The dried leaflets or legumes of Cassia acutifolia (Alexandrine s.) and C. angustifolia (Tinnevelly or Indian s.); a laxative. [Ar. sena]

sennoside A sennoside A, sennoside B (sen´o-sIdz)

Two anthraquinone glucosides that are the laxative principles of senna.

sensate sensate (sen´sat)

Able to perceive touch and other sensations; used in reference to patients who have had partial nerve or spinal cord injuries.

sensation sensation (sen-sa´shun)

A feeling; the translation into consciousness of the effects of a stimulus exciting any of the organs of sense. [L. sensatio, perception, feeling, fr. sentio, to perceive, feel]
cincture s.zonesthesia
delayed s.a s. that is not perceived until the lapse of an appreciable interval following the application of the stimulus.
general s.a s. referred to the body as a whole rather than to any particular part.
girdle s.zonesthesia
objective s.a s. caused by a verifiable stimulus.
primary s.a s. that is the direct result of a stimulus.
referred s.a s. felt in one place in response to a stimulus applied in another.reflex s., transferred s;
reflex s.referred s
special s.a s. referred to a stimulus produced by an external body and acting on any of the sense organs.
subjective s.a s. not readily referrable to a denotably verifiable stimulus.
transferred s.referred s

sense sense (sens)

The faculty of perceiving any stimulus. [L. sentio, pp. sensus, to feel, to perceive]
color s.the ability to perceive variations in hue, luminosity, and saturation of light.
s. of equilibriumthe s. that makes possible a normal physiologic posture.static s;
geometrical s.one or other of two directions along a curve in which something is moving e.g., clockwise or counterclockwise.
joint s.articular sensibility
kinesthetic s.myesthesia
light s.the ability to perceive variations in the degree of light or brightness.
muscular s.myesthesia
obstacle s.the ability, often found in the blind, to avoid objects without visual warning.
position s.posture s
posture s.the ability to recognize the position in which a limb is passively placed, with the eyes closed.position s;
pressure s.the faculty of discriminating various degrees of pressure on the surface.baresthesia, piesesthesia;
seventh s.visceral s
sixth s.cenesthesia
space s.the faculty of perceiving the relative positions of objects in the external world.
special s.one of the five senses related respectively to the organs of sight, hearing, smell, taste, and touch.
static s.s. of equilibrium
tactile s.touch (1)
temperature s.thermoesthesia
thermal s., thermic s.thermoesthesia
time s.the faculty by which the passage of time is appreciated.
visceral s.the perception of the existence of the internal organs.seventh s., splanchnesthesia, splanchnesthetic sensibility;
weight s.weight sweight s;

sensibility sensibility (sen-si-bil´i-te)

The consciousness of sensation; the capability of perceiving sensible stimuli. [L. sensibilitas]
articular s.appreciation of sensation in joint surfaces.arthresthesia, joint sense;
bone s.pallesthesia
cortical s.the integration of sensory stimuli by the cerebral cortex.
deep s.bathyesthesia, myesthesia
dissociation s.the loss of the pain and the thermal senses with preservation of tactile sensibility or vice versa.
electromuscular s.s. of muscular tissue to stimulation by electricity.
epicritic s. See epicritic.
mesoblastic s.myesthesia
pallesthetic s.pallesthesia
proprioceptive s. See proprioceptive.
protopathic s. See protopathic.
splanchnesthetic s.visceral sense
vibratory s.pallesthesia

sensible sensible (sen´si-bl)

1. Perceptible to the senses. 2. Capable of sensation. 3. sensitive 4. Having reason or judgment; intelligent. [L. sensibilis, fr. sentio, to feel, perceive]

sensiferous sensiferous (sen-sif´er-us)

Conducting a sensation. [L. sensus, sense, + fero, to carry]

sensigenous sensigenous (sen-sij´e-nus)

Giving rise to sensation. [L. sensus, sense, + G. -gen, to produce]

sensimeter sensimeter (sen-sim´e-ter)

An instrument that measures degrees of cutaneous sensation. [L. sensus, sense, + G. metron, measure]

sensitive sensitive (sen´si-tiv)

1. Capable of perceiving sensations. 2. Responding to a stimulus. 3. Acutely perceptive of interpersonal situations. 4. One who is readily hypnotizable. 5. Readily undergoing a chemical change, with but slight change in environmental conditions, as a s. reagent. 6. In immunology, denoting: 1) a sensitized antigen; 2) a person (or animal) rendered susceptible to immunological reactions by previous exposure to the antigen concerned.sensible (3) ;

sensitivity sensitivity (sen-si-tiv´i-te)

1. The ability to appreciate by one or more of the senses. 2. State of being sensitive.esthesia (2) ; 3. In clinical pathology and medical screening, the proportion of individuals with a positive test result for the disease that the test is intended to reveal, i.e., true positive results as a proportion of the total of true positive and false negative results. Cf. specificity (2) . [L. sentio, pp. sensus, to feel]
acquired s.allergy (1)
analytical s.the degree of response to a change in concentration of analyte being measured in an assay; synonymous with the detection limit.
antibiotic s.microbial susceptibility to antibiotics. See also antibiotic sensitivity test, minimal inhibitory concentration.
clinical s.test positivity in disease; ability of a test to correctly identify disease. See also diagnostic s.
contrast s.in optics, the ability to discern the difference in brightness of adjacent areas; in radiology, allergic reaction to iodinated radiographic contrast medium.
diagnostic s.the probability (P) that, given the presence of disease (D), an abnormal test result (T) indicates the presence of disease; i.e., P(T/D). See also clinical s.
idiosyncratic s.a type I allergic reaction (atopic).
induced s.allergy (1)
multiple chemical s.a symptom array of variable presentation attributed to recurrent exposure to known environmental toxins at dosages generally below levels established as harmful; complaints involve multiple organ systems.environmental illness;
pacemaker s.the minimum cardiac activity required to consistently trigger a pulse generator.
photoallergic s. See photosensitization.
phototoxic s. See photosensitization.
primaquine s.nonimmunological inborn s. to primaquine, causing hemolysis on exposure to the drug, due to deficiency of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase in red cells.
relative s.the s. of a medical screening test as determined by comparison with the same type of test; e.g., s. of a new serological test relative to s. of an established serological test.
salt s.the tendency of certain bacterial suspensions to agglutinate spontaneously in physiological saline solution.
spectral s.the reciprocal of the amount of monochromatic radiation that produces a fixed response.

sensitization sensitization (sen´si-ti-za´shun)

Immunization, especially with reference to antigens (immunogens) not associated with infection; the induction of acquired sensitivity or of allergy.
autoerythrocyte s. See autoerythrocyte sensitization syndrome.
covert s.aversive conditioning or training to rid onself of an unwanted behavior during which the patient is taught to imagine unpleasant and related aversive consequences while engaging in the unwanted habit.
photodynamic s.the action by which certain substances, notably fluorescing dyes (acridine, eosin, methylene blue, rose bengal) absorb visible light and emit the energy at wavelengths that are deleterious to microbes or other organisms in the dye-containing suspension, or selectively destroy cancer cells sensitized by intravenous porphyrin and exposed to red laser light.photosensitization (2) ;

sensitize sensitize (sen´si-tIz)

To render sensitive; to induce acquired sensitivity, to immunize. See also sensitized antigen.

sensitizer sensitizer (sen´si-tIz-er)

1. antibody 2. A substance that causes dermatitis only after alteration (sensitization) of the skin by previous exposure to that substance.

sensitometry sensitometry (sen-si-tom´e-tre)

In radiology, the procedure of measuring film response to radiation. [sensitivity + G. metron, measure]

sensomobile sensomobile (sen-so-mo´bel)

Capable of movement in response to a stimulus.

sensomobility sensomobility (sen-so-mo-bil´i-te)

The state of being sensomobile.

sensomotor sensomotor (sen-so-mo´ter)

sensorimotor

sensor sensor (sen´sor)

A device designed to respond to physical stimuli such as temperature, light, magnetism, or movement, and transmit resulting impulses for interpretation, recording, movement, or operating control. [see sense]

sensori- sensori-

Sensory. [L. sensorius]

sensorial sensorial (sen-sor´e-al)

Relating to the sensorium.

sensoriglandular sensoriglandular (sen´sor-i-glan´dyu-lar)

Relating to glandular secretion excited by stimulation of the sensory nerves.

sensorimotor sensorimotor (sen´sor-i-mo´ter)

Both sensory and motor; denoting a mixed nerve with afferent and efferent fibers.sensomotor;

sensorimuscular sensorimuscular (sen´sor-i-mus´kyu-lar)

Denoting muscular contraction in response to a sensory stimulus.

sensorium sensorium, pl. sensoriasensoriums (sen-sor´e-um, -a, -umz)

1. An organ of sensation. 2. The hypothetical "seat of sensation."perceptorium; 3. In human biology and psychology, consciousness; sometimes used as a generic term for the intellectual and cognitive functions. [Late L.]

sensorivascular sensorivascular (sen´sor-i-vas´kyu-lar)

sensorivasomotor

sensorivasomotor sensorivasomotor (sen´sor-i-vas-o-mo´ter)

Denoting contraction or dilation of the blood vessels occurring as a sensory reflex.sensorivascular;

sensory sensory (sen´so-re)

Relating to sensation. [L. sensorius, fr. sensus, sense]

sensual sensual (sen´shu-al)

1. Relating to the body and the senses, as distinguished from the intellect or spirit. 2. Denoting bodily or sensory pleasure, not necessarily sexual. [L. sensualis, endowed with feeling]

sensualism sensualism (sen´shu-al-izm)

1. Domination by the emotions. 2. Indulgence in sensory pleasures. [L. sensualis, endowed with feeling, fr. sentio, to feel]

sensuality sensuality (sen-shu-al´i-te)

The state or quality of being sensual.

sentient sentient (sen´shent, sen´she-ent)

Capable of, or characterized by, sensation. [L. sentiens, pres. p. of sentio, to feel, perceive]

sentiment sentiment (sen´ti-ment)

1. Feeling or emotion in relation to one idea. 2. A complex disposition or organization of a person with reference to a given object (a person, thing, or abstract idea) that makes the object what it is for him or her. [L. sentio, to feel]

sentisection sentisection (sen-ti-sek´shun)

Vivisection of an animal that is not anesthetized. [L. sentio, to feel, + sectio, a cutting]

separation separation (sep-a-ra´shun)

1. The act of keeping apart or dividing, or the state of being held apart. 2. In dentistry, the process of gaining slight spaces between the teeth preparatory to treatment.
jaw s.the amount of space between the jaws at any degree of opening.
s. of retinaretinal detachment
sternochondral s.s. of the sternochondral articulation, especially of the 2nd to 7th ribs, which are true joints lined with synovial membranes.
s. of teeth 1. loss of proximal contact of teeth; 2. in orthodontics, the creation of interproximal spaces for the fitting of an appliance.

separator separator (sep´er-a-ter)

1. That which divides or keeps apart two or more substances or prevents them from mingling. 2. In dentistry, an instrument for forcing two teeth apart, so as to gain access to adjacent proximal walls.segregator; [L. se-paro, pp. -atus, to separate, fr. se, apart, + paro, to prepare]

Sephadex Sephadex (sef´a-deks)

Trade name for certain polydextrans used in column chromatography.

sepsis sepsis, pl. sepses (sep´sis, -sez)

The presence of various pus-forming and other pathogenic organisms, or their toxins, in the blood or tissues; septicemia is a common type of s. [G. sepsis, putrefaction]
intestinal s.s. associated with autointoxication of intestinal origin.
s. len´taa slowly developing and more or less localized infection.
puerperal s.puerperal fever

sept- sept-

See septi-, septico-, septo-.

septa septa (sep´ta)

Plural of septum. [L.]
intra-alveolar septainterradicular septa, under septum

septal septal (sep´tal)

Relating to a septum.

septan septan (sep´tan)

Denoting a malarial fever the paroxysms of which recur every seventh day, counting the day of the occurrence as the first day, i.e., with a five-day asymptomatic interval. [L. septem, seven]

Septata Septata (sep-ta´ta)

A recently described member of the protozoan phylum Microspora found in the intestine of an immunocompromised individual. The species described is S. intestinalis.

septate septate (sep´tat)

Having a septum; divided into compartments. [L. saeptum, septum]

septectomy septectomy (sep-tek´to-me)

Operative removal of the whole or a part of a septum, specifically of the nasal septum. [L. saeptum, septum, + G. ektome, excision]

septemia septemia (sep-te´me-a)

A rarely used term for septicemia.

septi- septi-, sept-

Seven. [L. septem]

septic septic (sep´tik)

Relating to or caused by sepsis.

septicemia septicemia (sep-ti-se´me-a)

Systemic disease caused by the spread of microorganisms and their toxins via the circulating blood; formerly called "blood poisoning". See also pyemia.hematosepsis, sapremia, septic fever, septic intoxication; [G. sepsis, putrefaction, + haima, blood]
acute fulminating meningococcal s.Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome
anthrax s.anthracemia
cryptogenic s.a form of s. in which no primary focus of infection can be found.
hemorrhagic s.a bacterial disease in animals caused by members of the genus Pasteurella; occurs in cattle, sheep, swine, rabbits, and fowls.s. pluriformis;
metastasizing s.sepsis, with entry of microorganisms into the blood stream leading to abscess formation at a distance from the original site of infection.
morphine injector's s.blood stream infection in an individual who injects him or herself with narcotics, usually intravenously, due to bacterial contamination of equipment used. Seen more often with heroin and narcotics other than morphine.
plague s.infection with the plague organism, Yersinia pestis, with blood-stream infection.
s. pluriform´ishemorrhagic s
puerperal s.a severe bloodstream infection resulting from an obstetric delivery or procedure.
typhoid s.typhoid during the phase when the organism can be cultured from the blood.typhosepsis;

septicemic septicemic (sep-ti-se´mik)

Relating to, suffering from, or resulting from septicemia.

septico- septico-, septic-

Sepsis, septic. [G. septikos, putrifying, fr. sepsis, putrefaction]

septicopyemia septicopyemia (sep´ti-ko-pI-e´me-a)

Pyemia and septicemia occurring together.

septicopyemic septicopyemic (sep´ti-ko-pI-e´mik)

Relating to septicopyemia.

septimetritis septimetritis (sep´ti-me-trI´tis)

Obsolete term for septic inflammation of the uterus. [G. septikos, septic, + metra, uterus, + -itis, inflammation]

septivalent septivalent (sep-ti-va´lent, sep-tiv´a-lent)

Having a combining power (valency) of seven.

septo- septo-, sept-

Septum. [L. saeptum]

septodermoplasty septodermoplasty (sep-to-der´mo-plas-te)

Operation to graft squamous epithelium to replace the mucosa of the nasal septum, especially in cases of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. [septo- + dermo- + G. plastos, formed]

septomarginal septomarginal (sep´to-mar´ji-nal)

Relating to the margin of a septum, or to both a septum and a margin.

septonasal septonasal (sep´to-na´sal)

Relating to the nasal septum.

septoplasty septoplasty (sep´to-plas-te)

Operation to correct defects or deformities of the nasal septum, often by alteration or partial removal of supporting structures. [septo- + G. plastos, formed]

septorhinoplasty septorhinoplasty (sep-to-rI´no-plas-te)

Combined operation to repair defects or deformities of the nasal septum and of the external nasal pyramid. [septo- + G. rhis, nose, + plastos, formed]

septostomy septostomy (sep-tos´to-me)

Surgical creation of a septal defect. [septo- + G. stoma, mouth]

septulum septulum, pl. septula (sep´tyu-lum, -la)

A minute septum. [Mod. L. dim. of septum]
s. tes´tis [NA] septula of testis
septula of testisone of the trabeculae of the testis; imperfect septa and fibrous cords radiating toward the surface of the gland from the mediastinum testis.s. testis [NA] , trabecula testis;

septum septum, gen. septi, pl. septa (sep´tum, -tI, -ta)

1. [NA] A thin wall dividing two cavities or masses of softer tissue. See septal area, transparent s. 2. In fungi, a wall; usually a cross-wall in a hypha. [L. saeptum, a partition]
s. accesso´riuman additional ridge forming the lower border of the limbus fossae ovalis.
alveolar s.interalveolar s
aortopulmonary s.the spiral s. which, during development, separates the truncus arteriosus into a ventral pulmonary trunk and dorsal aorta. See also bulbar ridge.
atrioventricular s.the small part of the membranous s. of the heart just above the septal cusp of the tricuspid valve that separates the right atrium from the left ventricle.s. atrioventriculare [NA] , pars membranacea septi atriorum;
s. atrioventricula´re [NA] atrioventricular s
s. of auditory tubea very thin horizontal plate of bone forming two semicanals, the upper, smaller, for the tensor tympani muscle, the lower, larger for the auditory tube; its termination in the middle ear is the processus cochleariformis.s. canalis musculotubarii [NA] , s. of musculotubal canal, s. tubae;
Bigelow's s.calcar femorale
bony nasal s.the bones supporting the bony part of the nasal septum; these are the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid, the vomer, the sphenoidal rostrum, the crest of the nasal bones, the frontal spine, and the median crest formed by the apposition of the maxillary and palatine bones.s. nasi osseum [NA] ;
bulbar s.obsolete term for spiral s.
s. bul´bi ure´thraea fibrous s. in the interior of the bulb of the penis which divides it into two hemispheres.
s. cana´lis musculotuba´rii [NA] s. of auditory tube
cartilaginous s.nasal septal cartilage
s. cervica´le interme´dium [NA] intermediate cervical s
s. clitor´idisan incomplete fibrous s. between the corpora cavernosa of the clitoris.s. corporum cavernosorum clitoridis [NA] ;
Cloquet's s.femoral s
comblike s.pectiniform s
s. cor´porum cavernoso´rum clitor´idis [NA] s. clitoridis
crural s.femoral s
distal spiral s. See spiral s.
endovenous s., s. endoveno´suma remnant of the primitive separation between veins which fused to form a definitive trunk, such as the trunk leading to the left common iliac and the left renal veins.
femoral s.the delicate fibrous membrane that closes the femoral ring at the base of the femoral canal.s. femorale [NA] , Cloquet's s., crural s;
s. femora´le [NA] femoral s
s. of frontal sinusesthe bony partition between the right and left frontal sinuses; it is often deflected to one side of the middle line.s. sinuum frontalium [NA] ;
gingival s.interdental papilla
s. glan´dis [NA] s. of glans penis
s. of glans penisa fibrous partition extending through the glans penis from the lower surface of the tunica albuginea to the urethra.s. glandis [NA] ;
hanging s.the deformity caused by an abnormal width of the septal portion of the alar cartilages.
interalveolar s. 1. the tissue intervening between two adjacent pulmonary alveoli; it consists of a close-meshed capillary network covered on both surfaces by very thin alveolar epithelial cells; 2. one of the bony partitions between the tooth sockets.s. interalveolare [NA] , alveolar s., septal bone;
s. interalveola´re, pl. sep´ta interalveola´ria [NA] interalveolar s
interatrial s.the wall between the atria of the heart. See also s. primum, s. secundum.s. interatriale [NA] ;
s. interatria´le [NA] interatrial s
interdental s.the bony portion separating two adjacent teeth in a dental arch.
interlobular s.the connective tissue between pulmonary lobules, usually containing a vein and lymphatics; seen radiographically when thickened as a Kerley B line.
intermediate cervical s.a thin s. composed of glia fiber and leptomeningeal connective tissue in the cervical spinal cord marking the border between the gracile fasciculi and cuneatus of the dorsal funiculus.s. cervicale intermedium [NA] ;
s. interme´diumold term for the s. of the atrioventricular canal of the embryonic heart formed by the fusion of the dorsal and ventral atrioventricular canal cushions.
intermuscular s.a term applied to aponeurotic sheets separating various muscles of the limbs; these are anterior and posterior crural, lateral and medial femoral, lateral and medial humeral.s. intermusculare [NA] ;
s. intermuscula´re [NA] intermuscular s
interpulmonary s.mediastinum (2)
interradicular septathe bony partitions that project into the alveoli between the roots of the molar teeth.septa interradicularia [NA] , intra-alveolar septa;
sep´ta interradicula´ria [NA] interradicular septa
interventricular s.the wall between the ventricles of the heart.s. interventriculare [NA] , ventricular s;
s. interventricula´re [NA] interventricular s
s. lin´guae [NA] lingual s
lingual s.the median vertical fibrous partition of the tongue merging posteriorly into the aponeurosis of the tongue.s. linguae [NA] , s. of tongue;
s. lu´cidumtransparent s
s. mediastina´lemediastinum (2)
s. membrana´ceum ventriculo´rummembranous part of interventricular septum
membranous s. 1. membranous part of nasal septum 2. membranous part of interventricular septum
s. mo´bile na´simobile part of nasal septum
s. muscula´re ventriculo´rummuscular part of interventricular septum of heart
s. of musculotubal canals. of auditory tube
nasal s.the wall dividing the nasal cavity into halves; it is composed of a central supporting skeleton covered on each side by a mucous membrane.s. nasi [NA] ;
s. na´si [NA] nasal s
s. na´si oss´eum [NA] bony nasal s
orbital s.a fibrous membrane attached to the margin of the orbit and extending into the lids, containing the orbital fat and constituting in great part the posterior fascia of the orbicularis oculi muscle.s. orbitale [NA] ;
s. orbita´le [NA] orbital s
pectiniform s., s. pectinifor´methe anterior portion of the s. penis which is broken by a number of slitlike perforations.comblike s;
s. pellu´cidum [NA] transparent s
s. pe´nis [NA] the portion of the tunica albuginea incompletely separating the two corpora cavernosa of the penis.
placental septaincomplete partitions between placental cotyledons; they are covered with trophoblast and contain a core of maternal tissue.
precommissural s. See septal area.
s. pri´muma crescentic s. in the embryonic heart that develops on the dorsocephalic wall of the originally single atrium and initiates its partitioning into right and left chambers; the tips of the s. grow toward and fuse with the atrioventricular canal cushions.
proximal spiral s. See spiral s.
rectovaginal s.the fascial layer between the vagina and the lower part of the rectum.s. rectovaginale [NA] ;
s. rectovagina´le [NA] rectovaginal s
rectovesical s.a fascial layer that extends superiorly from the central tendon of the perineum to the peritoneum between the prostate and rectum.s. rectovesicale [NA] , Denonvilliers' aponeurosis, rectovesical fascia, Tyrrell's fascia;
s. rectovesica´le [NA] rectovesical s
scrotal s.an incomplete wall of connective tissue and nonstriated muscle (dartos fascia) dividing the scrotum into two sacs, each containing a testis.s. scroti [NA] ;
s. scro´ti [NA] scrotal s
s. secun´dumthe second of two major septal structures involved in the partitioning of the atrium, developing later than the s. primum and located to the right of it; like the s. primum, it is crescentic, but its tips are directed toward the sinus venosus, and it is more heavily muscular; it remains an incomplete partition until after birth, with its unclosed area constituting the foramen ovale.
sinus s.a small fold forming the medial end of the valve of the inferior vena cava; it is developed from the dorsal wall of the embryonic sinus venosus.
s. sin´uum fronta´lium [NA] s. of frontal sinuses
s. sin´uum sphenoida´lium [NA] s. of sphenoidal sinuses
s. of sphenoidal sinusesthe bony partition between the two sphenoidal sinuses, often deflected to one side of the mid line.s. sinuum sphenoidalium [NA] ;
spiral s.a s. dividing the embryonic bulbus cordis into pulmonary and aortic outflow tracts from the developing heart; the distal spiral s. is derived from the right and left endocardial cushions and so separates the pulmonary and aortic orifices; the proximal spiral s. is the portion of the s. that is incorporated into the membranous part of the interventricular s.
spiral bulbar s. See spiral s.
s. spu´riuma s. in the right atrium of the embryonic heart formed by the right venous valve and its continuation onto the dorsocephalic wall of the atrium; in human embryos, it reaches its fullest development during the third month and then undergoes regression, taking no part in atrial partitioning (hence its designation as false); reduced portions persist as the valve of the inferior vena cava and the valve of the coronary sinus.
s. of testismediastinum testis
s. of tonguelingual snucleus fibrosus linguae;
transparent s.a thin plate of brain tissue, containing nerve cells and numerous nerve fibers, that is stretched like a flat, vertical sheet between the column and body of fornix below, the corpus callosum above and anteriorly; it is usually fused in the median plane with its partner on the opposite side so as to form a thin, median partition between the left and right frontal horn of the lateral ventricles; in less than 10% of humans there is a blind, slitlike, fluid-filled space between the two transparent septa, the cavity of s. pellucidum. The transparent s. is continuous ventralward through the interval between the corpus callosum and the anterior commissure with the precommissural septum and subcallosal gyrus. See also cavity of septum pellucidum, septal area.s. pellucidum [NA] , s. lucidum;
transverse s. 1. ampullary crest 2. the mesodermal mass separating the pericardial and peritoneal cavities; it is covered with mesothelium except where intimately associated with the liver, which originally develops within it; the s. is definitively incorporated into the diaphragm as the central tendon.
s. tu´baes. of auditory tube
urogenital s.the coronally placed ridge formed by the caudal portion of the urogenital ridges fusing in the midline of the embryo; it lies between the hindgut dorsally and the bladder ventrally.
urorectal s.in embryos, a partition dividing the cloaca into a dorsal, rectal portion and a ventral portion called the urogenital sinus; reaching the cloacal membrane at about the time of its disintegration, the urorectal s. divides the cloacal exit into an anal and a urogenital orifice.urorectal fold;
ventricular s.interventricular s

sequela sequela, pl. sequelae (se-kwel´a, se-kwel´e)

A condition following as a consequence of a disease. [L. sequela, a sequel, fr. sequor, to follow]

sequence sequence (se´kwens)

The succession, or following, of one thing or event after another. [L. sequor, to follow]
Alu s.'sin the human genome a repeated, relatively conserved s. of about 300 bp that often contains a cleavage site for the restriction enzyme AluI near the center; about 1 million copies in the human genome.
chi s.an octomeric s. of bases in DNA that participates in RecBC-mediated genetic recombination.
chi-s.'sa specific DNA s. in bacterial genomes that allows for extensive genetic recombination.
coding s.the portion of DNA that codes for transcription of messenger RNA. See exon.
insertion s.discrete DNA s.'s of approximately 1000 nucleotides which are repeated at various sites on a bacterial chromosome, certain plasmids, and bacteriophages, which can move from one site to another on the chromosome, to another plasmid in the same bacterium, or to a bacteriophage.
intervening s.intron
leader s.'ss.'s at the end of either nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) or proteins that must be processed off to allow for a specific function of the mature molecule.
long terminal repeat s.'sregions of the RNA genome associated with regulation, integration, and expression of retroviruses.
monotonic s.a s. in which each value in a set is greater than the preceding value.
palindromic s. See palindrome.
regulatory s.any DNA s. that is responsible for the regulation of gene expression, such as promoters and operators.
Shine-Dalgarno s.a purine-rich, untranslated region of mRNA upstream from the initiation codon in prokaryotes; assists in aligning the mRNA on the ribosome.
termination s.termination codon

sequence ladder sequence ladder

The array of bands, made conspicuous by labeling, when DNA fragmented by endonucleases is subject to gel electrophoresis; corresponds to the nucleotide sequence.

sequencing sequencing (se´kwens-ing)

The determination of the sequence of subunits in a macromolecule.
dideoxy sequencinga method of sequencing DNA using 2´,3´-dideoxyribonucleoside triphosphates.
Maxim-Gilbert sequencinga method of sequencing DNA using dimethyl sulfate and hydrazinolysis.

sequential sequential (se-kwen´shal)

Occurring in sequence.

sequester sequester (se-kwes´ter)

To separate off from the main mass of tissue.

sequestra sequestra (se-kwes´tra)

Plural of sequestrum.

sequestral sequestral (se-kwes´tral)

Relating to a sequestrum.

sequestration sequestration (se-kwes-tra´shun)

1. Formation of a sequestrum. 2. Loss of blood or of its fluid content into spaces within the body so that it is withdrawn from the circulating volume, resulting in hemodynamic impairment, hypovolemia, hypotension, and reduced venous return to the heart. [L. sequestratio, fr. sequestro, pp. -atus, to lay aside]
bronchopulmonary s.a congenital anomaly in which a mass of lung tissue becomes isolated, during development, from the rest of the lung; the bronchi in the mass are usually dilated or cystic and are not connected with the bronchial tree; it is supplied by a branch of the aorta.

sequestrectomy sequestrectomy (se-kwes-trek´to-me)

Operative removal of a sequestrum.sequestrotomy; [sequestrum + G. ektome, excision]

sequestrotomy sequestrotomy (se-kwes-trot´o-me)

sequestrectomy [sequestrum + G. tome, incision]

sequestrum sequestrum, pl. sequestra (se-kwes´trum, -tra)

A piece of necrotic tissue, usually bone, that has become separated from the surrounding healthy tissue. [Mod. L. use of Mediev. L. sequestrum, something laid aside, fr. L. sequestro, to lay aside, separate]
primary s.a completely detached s.

sequoiosis sequoiosis (se-kwoy-o´sis)

Extrinsic allergic alveolitis caused by inhalation of redwood sawdust containing spores of Graphium, Pullularia, Aureobasidium, and other fungi. [Sequoia (genus name) for Sequoah (George Guess), Cherokee scholar, + G. -osis, condition]

SER SER

Abbreviation for somatosensory evoked response. See also evoked response.

Ser Ser

Symbol for serine and its radical.

sera sera (ser´a)

Plural of serum.

seralbumin seralbumin (ser-al-byu´min)

serum albumin

serendipity serendipity (ser-en-dip´i-te)

Accidental discovery; in science, finding one thing while looking for something else, as in Fleming's discovery of penicillin. [coined by Horace Walpole and relates to The Three Princes of Serendip, fr. alternate spelling of Serendib, ancient name for Sri Lanka]

Sergent Sergent

Emile, French physician, 1867-1943. See S.'s white line; Bernard-S. syndrome.

series series, pl. series (ser´ez)

1. A succession of similar objects following one another in space or time. 2. In chemistry, a group of substances, either elements or compounds, having similar properties or differing from each other in composition by a constant ratio. [L. fr. sero, to join together]
aromatic s.all the compounds derived from benzene, or similar cyclic compounds that obey Hückel's rule, distinguished from those compounds that are acyclic or that contain rings that lack the conjugated double bond structure characteristic of benzene.
erythrocytic s.the cells in the various stages of development in the red bone marrow leading to the formation of the erythrocyte, e.g., erythroblasts, normoblasts, erythrocytes.
fatty s.the alkanes; all the acyclic compounds in the methane, ethane, propane, etc., group, distinguished from the aromatic s.
granulocytic s.the cells in the several stages of development in the bone marrow leading to the mature granulocyte of the circulation, e.g., myeloblasts, different stages of the myelocyte, granulocytes.
Hofmeister s.the series of cations Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, Sr²⁺, Ba²⁺, Li⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, Rb⁺, Cs⁺, and of anions citrate³^-, tartrate²^-, SO₄²^-, acetate-, NO₃^-, CIO₃^-, I^-, CNS^- (among others), each series arranged in order of decreasing ability to: 1) precipitate the dispersed substance of lyophilic sols; 2) "salt out" organic substances (e.g., aniline, ethyl acetate) from aqueous solutions; or 3) inhibit the swelling of gels. These effects, among other related ones, are ascribable to the abstraction and binding of water by these ions (i.e., hydration), which also decreases in the orders given, so that (in the monovalent cation series) Li⁺, with the smallest crystal radius, has the largest hydrated radius, and vice versa for Cs⁺.lyotropic s;
homologous s.a s. of organic compounds, the succeeding members of which differ from each other by the radical CH₂ (as in the fatty series).
lymphocytic s., lymphoid s.the cells at various states in the development in lymphoid tissue of the mature lymphocytes, e.g., lymphoblasts, young lymphocytes, mature lymphocytes.
lyotropic s.Hofmeister s
myeloid s.the granulocytic and the erythrocytic s.
small bowel s.radiographic examination of the small intestine following the oral administration of contrast medium, usually barium sulfate. Cf. small bowel enema.
thrombocytic s.the cells of successive stages in thrombocytic (platelet) development in the bone marrow, e.g., thromboblasts, thrombocytes.
upper GI s.a radiographic contrast study of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum.

serine (S, Ser) serine (S, Ser) (ser´en)

2-Amino-3-hydroxypropanoic acid;the l-isomer is one of the amino acids occurring in proteins.
s. deaminasethreonine dehydratase
s. dehydrasel-s. dehydratase
l-s. dehydratase l-Hydroxyamino acid dehydratase;a deaminating hydro-lyase converting l-serine to pyruvate and NH₃; a part of amino acid catabolism. See also threonine dehydratase.s. dehydrase;
s. diazoacetateazaserine
s. sulfhydrasecystathionine beta-synthase

l-serine dehydratase l-serine dehydratase

See under serine.

seriograph seriograph (ser´e-o-graf)

An instrument for making a series of radiographs; used, e.g., in cerebral angiography; an obsolete term for rapid film changes. [series + G. grapho, to write]

seriography seriography (ser-e-og´ra-fe)

The taking of a series of radiographs by means of the seriograph.

serioscopy serioscopy (ser-e-os´ko-pe)

Formerly, a series of radiographs of a region taken from different directional points and later combined. [series + G. skopeo, to view]

seriscission seriscission (ser-i-sish´un)

Rarely used term denoting division of the pedicle of a tumor or other tissue by a silk ligature. [L. sericum, silk, + scissio, a cleaving]

sero- sero-

Serum, serous. [L. serum, whey]

serocolitis serocolitis (ser´o-ko-lI´tis)

pericolitis [Mod. L. serosa, serous membrane, + colitis]

seroconversion seroconversion (ser´o-kon-ver´zhun)

Development of detectable specific antibodies in the serum as a result of infection or immunization.

serocystic serocystic (ser-o-sis´tik)

Relating to one or more serous cysts.

serodiagnosis serodiagnosis (ser´o-dI-ag-no´sis)

Diagnosis by means of a reaction using blood serum or other serous fluids in the body (serologic tests).

seroenteritis seroenteritis (ser´o-en-ter-I´tis)

perienteritis [Mod. L. serosa, serous membrane, + enteritis]

seroepidemiology seroepidemiology (ser´o-ep-i-de-me-ol´o-je)

Epidemiological study based on the detection of infection by serological testing.

serofast serofast (ser´o-fast)

serum-fast

serofibrinous serofibrinous (ser-o-fI´bri-nus)

Denoting an exudate composed of serum and fibrin.

serofibrous serofibrous (ser-o-fI´brus)

Relating to a serous membrane and a fibrous tissue.

serologic serologic (ser-o-loj´ik)

Relating to serology.

serology serology (se-rol´o-je)

The branch of science concerned with serum, especially with specific immune or lytic serums; to measure either antigens or antibodies in sera. [sero- + G. logos, study]

seroma seroma (se-ro´ma)

A mass or tumefaction caused by the localized accumulation of serum within a tissue or organ. [sero- + G. -oma, tumor]

seromembranous seromembranous (ser´o-mem´bra-nus)

Relating to a serous membrane.

seromucoid seromucoid (ser-o-myu´koyd)

General term for a mucoprotein (glycoprotein) from serum.
acid s.orosomucoid

seromucous seromucous (ser-o-myu´kus)

Pertaining to a mixture of watery and mucinous material, such as that of certain glands.

seromyotomy seromyotomy (se´ro-mI-ot´o-me)

Incision in the wall of a hollow viscus that involves the serosa and muscularis but not the mucosa. [serosa 1. + G. mys, muscle, + tome, a cutting]

seronegative seronegative (ser-o-neg´a-tiv)

Lacking an antibody of a specific type in serum; used to mean absence of prior infection with a specific agent (e.g., rubella virus), disappearance of antibodies after treatment of a disease (e.g., syphilis), or absence of antibody usually found in a given syndrome (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis without rheumatoid factor).

seropositive seropositive (ser-o-poz´i-tiv)

Containing antibody of a specific type in serum; used to indicate presence of immunological evidence of a specific infection (e.g., Lyme disease, syphilis) or presence of a diagnostically useful antibody (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis with rheumatoid factor).

seropurulent seropurulent (ser´o-pu´ru-lent)

Composed of or containing both serum and pus; denoting a discharge of thin watery pus (seropus).

seropus seropus (ser´o-pus)

Purulent serum, i.e., pus largely diluted with serum.

seroreversion seroreversion (sir-o-re-vur´zhun)

A loss in serological reactivity; may be spontaneous or in response to therapy.

serosa serosa (se-ro´sa)

1. The outermost coat or serous layer of a visceral structure that lies in the body cavities of abdomen or thorax; it consists of a surface layer of mesothelium reinforced by irregular fibroelastic connective tissue. See also chorion. 2. The outermost of the extraembryonic membranes that encloses the embryo and all its other membranes; it consists of somatopleure, i.e., ectoderm reinforced by somatic mesoderm; the serosa of mammalian embryos is frequently called the trophoderm.membrana serosa (2) ; tunica serosa [NA] , membrana serosa (1) , serous coat, serous membrane, serous tunic; [fem. of Mod. L. serosus, serous]
s. of colonserous coat of the colon; the visceral peritoneum of the large intestine.tunica serosa coli [NA] ;
s. of gallbladderserous coat of the gallbladder; the visceral peritoneum covering the portions of the gallbladder not in direct contact with the liver.tunica serosa vesicae biliaris [NA] , tunica serosa vesicae felleae [NA] ;
s. of liverserous coat of the liver; peritoneal covering of the liver, enclosing almost all except for a triangular area on its posterior surface, (the "bare area of the liver") and a smaller area where the liver and gallbladder are in direct contact.tunica serosa hepatis [NA] ;
s. of small intestineserous coat of the small intestine; the peritoneal covering of the external surface of the small intestine.tunica serosa intestini tenuis [NA] ;
s. of stomachserous coat of the stomach; the visceral peritoneum covering the outer surface of the stomach.tunica serosa gastrica [NA] , tunica serosa ventriculi [NA] ;
s. of urinary bladderserous coat of the urinary bladder; the visceral peritoneum covering the roof and lateral walls of the urinary bladder.tunica serosa vesicae urinariae [NA] ;
s. of uterine tubeserous coat of the uterine tube; the visceral peritoneum forming the outer surface of the uterine tubes.tunica serosa tubae uterinae [NA] ;
s. of uterusserous coat of uterus; the visceral peritoneum covering the fundus and posterior body of the uterus.tunica serosa uteri [NA] ;

serosamucin serosamucin (se-ro-sa-myu´sin)

Mucoid material found in serous fluids, e.g., in ascitic or synovial fluid.

serosanguineous serosanguineous (ser´o-sang-gwin´e-us)

Denoting an exudate or a discharge composed of or containing serum and also blood.

seroserous seroserous (ser-o-ser´us)

1. Relating to two serous surfaces. 2. Denoting a suture, as of the intestine, in which the edges of the wound are infolded so as to bring the two serous surfaces in apposition.

serositis serositis (ser-o-sI´tis)

Inflammation of a serous membrane.
infectious s.a contagious disease of young ducks and turkeys caused by the bacterium Pasteurella anatipestifer and characterized in ducks by ocular and nasal discharges, coughing and sneezing, and incoordination, and in turkeys by dyspnea, droopiness, lameness, and a twisted neck.new duck disease;
multiple s.polyserositis

serosity serosity (se-ros´i-te)

1. A serous fluid or a serum. 2. The condition of being serous. 3. The serous quality of a liquid.

serosynovial serosynovial (ser´o-si-no´ve-al)

Relating to serum and also synovia.

serosynovitis serosynovitis (ser´o-sin-o-vI´tis)

Synovitis attended with a copious serous effusion.

serotaxis serotaxis (ser-o-tak´sis)

Edema of the skin induced by the application of a strong cutaneous irritant. [sero- + G. taxis, an arranging]

serotherapy serotherapy (ser-o-thar´a-pe)

Treatment of an infectious disease by injection of an antitoxin or serum containing specific antibody.serum therapy;

serotina serotina (ser´o-tI´na)

See decidua. [L. fem. of serotinus, late]

serotonergic serotonergic (ser-o-to-ner´jik, ser-)

Related to the action of serotonin or its precursor l-tryptophan. [serotonin + G. ergon, work]

serotonin serotonin (ser-o-to´nin)

3-(2-aminoethyl)-5-indolol;a vasoconstrictor, liberated by the blood platelets, that inhibits gastric secretion and stimulates smooth muscle; present in relatively high concentrations in some areas of the central nervous system (hypothalamus, basal ganglia), and occurs in many peripheral tissues and cells and in carcinoid tumors.5-hydroxytryptamine, enteramine, thrombocytin, thrombotonin; [sero- + G. tonos, tone, tension, + -in]

serotype serotype (ser´o-tIp)

serovar
heterologous s. (het´ter-o-log´us) an antibody that was induced by one antigen and reacts with another antigen.
homologous s. (ho´mo-log´us) an antibody that was induced by a particular antigen and reacts with that antigen.

serous serous (ser´us)

Relating to, containing, or producing serum or a substance having a watery consistency.

serovaccination serovaccination (ser´o-vak-si-na´shun)

A process for producing mixed immunity by the injection of a serum, to secure passive immunity, and by vaccination with a modified or killed culture to acquire active immunity later.

serovar serovar (ser´o-var)

A subdivision of a species or subspecies distinguishable from other strains therein on the basis of antigenic character.serotype; [sero- + variant]

serozyme serozyme (ser´o-zIm)

prothrombin

serpentaria serpentaria (ser-pen-ta´re-a, -tar´e-a)

The dried rhizome and roots of Aristolochia serpentaria, Virginia snakeroot, or of A. reticulata, Texas snakeroot (family Aristolochiaceae); a stomachic.snakeroot; [L. snakeweed]

serpiginous serpiginous (ser-pij´i-nus)

Creeping; denoting an ulcer or other cutaneous lesion that extends with an arciform border; the margin has a wavy or serpent-like border. [Mediev. L. serpigo- (-gin), ringworm, fr. L. serpo, to creep]

serpigo serpigo (ser-pI´go)

1. tinea 2. herpes 3. Any creeping or serpiginous eruption. [Mediev. L. serpigo (-gin), ringworm, fr. L. serpo, to creep]

serpins serpins

serine protease inhibitors, under inhibitor [serine protease inhibitors]

serrate serrate, serrated (ser´at, -a´ted)

Toothed. [L. serratus, fr. serra, a saw]

Serratia Serratia (se-ra´she-a)

A genus of motile, peritrichous, aerobic to facultatively anaerobic bacteria (family Enterobacteriaceae) which contain small, Gram-negative rods. Some strains are encapsulated. Many strains produce a pink, red, or magenta pigment; their metabolism is fermentative and they are saprophytic on decaying plant and animal materials. The type species is S. marcescens. [Serafino Serrati, 18th century Italian physicist]
S. marces´censa species found in water, soil, milk, foods, and silkworms and other insects; hospital-acquired infection has been reported in patients with impaired immunity; it is the type species of the genus S.

serration serration (se-ra´shun)

1. The state of being serrated or notched. 2. Any one of the processes in a serrate or dentate formation. [L. serra, saw]

serrefine serrefine (ser-e-fen´)

A small spring forceps used for approximating the edges of a wound or for temporarily closing an artery during an operation. [Fr.]

serrenoeud serrenoeud (ser-e-no-ud´)

An instrument for tightening a ligature. [Fr. serrer, to press, + noeud, knot]

Serres Serres

Antoine E.R.A., French anatomist, 1786-1868. See S.'s angle, glands, under gland; rest's of S., under rest.

serrulate serrulate, serrulated (ser´yu-lat, -la´ted)

Finely serrate. [L. serrula, a small saw, dim. of serra]

Sertoli Sertoli

Enrico, Italian histologist, 1842-1910. See S.'s cells, under cell, columns, under column; S. cell tumor; S.-cell-only syndrome.

sertraline sertraline (ser´tra-len)

An antidepressant which exhibits selectivity for the blockade of serotonin reuptake; similar to fluoxetine.

serum serum, pl. serumssera (ser´um, -umz, -a)

1. A clear watery fluid, especially that moistening the surface of serous membranes, or exuded in inflammation of any of those membranes. 2. The fluid portion of the blood obtained after removal of the fibrin clot and blood cells, distinguished from the plasma in circulating blood. Sometimes used as a synonym for antiserum or antitoxin. [L. whey]
anticomplementary s.s. that destroys or inactivates complement.
antiepithelial s.an antiserum (cytotoxin) for epithelial cells.
antilymphocyte s. (ALS) antiserum against lymphocytes, used to suppress rejection of grafts or organ transplants; when used in man, the globulin fraction of the heterologous s. (prepared in horse or other animals) is usually used in conjunction with other immunosuppressive agents (drugs or chemicals) and for a limited period of time.antilymphocyte globulin;
antirabies s.a sterile solution containing antibodies obtained from the blood s. or plasma of a healthy animal, or human, that has been immunized against rabies by means of vaccine; administered immediately after severe or multiple bites by domestic animals suspected to be rabid and in all wild animal bites, to be followed by a regimen of rabies vaccine.
antireticular cytotoxic s.an antiserum specific for cells of the reticuloendothelial system.
antitoxic s.an antitoxin.
bacteriolytic s.an antiserum (bacteriolysin) that sensitizes a bacterium to the lytic action of complement.
blood s. See serum (2) .
convalescent s.s. from patients recently recovered from a disease; useful in preventing or modifying by passive immunization the same disease in exposed susceptible individuals.
Coombs' s.antihuman globulin
dried human s.s. prepared by drying liquid human s. by freeze-drying or by any other method that will avoid denaturation of the proteins and will yield a product readily soluble in a quantity of water equal to the volume of liquid human s. from which it was prepared.
foreign s.a s. derived from an animal and injected into an animal of another species or into humans.
human s. See dried human s., normal human s.
human measles immune s.obtained from the blood of a healthy person who has survived an attack of measles.measles convalescent s;
human pertussis immune s.the sterile s. prepared from the pooled blood of healthy adult human beings who have received repeated courses of phase I pertussis vaccine; administered intravenously or intramuscularly for the prophylaxis or treatment of whooping cough.
human scarlet fever immune s.scarlet fever convalescent s., obtained from healthy persons who have survived an attack of scarlet fever.
hyperimmune s.antisera with a high antibody titer produced by repeated injections of antigens.
immune s.antiserum
inactivated s.s. that has been heated 50°C for 30 minutes to destroy the lytic activity of complement.
s. lactiswhey
liquid human s.the pool of fluids separated from blood withdrawn from human subjects and allowed to clot in the absence of any anticoagulant; not more than 10 separate donations are pooled; the contributions from donors of A, O, and either B or AB groups are represented in approximately the ratio 9:9:2.
measles convalescent s.human measles immune s
muscle s.the fluid remaining after the coagulation of muscle plasma and the separation of myosin.
nonimmune s.a s. from a subject that is not immune; a s. that is free of antibodies to a given antigen.
normal s.a nonimmune s., usually with reference to a s. obtained prior to immunization.
normal horse s.the sterile and filtered s. of a healthy, unvaccinated horse.
normal human s.sterile s. obtained by pooling approximately equal amounts of the liquid portion of coagulated whole blood from eight or more persons who are free from any disease transmissible by transfusion.
polyvalent s.an antiserum obtained by inoculating an animal with several different antigens or species or strains of bacteria.
pooled s., pooled blood s.the mixed s. from a number of individuals.
salted s.salted plasma
specific s.a monovalent antiserum, i.e., one obtained by inoculating an animal with one antigen or species or strain of bacteria.
thyrotoxic s.an antiserum obtained by injecting into animals the nucleoproteins of the thyroid gland.
truth s.colloquialism for a drug, such as amobarbital sodium or thiopental sodium, intravenously injected for the purpose of eliciting information from the subject under its influence; a misnomer because the subject's revelations may or may not be factually true, and its legal status and use is questionable.

serumal serumal (ser´um-al)

Relating to or derived from serum.

serum-fast serum-fast (ser´um-fast)

1. Pertaining to a serum in which there is little or no change in the titer of antibody, even under conditions of treatment or immunologic stimulation. 2. Resistant to the destructive effect of sera.serofast;

serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT)

aspartate aminotransferase

serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (SGPT)

alanine aminotransferase

servation servation (ser-va´shun)

The use or function of an organ.

Servetus Servetus, Servet, Servide

Miguel, Spanish anatomist and theologian, 1511-1553. See S.'s circulation.

servomechanism servomechanism (ser´vo-mek´a-nizm)

1. A control system using negative feedback to operate another system. 2. A process that behaves as a self-regulatory device; e.g., the reaction of the pupil to light. [L. servus, servant, + G. mechane, contrivance]

seryl seryl (ser´il)

A radical of serine.

sesame sesame (ses´a-me)

Benne plant, an herb, Sesamum indicum (family Pedaliaceae), the seeds of which are used as a food, and which are the source of sesame oil. [G. sesame, sesame, an eastern leguminous plant]
s. oilthe refined fixed oil obtained from the seed of one or more cultivated varieties of Sesamum indicum; a solvent for intramuscular injections.benne oil, gingili oil, teel oil;

sesamoid sesamoid (ses´a-moyd)

1. Resembling in size or shape a grain of sesame. 2. Denoting a sesamoid bone. [G. sesamoeides, like sesame]

sesamoiditis sesamoiditis (ses-a-moy-dI´tis)

Inflammation of the proximal sesamoid bones in the horse.

sesqui- sesqui-

Prefix denoting 3 / 2; at one time used in chemistry to indicate a ratio of 3 to 2 between the two parts of a compound (e.g., sesquisulfide, sesquibasic), but presently used only for sesquihydrates and sesquiterpenes. [L.]

sesquihydrates sesquihydrates (ses-kwi-hI´drats)

Compounds crystallizing with (nominally) 1.5 molecules of water.

sesquiterpenes sesquiterpenes (ses-kwi-ter´penz)

Compounds formed from three isoprene units; may be acyclic, mono-, di-, or tricyclic; synthesized from farnesylpyrophosphate (e.g., trichothecin, nicin).

sessile sessile (ses´il)

Having a broad base of attachment; not pedunculated. [L. sessilis, low-growing, fr. sedeo, pp. sessus, to sit]

sesterterpenes sesterterpenes (ses´ter-ter-penz)

Compounds formed from five isoprene units; often have a tricyclic structure; formed from geranylfarnesylpyrophosphate (e.g., cochliobolin B). [L. sestertius, two and one-half,fr. semis, half, + tertius, third, + terpene]

set set

1. A readiness to perceive or to respond in some way; an attitude which facilitates or predetermines an outcome; e.g., prejudice or bigotry as a s. to respond negatively, independently of the merits of the stimulus. 2. To reduce a fracture; i.e., to bring the bones back into a normal position or alignment.
haploid s. (hap´loyd) the genetic content of a normal gamete in which every autosomal locus is represented by a single allele and either one full set of X-linked genes or one full set of Y-linked genes; the normal adult somatic cell contains two diploid s.
learning s.a readiness or predisposition to learn developed from previous learning experiences, as when an organism learns to solve each successive problem (of equal or increasing difficulty) in fewer trials.
postural s.an overall motor readiness to respond, as in a runner instructed to get set and on the mark.

seta seta, pl. setae (se´ta, -te)

A bristle or a slender, stiff, bristle-like structure.chaeta; [L. saeta or seta, a stiff hair or bristle]

setaceous setaceous (se-ta´shus)

1. Having bristles. 2. Resembling a bristle. [L. seta, a bristle]

Setaria Setaria (se-ta´re-a, -tar´e-a)

A nematode genus of the family Stephanofilariidae (superfamily Filarioidea). Adults are long and thin, typically occur in the peritoneal cavity, and produce sheathed microfilariae in the blood that are transmitted to other hosts after cyclical development in appropriate mosquito hosts. They are parasitic in cattle or equines (wild or domestic) and generally are nonpathogenic, although occasionally young worms may wander into the anterior chamber of the eye. [L. seta, a bristle]
S. cer´via species that occurs in the abdominal cavity of cattle, buffalo, bison, yak, and various deer, but rarely in sheep.
S. equi´naa species that is a common parasite of horses and other equids in all parts of the world; they are slender whitish filaments, several inches in length, usually found free in the peritoneal cavity, but occasionally reported in the pleural cavity, lungs, scrotum, eye, and intestine.

setariasis setariasis (se´ta-re-a´-sis)

An infection with filarial parasites of the genus Setaria, usually of little pathogenic significance; aberrant migration in horses, sheep, and goats can lead to paralysis and blindness.

setback setback (set´bak)

A surgical operation for treatment of a bilateral cleft of the palate in which the premaxilla is moved posteriorly; the procedure is often accompanied by bone grafting.

setiferous setiferous (se-tif´er-us)

Bristly or having bristles.setigerous; [L. seta, bristle, + fero, to carry]

setigerous setigerous (se-tij´er-us)

setiferous [L. seta, bristle, + gero, to bear]

seton seton (se´ton)

A wisp of threads, a strip of gauze, a length of wire, or other foreign material passed through the subcutaneous tissues or a cyst to form a sinus or fistula. [L. seta, bristle]

setting setting

Hardening, as of amalgam.

set-up set-up

1. The arrangement of teeth on a trial denture base. 2. A procedure in dental case analysis involving cutting off and repositioning of teeth in the desired positions on a plaster cast.

severe combined immunodeficient mice (SCID mice) severe combined immunodeficient mice (SCID mice)

Mice that lack both T and B lymphocytes and are used for transplantation and study of human lymphoid tissues resulting in a SCID-human mouse chimera. See also severe combined immunodeficiency.

Severinghaus Severinghaus

John W., U.S. physiologist and anesthesiologist, *1922. See S. electrode.

sevoflurane sevoflurane (sev-o-flur´an)

Fluoromethyl 2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(trifluoromethyl)ethyl ether;a halogenated ether for inhalation anesthesia.

sevum sevum (se´vum)

Suet or tallow. [L.]

sex sex (seks)

1. The biological character or quality that distinguishes male and female from one another as expressed by analysis of the individual's gonadal, morphological (internal and external), chromosomal, and hormonal characteristics. Cf. gender. 2. The physiological and psychological processes within an individual which prompt behavior related to procreation or erotic pleasure. [L. sexus]
safe s.sexual practices that limit the risk of transmitting or acquiring an infectious disease via exchanges of semen, blood, and other bodily fluids, e.g., use of a condom, mutual masturbation, and avoidance of anal intercourse.

sexdigitate sexdigitate (seks-dij´i-tat)

Having six digits on one or both hands or feet.sedigitate; [L. sex, six, + digitus, finger or toe]

sexduction sexduction (seks´duk-shun)

F duction

sex-influenced sex-influenced

Denoting a class of genetic disorders in which the same genotype has differing manifestations in the two sexes; the variation may be rational (e.g., breast cancer occurs less frequently in males) or have only empirical support (e.g., pattern baldness behaves as a dominant trait in the male and as a recessive trait in the female). See also sex-influenced inheritance.

sexivalent sexivalent (sek-sI-va´lent, sek-siv´a-lent)

Having a valence of six. [L. sex, six, + valencia, strength]

sex-limited sex-limited

Occurring in one sex only. See sex-limited inheritance.

sex-linked sex-linked

See sex linkage.

sexology sexology (sek-sol´o-je)

The study of all aspects of sex and, in particular, sexual behavior. [L. sexus, sex, + G. logos, study]

sextan sextan (seks´tan)

Denoting a malarial fever the paroxysms of which recur every sixth day, counting the day of the episode as the first; i.e., with a four-day asymptomatic interval. [L. sextus, sixth]

sexual sexual (sek´shu-al)

1. Relating to sex; genital. 2. A person as perceived by his or her s. attractiveness, tendencies, and overall sexuality. [L. sexualis, fr. sexus, sex]

sexuality sexuality (sek-shu-al´i-te)

1. The sum of a person's sexual behaviors and tendencies, and the strength of such tendencies. 2. One's degree of sexual attractiveness. 3. The quality of having sexual functions or implications.
infantile s.in psychoanalytic personality theory, the concept concerning psychosexual development in infants and children; encompasses the overlapping oral, anal, and phallic phases during the first five years of life.

sexualization sexualization (sek´shu-al-i-za´shun)

1. The state characterized by the presence of sexual energy or drive. 2. The act of acquiring sexual energy or drive.

sexual preference sexual preference

The biologic sex preferred in one's sexual partners.

Sézary Sézary

A., French dermatologist, 1880-1956. See S. cell, erythroderma, syndrome.

SFO SFO

Abbreviation for subfornical organ.

S.G.O. S.G.O.

Abbreviation for Surgeon General's Office.

SGOT SGOT

Abbreviation for serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase.

SGPT SGPT

Abbreviation for serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase.

SH SH

1. Abbreviation for serum hepatitis. 2. Abbreviation for sulfhydryl.

shadow shadow (shad´o)

1. A surface area defined by the interception of light rays by a body. See also density (3) . 2. In jungian psychology, the archetype consisting of collective animal instincts. 3. achromocyte
acoustic s.sonographic appearance of reduced echo amplitude from regions lying beyond an attenuating object. Cf. acoustic enhancement.
Gumprecht's s.'ssmudge cells, under cell
hilar s.radiographic hilum of the lung; a composite radiographic shadow of the central pulmonary arteries and veins, with associated bronchial walls and lymph nodes, within the right or left lung.
Ponfick's s.achromocyte
radiographic parallel line s.'stram lines, under line

shadow-casting shadow-casting

Deposition of a film of carbon or certain metals such as palladium, platinum, or chromium on a contoured microscopic object in order to allow the object to be seen in relief with the electron microscope or sometimes with the light microscope.

Shaffer Shaffer

A., U.S. biochemist, 1881-1960. See S.-Hartmann method.

shaft shaft

An elongated rodlike structure, as the part of a long bone between the epiphysial extremities. The shaft of a long bone, as distinguished from the epiphyses, or extremities, and apophyses, or outgrowths.diaphysis [NA] ; [A.S. sceaft]
s. of femurthe cylindrical shaft of the thigh bone.corpus ossis femoris [NA] , body of thigh bone, corpus femoris;
s. of fibulathe body of fibula; of the fibula elongated, rod-like portion which accounts for most of its length.corpus fibulae [NA] ;
hair s.the non-growing portion of a hair which protrudes from the skin, i.e., from the follicle.scapus pili;
s. of humerusthe elongated rod-like portion of the humerus between the surgical neck proximally and the emergence of the supracondylar ridges distally.corpus humeri [NA] ;
s. of radiusthe triangular body of the radius located between the expanded proximal and distal extremities of the bone.corpus radii [NA] ;
s. of tibiathe triangular body of tibia between its expanded proximal and distal ends.corpus tibiae [NA] , body of tibia;
s. of ulnathe s. of the ulna between the proximal extremity and the head.body of ulna;

shakes shakes

The vernacular term for a paroxysm associated with an intermittent fever.
smelter's shakessmelter's fever

shank shank

1. The tibia; the shin; the leg. 2. The portion of an instrument that connects the cutting or functional portion to a handle; with rotary tools, such as burrs and drills, the end that fits into the chuck. [A.S. sceanca]

shaping shaping (shap´ing)

In operant conditioning, when the operant response is not in the organism's repertoire, a procedure in which the experimenter breaks down the response into those parts which appear most frequently, begins reinforcing them, and then slowly and successively withholds the reinforcer until more and more of the operant is emitted.

shark liver oil shark liver oil

Oil extracted from the livers of sharks, mainly of the species Hypoprion brevirostris; a rich source of vitamins A and D.

Sharpey Sharpey

William, Scottish physiologist and histologist, 1802-1880. See S.'s fibers, under fiber.

Sharpey-Schäfer Sharpey-Schäfer

See Schafer.

Shaver Shaver

Cecil Gordon, Canadian physician, *1901. See S.'s disease.

SHBG SHBG

Abbreviation for sex hormone-binding globulin.

shear shear (sher)

The distortion of a body by two oppositely directed parallel forces. The distortion consists of a sliding over one another of imaginary planes (within the body) parallel to the planes of the forces. [A.S.]

shears shears (sherz)

scissors
Liston's s.strong s. for cutting plaster of Paris bandages.

sheath sheath (sheth)

1. Any enveloping structure, such as the membranous covering of a muscle, nerve, or blood vessel. any sheathlike structure.vagina (1) ; 2. The prepuce of male animals, especially of the horse. 3. A specially designed tubular instrument through which special obturators or cutting instruments can be passed, or through which blood clots, tissue fragments, calculi, etc. can be evacuated. 4. A tube used as an orthodontic appliance, usually on molars. [A.S. scaeth]
axillary s.fibrous neurovascular s., formed as an extension of the prevertebral layer of deep cervical fascia through the cervicoaxillary canal, which enclosed the first part of the axillary artery, the axillary vein, and the brachial plexus.
carotid s.the dense fibrous investment of the carotid artery, internal jugular vein, and vagus nerve on each side of the neck, deep to the sternocleidomastoid muscle; the layers of cervical fascia blend with it.vagina carotica [NA] ;
caudal s.a group of microtubules arranged cylindrically around the caudal pole of the nucleus in a developing spermatozoon.
common flexor s.the synovial sheath that surrounds the eight tendons of the superficial and deep flexors of the digits of the hand as they pass through the carpal canal; it is commonly continuous with the digital sheath of the little finger.vagina communis musculorum flexorum [NA] , ulnar bursa;
common peroneal tendon s.the sheath that surrounds the tendons of the peroneus longus and brevis muscles in their passage across the ankle.vagina tendinum musculorum peroneorum communis [NA] , vagina tendinum musculorum fibularium communis;
crural s.femoral s
dentinal s.a layer of tissue relatively resistant to the action of acids, which forms the walls of the dentinal tubules.Neumann's s;
dural s.an extension of the dura mater that ensheathes the roots of spinal nerves or, more particularly, the vagina externa nervi optici.
dural s. of optic nerveexternal s. of optic nerve
enamel rod s.organic covering of the individual enamel rod.
external s. of optic nervethe outer sheath around the optic nerve, continuous with the dura mater.vagina externa nervi optici [NA] , dural s. of optic nerve;
external root s. See root s.
s. of eyeballfascial s. of eyeball
fascial s.'s of extraocular musclesmuscular s.; the part of the orbital s. that envelops the extraocular muscles; it is thin posteriorly but becomes thicker where it is continuous with the bulbar sheath; the fascial s.'s of the four rectus muscles are connected by an intermuscular membrane.fascia muscularis musculorum bulbi [NA] , fascia of extraocular muscles, muscular fascia of extraocular muscle;
fascial s. of eyeballa condensation of connective tissue on the outer aspect of the sclera from which it is separated by a narrow cleftlike episcleral space; the sheath is attached to the sclera near the sclerocorneal junction and blends with the fascia of the extraocular muscles.vagina bulbi [NA] , capsula bulbi, eye capsule, fascia bulbi, s. of eyeball, Tenon's capsule, vagina oculi;
femoral s.the fascia enclosing the femoral vessels, formed by the transversalis fascia anteriorly and the iliac fascia posteriorly; two septa divide the s. into three compartments, the lateral of which contains the femoral artery and the femoral branch of the genitofemoral nerve, the middle the femoral vein, and the medial is the femoral canal.crural s., infundibuliform s;
fenestrated s.a s. with a window cut in the tip or lateral convexity, through which special cutting instruments can be passed.
fibrous s.'s See fibrous tendon s., fibrous digital s.'s of hand, fibrous digital s.'s of foot.
fibrous digital s.'s of footfibrous sheaths of the toes, the tubular fibrous layer enclosing the synovial sheath and the tendons of the long and short flexors of the toes and the flexor hallucis longus in the digits; they are composed of annular and cruciform parts.vaginae fibrosae digitorum pedis [NA] ;
fibrous digital s.'s of handfibrous sheaths of the digits of the hand, the tubular fibrous layers that enclose the synovial sheaths and the superficial and deep flexor tendons and the tendon of the flexor pollicis longus in their passage along their respective digits; they are composed of annular and cruciform parts.vaginae fibrosae digitorum manus [NA] ;
fibrous tendon s.fibrous sheath of a tendon.vagina fibrosa tendinis [NA] ;
Henle's s.endoneurium
Hertwig's s.the merged outer and inner epithelial layers of the enamel organ which extends beyond the region of the anatomical crown and initiates formation of dentin in the root of a developing tooth; it atrophies as the root is formed, and any of the cells that persist are called Malassez' epithelial rests.
Huxley's s.Huxley's layer
infundibuliform s.femoral s
internal s. of optic nervethe innermost sheath around the optic nerve, continuous with the leptomeninges (pia-arachnoid) and including a cerebrospinal fluid-filled intervaginal space, continuous with the subarachnoid space.vagina interna nervi optici [NA] ;
internal root s. See root s.
intertubercular s.the extension of the synovial membrane of the shoulder joint downward in the intertubercular groove to surround the tendon of the long head of the biceps.vagina intertubercularis;
s. of Key and Retziusendoneurium
Mauthner's s.axolemma
medullary s.myelin s
microfilarial s.the membrane surrounding the embryos of certain blood-borne microfilariae, such as Wuchereria, Brugia, and Loa of humans; thought to be derived from the vitelline membrane.
mitochondrial s.the spirally arranged mitochondria in the middle piece of a spermatozoon; may control movement of the tail.
mucous s. of tendonsynovial tendon s
myelin s.the lipoproteinaceous envelope in vertebrates surrounding most axons of more than 0.5-mum diameter; it consists of a double plasma membrane wound tightly around the axon in a variable number of turns, and supplied by oligodendroglia cells (in the brain and spinal cord) or Schwann cells (in peripheral nerves); unwound, the double membrane would appear as a sheetlike cell expansion that is empty of cytoplasm but for a few narrow cytoplasmic strands corresponding to apparent interruptions of the regular myelin structure, the incisures of Schmidt-Lanterman; the myelin s. of each axon is composed of a fairly regular longitudinal sequence of segments, each corresponding to the length of s. supplied by a single oligodendroglia or Schwann cell; in the short interval between each two neighboring segments, the nodes of Ranvier, the axon is unmyelinated even though enclosed by complex finger-like plasmatic expansions of the neighboring oligodendroglia or Schwann cells.medullary s;
Neumann's s.dentinal s
neurovascular s.fibrous tissue enveloping and binding together arteries, their accompanying veins (venae comitantes) and nerves which run together; often it is merely the adventitious tissue of the neurovascular structures, but may be highly developed as a distinct fascial layer (e.g., in the case of the carotid or axillary s.'s).
notochordal s.the fibrous outer covering of the notochord.
parotid s.parotid fascia
plantar tendon s. of peroneus longus musclethe synovial sheath surrounding the tendon of the peroneus longus in its course across the sole of the foot.vagina tendinis musculi peronei longi plantaris [NA] ;
prostatic s.loose fibrous, partly vascular enclosure of the prostate and its dense (true) fibrous capsule; it is continuous inferiorly with the superior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm and posteriorly becomes part of the rectovesical septum; it contains the prostatic venous plexus.
rectus s.sheath of the rectus abdominis, formed by the aponeuroses of the three anterolateral muscles of the abdominal wall that split to enclose the rectus and fuse medially to form the linea alba; it consists of an anterior lamina and a posterior lamina, the latter being absent below the arcuate line. See also aponeurosis of external abdominal oblique muscle, aponeurosis of internal abdominal oblique muscle.vagina musculi recti abdominis [NA] ;
resectoscope s.an operative s. through which transurethral electroresection of bladder tumors or prostate gland can be performed.
root s.one of the epidermic layers of the hair follicle: external root s. is continuous with the stratum basale and stratum spinosum of the epidermis; internal root s. comprises the cuticle of the internal roots, Huxley's layer, and Henle's layer.
Rouget-Neumann s.the amorphous ground substance between an osteocyte and the lacunar or canalicular wall.
Scarpa's s.cremasteric fascia
s. of Schwannneurilemma
s. of Schweigger-Seidelellipsoid
s. of styloid processa crest of bone (edge of the tympanic portion of the temporal bone) running from the front and medial side of the mastoid process to the spine of the sphenoid; it splits to ensheath the base of the styloid process.vagina processus styloidei [NA] , vaginal process;
synovial s. See synovial tendon s., vagina synovialis trochleae, synovial s.'s of digits of hand, synovial s.'s of digits of foot.
synovial s.'s of digits of footsimilar in structure to the corresponding sheaths of the hand.vaginae synoviales digitorum pedis [NA] ;
synovial s.'s of digits of handthe synovial sheaths that enclose the flexor tendons of the fingers and line the inside of the fibrous tendon sheaths. vaginae synoviales digitorum manus [NA] ;
synovial tendon s.a sheath of synovial membrane enveloping certain of the tendons; it contains a small amount of synovial fluid.vagina synovialis tendinis [NA] , mucous s. of tendon, theca tendinis, vagina mucosa tendinis, vaginal synovial membrane;
tail s.the protoplasmic envelope in the tail of a spermatozoon.
tendon s. of abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis musclesthe synovial sheath lining the compartment of the extensor retinaculum that contains the abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis tendons.vagina tendinum musculorum abductoris longi et extensoris brevis pollicis [NA] ;
tendon s. of extensor carpi radialis musclesthe synovial sheath lining the compartment of the extensor retinaculum containing the tendons of the extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis muscles.vagina tendinum musculorum extensorum carpi radialium [NA] ;
tendon s. of extensor carpi ulnaris musclethe synovial sheath surrounding the tendon of the extensor carpi ulnaris in its course deep to the extensor retinaculum.vagina tendinis musculi extensoris carpi ulnaris [NA] , peritenon;
tendon s. of extensor digiti minimi musclethe synovial sheath surrounding the tendon of the extensor digiti minimi in its passage deep to the extensor retinaculum.vagina tendinis musculi extensoris digiti minimi [NA] ;
tendon s. of extensor digitorum and extensor indicis musclesthe synovial sheath that surrounds the four tendons of the extensor digitorum muscle and the tendon of the extensor indicis deep to the extensor retinaculum.vagina tendinum musculorum extensoris digitorum et extensoris indicis [NA] ;
tendon s. of extensor digitorum longus muscle of footthe synovial sheath that surrounds the tendons of the extensor digitorum longus muscle and the peroneus tertius in their passage across the ankle.vagina tendinum musculi extensoris digitorum pedis longi [NA] ;
tendon s. of extensor hallucis longus musclethe synovial sheath that surrounds the tendon of the extensor hallucis longus in its passage across the ankle.vagina tendinis musculi extensoris hallucis longi [NA] ;
tendon s. of extensor pollicis longus musclethe synovial sheath surrounding the extensor pollicis longus tendon in its passage deep to the extensor retinaculum.vagina tendinis musculi extensoris pollicis longi [NA] ;
tendon s. of flexor carpi radialis musclethe synovial sheath enclosing the tendon of the flexor carpi radialis as it crosses the wrist.vagina tendinis musculi flexoris carpi radialis [NA] ;
tendon s. of flexor digitorum longus muscle of footthe synovial sheath that envelops the flexor digitorum longus tendons as they pass into the foot deep to the flexor retinaculum.vagina tendinum musculi flexoris digitorum pedis longi [NA] ;
tendon s. of flexor hallucis longus musclethe synovial sheath that envelops the tendon of the flexor hallucis longus as it passes into the foot deep to the flexor retinaculum.vagina tendinis musculi flexoris hallucis longi [NA] ;
tendon s. of flexor pollicis longus musclethe synovial sheath that envelops the tendon of the flexor pollicis longus in its course through the carpal canal; it is continuous with the digital sheath of the thumb, the two generally being considered as one sheath.vagina tendinis musculi flexoris pollicis longi [NA] , radial bursa;
tendon s. of superior oblique musclethe synovial sheath enclosing the tendon of the superior oblique muscle as it passes through the trochlea.vagina tendinis musculi obliqui superioris [NA] , synovial trochlear bursa, trochlear synovial bursa, vagina synovialis trochleae;
tendon s. of tibialis anterior musclethe synovial sheath, deep to the extensor retinaculum, that surrounds the tendon of the tibialis anterior as it crosses the ankle.vagina tendinis musculi tibialis anterioris [NA] ;
tendon s. of tibialis posterior musclethe synovial sheath surrounding the tendon of the tibialis posterior as it passes into the foot deep to the flexor retinaculum.vagina tendinis musculi tibialis posterioris [NA] ;
s. of thyroid glandcovering of the thyroid gland external to its capsule formed by a splitting of the pretracheal layer of deep cervical fascia at the gland's posterior border; the anterior lamina covers the gland anterolaterally, attaching to the arch of the cricoid cartilage superior to the isthmus of the gland (causing it to move with the trachea during elevation/depression of the larynx); the posterior lamina passes posterior to the esophagus to blend with the buccopharyngeal fascia; inferiorly, the sheath extends along the inferior thyroid veins to open into the superior mediastinum (hence, expansion of the thyroid, as by goiter, can take this direction).
vascular s.'sfibrous envelopes ensheathing the arteries with their accompanying veins and sometimes nerves as well.s.'s of vessels, vaginae vasorum;
s.'s of vesselsvascular s.'s
Waldeyer's s.the tubular space between the bladder wall and the intramural portion of the ureter as it courses obliquely through this structure; actually a space and not a true s.Waldeyer's space;

Sheehan Sheehan

H.L., 20th century British pathologist. See S.'s syndrome.

sheep-pox sheep-pox (shep´poks)

A highly contagious disease of sheep, chiefly in parts of Asia, Africa, the Middle East, and southern Europe, caused by the sheep-pox virus, a member of the family Poxviridae.ovinia;

Sheldon Sheldon

J.H., English pediatrician, 1920-1964. See Freeman-S. syndrome.

shelf shelf

In anatomy, a structure resembling a shelf.
Blumer's s.rectal s
dental s.dental ledge
palatal s.a medially directed outgrowth of the embryonic maxilla; when fused with its opposite number it forms the secondary palate.
rectal s.a s. palpable by rectal examination, due to metastatic tumor cells gravitating from an abdominal cancer and growing in the rectovesical or rectouterine pouch.Blumer's s;
vocal s.vocal fold

shell shell

An outer covering.
cytotrophoblastic s.the external layer of fetally derived trophoblastic cells on the maternal surface of the placenta.
diffusion s.a small vessel made of a semipermeable membrane through which peptone, but not serum albumin, can pass; used in performing the Abderhalden test.
K s.the innermost electron orbit or shell; it can hold two electrons.

shellac shellac (she-lak´)

A resinous excretion of an insect, Laccifer (Tachardia) lacca (family Coccidae). The insects suck the juice of various resiniferous Asiatic (chiefly Indian) trees and excrete and deposit "stick-lac." S. softens at a low temperature. It has many nonmedicinal uses and is also used to coat confections and tablets and in dental materials, e.g., impression compound and denture base plates.lacca;

Shemin Shemin

David, U.S. biochemist, *1911. See S. cycle.

Shenton Shenton

Edward W.H., English radiologist, 1872-1955. See S.'s line.

Shepherd Shepherd

Francis J., Canadian surgeon, 1851-1929. See S.'s fracture.

Sherman Sherman

Henry C., U.S. biochemist, 1875-1955. See S. unit; S.-Bourquin unit of vitamin B₂; S.-Munsell unit.

Sherrington Sherrington

Sir Charles, English physiologist and Nobel laureate, 1857-1952. See S. phenomenon; S.'s law; Schiff-S. phenomenon; Liddell-S. reflex.

shield shield (sheld)

A protecting screen; lead sheet for protecting the operator and patient from x-rays. [A.S. scild]
embryonic s.a thickened area of the embryonic blastoderm from which the embryo develops.
nipple s.a cap or dome placed over the nipple to protect it during nursing.
oral s.'sremovable appliances used in orthodontic treatment, usually placed between the labial and buccal mucosa and the teeth.

shift shift

change See also deviation.
antigenic s.mutation, i.e., sudden change in molecular structure of RNA/DNA in microorganisms, especially viruses, which produces new strains of the microorganism; hosts previously exposed to other strains have little or no acquired immunity to the new strain; antigenic s. is believed to be the explanation for the occurrence of strains of microorganisms, such as the influenza virus, associated with large scale epidemics.
axis s.axis deviation
chemical s.dependence of the resonance frequency of a nucleus on the chemical binding of the atom or molecule in which it is contained. See chemical shift artifact.
chloride s.when CO₂ enters the blood from the tissues, it passes into the red blood cell and is converted by carbonate dehydratase to bicarbonate (HCO₃^-); HCO₃^- ion passes out into the plasma while Cl^- migrates into the red blood cell. Reverse changes occur in the lungs when CO₂ is eliminated from the blood.Hamburger's phenomenon;
Doppler s.the magnitude of the frequency change in hertz when sound and observer are in relative motion away from or toward each other. See also Doppler effect.
s. to the left 1. a marked increase in the percentage of immature cells in the circulating blood, based on the premise in hematology that the bone marrow with its immature myeloid cells is on the left, while the circulating blood with its mature neutrophils is on the right;deviation to the left; 2. See maturation index.
luteoplacental s.the change in site of production of the estrogen and progesterone essential for human pregnancy from the corpus luteum to the placenta; ovariectomy always terminates pregnancy in most mammals because their placentas never produce enough estrogen and progesterone, but, after the sixth week of pregnancy, a human placenta can produce enough of these hormones to prevent abortion despite ovariectomy.
phase s.in nuclear magnetic resonance, the change in phase caused by movement of the spins, which can be used to show fluid flow.
Purkinje s.Purkinje's phenomenon
s. to the right 1. in a differential count of white blood cells in the peripheral blood, the absence of young and immature forms;deviation to the right; 2. See maturation index.
threshold s.measurement of the degree of hearing loss or impairment in terms of a decibel s. from an individual's previous audiogram.

Shiga Shiga

Kiyoshi, Japanese bacteriologist, 1870-1957. See Shigella; S. bacillus; S.-Kruse bacillus.

Shigella Shigella (she-gel´la)

A genus of nonmotile, aerobic to facultatively anaerobic bacteria (family Enterobacteriaceae) containing Gram-negative nonencapsulated rods. These organisms cannot use citrate as a sole source of carbon; their growth is inhibited by potassium cyanide and their metabolism is fermentative; they ferment glucose and other carbohydrates with the production of acid but not gas; lactose is ordinarily not fermented, although it is sometimes slowly attacked; the normal habitat is the intestinal tract of humans and of higher apes; all of the species produce dysentery. The type species is S. dysenteriae. [Kiyoshi Shiga]
S. boy´diia species found only in feces of symptomatic individuals; occurs in a low proportion of cases of bacillary dysentery.
S. dysenter´iaea species causing dysentery in humans and in monkeys, found only in feces of symptomatic individuals; the type species of the genus S.Shiga bacillus, Shiga-Kruse bacillus;
S. flexne´ria species found in the feces of symptomatic individuals and of convalescents or carriers; the most common cause of dysentery epidemics and sometimes of infantile gastroenteritis. Now known sometimes to be sexually transmitted through anal intercourse.Flexner's bacillus, paradysentery bacillus;
S. son´neia species causing mild dysentery and also summer diarrhea in children.Sonne bacillus;

shigellosis shigellosis (shig-e-lo´sis)

Bacillary dysentery caused by bacteria of the genus Shigella, often occurring in epidemic patterns; an opportunistic infection of person with AIDS.

shikimate dehydrogenase shikimate dehydrogenase (shi-kim´at)

An oxidoreductase reversibly reacting 3-dehydroshikimic acid with NADPH acid to produce shikimic acid and NADP+ in l-phenylalanine and l-tyrosine biosynthesis.

shim shim (shim)

In magnetic resonance imaging, fine adjustment of the magnetic field to improve uniformity; derived from its use in carpentry.

shin shin

anterior border of tibia [A.S. scina]
bucked s.'ssore s.'s
saber s.the sharp-edged anteriorly convex tibia in congenital syphilis.
sore s.'sa condition seen most frequently in young thoroughbred horses during early training, and characterized by periostitis of the dorsal surface of the third metacarpal or metatarsal bone.bucked s.'s;
toasted s.'serythema caloricum

Shine Shine

J., contemporary Australian molecular biologist.

shingles shingles (shing´glz)

herpes zoster [L. cingulum, girdle]

shin-splints shin-splints

Tenderness and pain with induration and swelling of pretibial muscles, following athletic overexertion by the untrained; it may be a mild form of anterior tibial compartment syndrome.

ship ship

A structure resembling the hull of a ship.
Fabricius' s.the outlines of the sphenoid, occipital, and frontal bones, from their fancied resemblance to the hull of a s.

Shipley Shipley

Walter C., U.S. psychiatrist, *1903. See S.-Hartford scale.

Shirodkar Shirodkar

N.V., Indian obstetrician and gynecologist, 1900-1971. See S. operation.

shiver shiver

1. To shake or tremble, especially from cold. 2. A tremor; a slight chill.

shivering shivering

1. Trembling from cold or fear. 2. A spasmodic affection, resembling chorea, affecting the thigh muscles of the horse.

shoat shoat (shot)

A young hog.shote; [M.E. shote]

shock shock (shok)

1. A sudden physical or mental disturbance. 2. A state of profound mental and physical depression consequent upon severe physical injury or an emotional disturbance. 3. The abnormally palpable impact, appreciated by a hand on the chest wall, of an accentuated heart sound. See diastolic s., systolic s. [Fr. choc, fr. Germanic]
anaphylactic s.a severe, often fatal form of s. characterized by smooth muscle contraction and capillary dilation initiated by cytotropic (IgE class) antibodies; typically an antibody-associated phenomenon that does not occur in sensitivities of the delayed kind (type IV allergic reaction). See also anaphylaxis, serum sickness.
anaphylactoid s.a reaction that is similar to anaphylactic s., but which does not require the incubation period characteristic of induced sensitivity (anaphylaxis); it is unrelated to antigen-antibody reactions.anaphylactoid crisis (1) , pseudoanaphylactic s;
anesthetic s.s. produced by the administration of anesthetic drug(s), usually in relative overdosage.
break s.the s. produced by breaking a constant current passing through the body.
cardiac s.cardiogenic s
cardiogenic s.s. resulting from decline in cardiac output secondary to serious heart disease, usually myocardial infarction.cardiac s;
chronic s.the state of peripheral circulatory insufficiency developing in elderly patients with a debilitating disease, e.g., carcinoma; a subnormal blood volume makes the patient susceptible to hemorrhagic s. as a result of even a moderate blood loss such as may occur during an operation.
counter-s. See countershock.
cultural s.a form of stress associated with the beginning of an individual's assimilation into a new culture vastly different from that in which he or she was raised.
declamping s.declamping phenomenon
deferred s., delayed s.a state of s. coming on at a considerable interval after the receipt of the injury.
delirious s.erethistic s
diastolic s.the abnormally palpable impact, appreciated by a hand on the chest wall, of an accentuated third heart sound.
electric s.a sudden violent impression caused by the passage of a current of electricity through any portion of the body.
endotoxin s.s. induced by release of endotoxin from Gram-negative bacteria, especially by Escherichia coli.
erethistic s.traumatic or toxic delirium following s.delirious s;
hemorrhagic s.hypovolemic s. resulting from acute hemorrhage, characterized by hypotension, tachycardia, pale, cold, and clammy skin, and oliguria.
histamine s.the s. state produced in animals by the injection of histamine; characterized by bronchiolar spasm in the guinea pig and constriction of hepatic veins in the dog.
hypovolemic s.s. caused by a reduction in volume of blood, as from hemorrhage or dehydration.
insulin s.severe hypoglycemia produced by administration of insulin, manifested by sweating, tremor, anxiety, vertigo, and diplopia, followed by delirium, convulsions, and collapse.wet s;
irreversible s.s. that has progressed beyond the stage when it will respond to transfusion or other form of treatment, and recovery is impossible.
nitroid s.a syndrome resembling that produced by the administration of a large dose of a nitrite, sometimes caused by a too rapid intravenous injection of arsphenamine or some other drug; See nitritoid reaction.
oligemic s.s. associated with pronounced fall in blood volume, sometimes resulting from increased permeability of blood vessels.
osmotic s.a sudden change in the osmotic pressure to which a cell is subjected, usually in order to cause it to lyse and lose its contents.
primary s.s. mainly nervous in nature, from pain, anxiety, etc., which ensues almost immediately upon the receipt of a severe injury.
protein s.the systemic reaction following the parenteral administration of a protein.
pseudoanaphylactic s.anaphylactoid s
reversible s.s. that will respond to treatment and from which recovery is possible.
septic s. 1. s. associated with sepsis, usually associated with abdominal and pelvic infection complicating trauma or operations; 2. s. associated with septicemia caused by Gram-negative bacteria.
serum s.anaphylactic or anaphylactoid s. caused by the injection of antitoxic or other foreign serum.
shell s.battle fatigue
spinal s.transient depression or abolition of reflex activity below the level of an acute spinal cord injury or transection.
systolic s.the abnormally palpable impact, appreciated by a hand on the chest wall, of an accentuated first heart sound.
toxic s. See toxic shock syndrome.
vasogenic s.s. resulting from depressed activity of the higher vasomotor centers in the brain stem and the medulla, producing vasodilation without loss of fluid so that the container is disproportionately large. In oligemic s., blood volume is reduced; in both, return of venous blood is inadequate.
wet s.insulin s

Shone Shone

John D., 20th century English cardiologist. See S.'s anomaly, complex, syndrome.

shook jong shook jong (shuk-yong´)

koro

Shope Shope

Richard E., U.S. pathologist, 1902-1966. See S. fibroma, fibroma virus, papilloma, papilloma virus.

short-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase short-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase

See acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADPH+).

shortsightedness shortsightedness (short´sIt-ed-nes)

myopia

shote shote (shot)

shoat

shot-feel shot-feel (shot´fel)

A peculiar sensation as of a nervous discharge or electric shock passing rapidly from the top of the head to the feet, sometimes described as a sensation of the rolling of shot down the body, occurring in acromegaly.

shoulder shoulder (shol´der)

1. The lateral portion of the scapular region, where the scapula joins with the clavicle and humerus and is covered by the rounded mass of the deltoid muscle. 2. Shoulder joint. 3. In dentistry, the ledge formed by the junction of the gingival and axial walls in extracoronal restorative preparations. [A.S. sculder]
frozen s.adhesive capsulitis

shoulder blade shoulder blade (shol´der blad)

scapula

show show (sho)

An appearance. 1. First appearance of blood in beginning menstruation. 2. Sign of impending labor, characterized by the discharge from the vagina of a small amount of blood-tinged mucus representing the extrusion of the mucous plug which has filled the cervical canal during pregnancy. [A.S. sceáwe]

Shrapnell Shrapnell

Henry J., English anatomist, 1761-1841. See S.'s membrane.

shudder shudder (shud´er)

A convulsive or involuntary tremor. [M.E. shodderen]
carotid s.vibrations at the crest of the carotid pulse tracing, seen in aortic stenosis.

Shulman Shulman

Lawrence E., U.S. rheumatologist, *1919. See S.'s syndrome.

shunt shunt (shunt)

1. To bypass or divert. 2. A bypass or diversion of accumulations of fluid to an absorbing or excreting system by fistulation or a mechanical device. The nomenclature commonly includes origin and terminus, e.g., atriovenous, splenorenal, ventriculocisternal. See also bypass. [M.E. shunten, to flinch]
arteriovenous s. (A-V s.) the passage of blood directly from arteries to veins, without going through the capillary network.
Blalock s.subclavian artery to pulmonary artery s. to increase pulmonary circulation in cyanotic heart disease with decreased pulmonary flow.
Blalock-Taussig s.a palliative subclavian artery to pulmonary artery anastomosis.
cavopulmonary s.cavopulmonary anastomosis
Denver s.leVeen-type s. with an implanted, valved, manually compressible chamber used to determine and maintain patency.
dialysis s.arteriovenous s. connecting the arterial and venous cannulas in arm or leg.
Dickens s.pentose phosphate pathway
distal splenorenal s.Warren s
Glenn s.cavopulmonary anastomosis
H s.a side-to-side s. between adjacent vessels which utilizes a connecting conduit.H graft;
hexose monophosphate s.pentose phosphate pathway
jejunoileal s.jejunoileal bypass
left-to-right s.a diversion of blood from the left side of the heart to right (as through a septal defect), or from the systemic circulation to the pulmonary (as through a patent ductus arteriosus).
LeVeen s.a plastic tube used to transport ascitic fluid from the abdomen, via a jugular vein, to the superior vena cava.
mesocaval s. 1. anastomosis of the side of the superior mesenteric vein to the proximal end of the divided inferior vena cava, for control of portal hypertension; 2. h-shunt anastomosis of the inferior vena cava to the superior mesenteric vein, using a synthetic conduit or autologous vein.
pentose monophosphate s.pentose phosphate pathway
peritoneovenous s.a s., usually by a catheter, between the peritoneal cavity and the venous system.
portacaval s. 1. surgical anastomosis between portal and systemic veins; 2. surgical anastomosis between the portal vein and the vena cava, as in an Eck fistula.
portasystemic s.a s. between any parts of the portal and systemic venous systems, including portacaval, mesocaval, splenorenal s.'s or spontaneously occurring s.'s.
Rapoport-Luebering s.part of the glycolytic pathway characteristic of human erythrocytes in which 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-P₂Gri) is formed as an intermediate between 1,3-P₂Gri and 3-phosphoglycerate; 2,3-P₂Gri is an important regulator of the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen.
renal-splenic venous s.splenorenal s
reversed s.right-to-left s. that had previously been a left-to-right s.; rarely the opposite.
right-to-left s.the passage of blood from the right side of the heart into the left (as through a septal defect), or from the pulmonary artery into the aorta (as through a patent ductus arteriosus); such a shunt can occur only when the pressure on the right side exceeds that in the left, as in advanced pulmonic stenosis, or when the pulmonary artery pressure exceeds aortic pressure, as in one form of Eisenmenger's syndrome or in tricuspid atresia.
Scribner s.connection of an artery, customarily the radial, to the cephalic vein via a short extracorporeal catheter.
splenorenal s.anastomosis of the splenic vein to the left renal vein, usually end-to-side, for control of portal hypertension.renal-splenic venous s;
Torkildsen s.a ventriculocisternal s. See shunt (2) .
transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic s. (TIPS) an interventional radiology procedure to relieve portal hypertension.
Warburg-Dickens-Horecker s.pentose phosphate pathway
Warburg-Lipmann-Dickens-Horecker s.pentose phosphate pathway
Warren s.anastomosis of the splenic end of the divided splenic vein to the left renal vein.distal splenorenal s;
Waterston s.creation of a narrow (about 3 mm) opening between the ascending aorta and the subjacent right pulmonary artery to increase pulmonary circulation in cyanotic heart disease with decreased pulmonary flow.

shuttle shuttle (shut´il)

A going back and forth regularly; used in respect to certain transport processes across a biomembrane.
glycerophosphate shuttlea mechanism for the transfer of reducing equivalents from the cytosol into the mitochondria; NADH is used to synthesize glycerol 3-phosphate in the cytosol; this compound is then transported into the mitochondria where it is converted to dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) using FAD; DHAP then returns to the cytosol to complete the cycle; found in brain tissue, brown adipose tissue, and white muscle.
malate-aspartate shuttlea mechanism for the transfer of NADH reducing equivalents from the cytosol into the mitochondria using two isozymes of malate dehydrogenase and aspartate transaminase.

Shwachman Shwachman

Harry, U.S. pediatrician, 1910-1986. See Shwachman syndrome.

Shwachman syndrome Shwachman syndrome

See under syndrome.

Shwartzman Shwartzman

Gregory, Russian bacteriologist in U.S., 1896-1965. See S. phenomenon, reaction; generalized S. phenomenon; Sanarelli-S. phenomenon.

Shy Shy

G. Milton, U.S. neurologist, 1919-1967. See S.-Drager syndrome.

Shy Shy

Abbreviation for 6-mercaptopurine.

SI SI

Abbreviation for International System of Units (Système International d'Unités).

Si Si

Symbol for silicon.

sI sI

Abbreviation for 6-mercaptopurine ribonucleoside (or 6-thioinosine).

Sia Sia

Abbreviation for sialic acids.

SIADH SIADH

Abbreviation for syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone.

sial- sial-

See sialo-.

sialaden sialaden (sI-al´a-den)

A salivary gland. [sial- + G. aden, gland]

sialadenitis sialadenitis (sI´al-ad-e-nI´tis)

Inflammation of a salivary gland.sialoadenitis; [sial- + G. aden, gland, + -itis, inflammation]

sialadenoncus sialadenoncus (si´al-ad-e-nong´kus)

Old term for a neoplasm of salivary tissue. [sial- + G. aden, gland, + onkos, bulk (tumor)]

sialadenotropic sialadenotropic (sI´al-ad´e-no-trop´ik)

Having an influence on the salivary glands. [sial- + G. aden, gland, + trope, a turning]

sialagogue sialagogue (sI-al´a-gog)

1. Promoting the flow of saliva. 2. An agent having this action (e.g., anticholinesterase agents).ptyalagogue, sialogogue; [sial- + G. agogos, drawing forth]

sialectasis sialectasis (sI´a-lek´ta-sis)

Dilation of a salivary duct.ptyalectasis; [sial- + G. ektasis, a stretching]

sialemesis sialemesis, sialemesia (sI´al-em´e-sis, -e-me´ze-a)

Vomiting of saliva, or vomiting caused by or accompanying an excessive secretion of saliva. [sial- + G. emesis, vomiting]

sialic sialic (sI-al´ik)

salivary

sialic acids (Sia) sialic acids (Sia) (sI-al´ik)

Esters and other N- and O-acyl derivatives of neuraminic acid; radicals of s.a. are sialoyl, if the OH of the COOH is removed, and sialosyl, if the OH comes from the anomeric carbon (C-2) of the cyclic structure; e.g., N-acetylneuraminic acid.

sialidase sialidase (sI-al´i-das)

An enzyme that cleaves terminal acylneuraminic residues from 2,3-, 2,6-, and 2,8 linkages in oligosaccharides, glycoproteins, or glycolipids; present as a surface antigen in myxoviruses; used in histochemistry to selectively remove sialomucins, as from bronchial mucous glands and the small intestine; a deficiency of this enzyme will result in sialidosis.neuraminidase;

sialidosis sialidosis (sI-al-i-do´sis)

cherry-red spot myoclonus syndrome

sialine sialine (sI´a-len)

salivary

sialism sialism, sialismus (sI´a-lizm, sI´a-liz´mus)

An excess secretion of saliva.hygrostomia, ptyalism, salivation, sialorrhea, sialosis; [G. sialismos]

sialo- sialo-, sial-

Saliva, salivary glands. See also ptyal-. Cf. ptyal-. [G. sialon]

sialoadenectomy sialoadenectomy (sI´a-lo-ad-e-nek´to-me)

Excision of a salivary gland. [sialo- + G. aden, gland, + ektome, excision]

sialoadenitis sialoadenitis (sI´a-lo-ad-e-nI´tis)

sialadenitis

sialoadenotomy sialoadenotomy (sI´a-lo-ad-e-not´o-me)

Incision of a salivary gland. [sialo- + G. aden, gland, + tome, incision]

sialoaerophagy sialoaerophagy (sI´a-lo-ar-of´a-je)

A habit of frequent swallowing whereby quantities of saliva and air are taken into the stomach.aerosialophagy; [sialo- + G. aer, air, + phago, to eat]

sialoangiectasis sialoangiectasis (sI´a-lo-an-je-ek´ta-sis)

Dilation of salivary ducts. [sialo- + G. angeion, vessel, + ektasis, a stretching]

sialoangiitis sialoangiitis (sI´a-lo-an-je-I´tis)

Inflammation of a salivary duct. [sialo- + G. angeion, vessel, + -itis, inflammation]

sialocele sialocele (sI´a-lo-sel)

ranula (2) [sialo- + G. kele, tumor]

sialodacryoadenitis sialodacryoadenitis (sI´al-o-dak´re-o-ad-e- nI´tis)

A disease of rats caused by the rat s. virus and characterized by a severe self-limiting inflammation and necrosis of the salivary and nasolacrimal glands.

sialodochitis sialodochitis (sI´a-lo-do-kI´tis)

Inflammation of the duct of a salivary gland. [sialo- + G. doche, receptacle, + -itis, inflammation]

sialodochoplasty sialodochoplasty (sI´a-lo-do´ko-plas´te)

Repair of a salivary duct. [sialo- + G. doche, receptacle, + plasso, to fashion]

sialogenous sialogenous (sI´a-loj´e-nus)

Producing saliva. See also sialagogue. [sialo- + G. -gen, producing]

sialoglycosphingolipid sialoglycosphingolipid

ganglioside

sialogogue sialogogue (sI-al´a-gog)

sialagogue

sialogram sialogram (sI-al´o-gram)

The recorded display following sialography. [sialo- + G. gramma, a writing]

sialography sialography (sI-a-log´ra-fe)

Radiography of the salivary glands and ducts after the introduction of contrast medium into the ducts.ptyalography; [sialo- + G. grapho, to write]

sialolith sialolith (sI´a-lo-lith)

A salivary calculus.ptyalolith; [sialo- + G. lithos, stone]

sialolithiasis sialolithiasis (sI´a-lo-li-thI´a-sis)

The formation or presence of a salivary calculus.ptyalolithiasis, salivolithiasis; [sialolith + G. -iasis, condition]

sialolithotomy sialolithotomy (sI´a-lo-li-thot´o-me)

Incision of a salivary duct or gland to remove a calculus.ptyalolithotomy; [sialolith + G. tome, incision]

sialometaplasia sialometaplasia (sI´a-lo-met-a-pla´ze-a)

Squamous metaplasia in the salivary ducts. [sialo- + metaplasia]
necrotizing s.squamous metaplasia of the salivary gland ducts and lobules, with ischemic necrosis of the salivary gland lobules; seen most frequently in the hard palate.

sialometry sialometry (sI-a-lom´e-tre)

A measurement of salivary secretion function, generally for a comparison of a denervated or diseased gland with its healthy counterpart. [sialo- + G. metron, measure]

sialorrhea sialorrhea (sI´a-lo-re´a)

sialism [sialo- + G. rhoia, a flow]

sialoschesis sialoschesis (sI´a-los´ke-sis)

Suppression of the secretion of saliva. [sialo- + G. schesis, retention]

sialosemiology sialosemiology, sialosemeiology (sI-a-lo-se-me-ol´o-je)

The study and analysis of saliva as an aid to diagnosis. [sialo- + G. semeion, sign, + logos, study]

sialosis sialosis (sI´a-lo´sis)

sialism

sialostenosis sialostenosis (sI´a-lo-ste-no´sis)

Stricture of a salivary duct. [sialo- + G. stenosis, a narrowing]

sib sib

A member of a sibship.

sibilant sibilant (sib´i-lant)

Hissing or whistling in character; denoting a form of rale. [L. sibilans (-ant-), pres. p. of sibilo, to hiss]

sibilus sibilus (sib´i-lus)

A sibilant rale. [L. a hissing]

sibling sibling

Obsolete term for sib. [A. S. sib, relation, + -ling, diminutive]

sibship sibship

1. The reciprocal state between individuals who have the same pair of parents. 2. All progeny of one pair of parents. [A.S. sib, relationship]

Sibson Sibson

Francis, English anatomist, 1814-1876. See S.'s aponeurosis, fascia, groove, muscle, aortic vestibule.

Sicard Sicard

Jean Anasthase, French physician, 1872-1929. See Collet-S. syndrome.

siccant siccant (sik´ant)

1. Drying; removing moisture from surrounding substances. 2. A substance with such properties.siccative; [L. siccans (-ant-), pres. p. of sicco, pp. -atus, to dry]

siccative siccative (sik´a-tiv)

siccant

sicchasia sicchasia (sI-ka´ze-a)

1. nausea 2. Loathing for food. [G. sikchasia, loathing, fr. sikchos, squeamish]

siccolabile siccolabile (sik-o-la´bil, -bIl)

Subject to alteration or destruction on drying. [L. siccus, dry, + labilis, perishable]

siccostabile siccostabile, siccostable (sik-o-sta´bil; -bIl, -bl)

Not subject to alteration or destruction on drying. [L. siccus, dry, + stabilis, stable]

sick sick (sik)

1. Unwell; suffering from disease. 2. nauseated [A.S. seóc]

sicklemia sicklemia (sik-le´me-a)

Presence of sickle- or crescent-shaped erythrocytes in peripheral blood; seen in sickle cell anemia and sickle cell trait.

sickling sickling (sik´ling)

Production of sickle-shaped erythrocytes in the circulation, as in sickle cell anemia.

sickness sickness (sik´nes)

disease (1)
acute African sleeping s.Rhodesian trypanosomiasis
aerial s.altitude s
African horse s.a disease of horses and other equids in Africa, caused by an orbivirus, in the family Reoviridae, which is transmitted by biting gnats of several Culicoides species; the disease may be mild, subacute, or acute; in severe cases, death results from pulmonary edema.
African sleeping s. See Gambian trypanosomiasis, Rhodesian trypanosomiasis.
air s.a form of motion s. caused by flying in an airplane.
altitude s. 1. a syndrome caused by low inspired oxygen pressure (as at high altitude) and characterized by nausea, headache, dyspnea, malaise, and insomnia; in severe instances, pulmonary edema and adult respiratory distress syndrome can occur;Acosta's disease, mountain s. (1) , puna, soroche; 2. a similar disease in cattle, characterized by subcutaneous edema and congestive heart failure.aerial s., altitude disease;
balloon s.a form of mountain s. occurring in someone as a result of ascent in a balloon.
black s.visceral leishmaniasis
bush s.anemia of sheep and cattle due to deficiency of cobalt.
caisson s.disease caused by rapid decompression. So named since it appeared in workers building tunnels or supports for bridges working in enclosed units under high atmospheric pressure to keep out surrounding water, called caissons. See decompression s.
car s.a form of motion s. caused by riding on a train or in an automobile or bus.
cave s.histoplasmosis acquired by inhalation of organism Histoplasma capulatum in caves (spelunking) or mine shafts containing bird roosts or bats, prime conditions for growth of the organisms.
chronic African sleeping s.Gambian trypanosomiasis
chronic mountain s.loss of high altitude tolerance after prolonged exposure (e.g., by residence), characterized by extreme polycythemia, exaggerated hypoxemia, and reduced mental and physical capacity; relieved by descent.altitude erythremia, chronic soroche, Monge's disease;
decompression s.a symptom complex caused by the escape from solution in the body fluids of nitrogen bubbles absorbed originally at high atmospheric pressure, as a result of abrupt reduction in atmospheric pressure (either rapid ascent to high altitude or return from a compressed-air environment); it is characterized by headache, pain in the arms, legs, joints, and epigastrium, itching of the skin, vertigo, dyspnea, coughing, choking, vomiting, weakness and sometimes paralysis, and severe peripheral circulatory collapse; bone infarcts can occur from bubbles in nutrient vessels leading to long-term consequences. See also caisson s.caisson disease, decompression disease, diver's palsy;
East African sleeping s.Rhodesian trypanosomiasis
falling s.epilepsy
green s.chlorosis
green tobacco s.an illness of tobacco harvest workers characterized by headache, dizziness and vomiting.
Indian s.epidemic gangrenous proctitis
Jamaican vomiting s.ackee poisoning
lambing s.pregnancy disease of sheep
laughing s. See pseudobulbar paralysis.
milk s.a disease of humans caused by ingesting contaminated milk from cows suffering from trembles; clinical manifestations include severe vomiting, labored breathing, delirium, convulsions, coma, and death; recovery from nonlethal illness is slow.lactimorbus;
Monday morning s.azoturia of horses
morning s.the nausea and vomiting of early pregnancy.nausea gravidarum;
motion s.the syndrome of pallor, nausea, weakness, and malaise, which may progress to vomiting and incapacitation, caused by stimulation of the semicircular canals during travel or motion as on a boat, plane, train, car, swing, or rotating amusement ride.kinesia;
mountain s. 1. altitude s. (1) 2. brisket disease
radiation s.a systemic condition caused by substantial whole-body irradiation, seen after nuclear explosions or accidents, rarely after radiotherapy. Manifestations depend on dose, ranging from anorexia, nausea, vomiting, and mild leukopenia, to thrombocytopenia with hemorrhage, severe leukopenia with infection, anemia, central nervous system damage, and death.radiation poisoning;
railroad s.transport tetany
sea s.motion s. occurring in boat travellers.
serum s.an immune complex disease appearing some days (usually 1-2 weeks) after injection of a foreign serum or serum protein, with local and systemic reactions such as urticaria, fever, general lymphadenopathy, edema, arthritis, and occasionally albuminuria or severe nephritis; originally described in patients receiving serotherapy.serum disease, serum reaction;
sleeping s. See Gambian trypanosomiasis, Rhodesian trypanosomiasis.
space s.dizziness as result of changes in inner ear resulting from absence of gravity.physiologic vertigo;
spotted s.pinta
sweating s.an acute febrile disease of cattle in Africa caused by an epitheliotropic toxin produced by females of the tick Hyalomma truncatum and characterized by a profuse moist eczema and hyperemia of the skin and visible mucous membranes.
West African sleeping s.Gambian trypanosomiasis

side side (sId)

One of the two lateral margins or surfaces of a body, midway between the front and back. [A.S. sIde]
balancing s.in dentistry, the nonfunctioning s. from which the mandible moves during the working bite.
working s.in dentistry, the lateral segment of a dentition toward which the mandible is moved during occlusal function.

sidebones sidebones (sId´bonz)

Ossification of the lateral cartilages of the horse's foot, seen most often in the forefeet of the heavier working breeds; exostoses often appear, and may be seen and palpated above the hoof line.

side effect side effect

A result of drug or other therapy in addition to or in extension of the desired therapeutic effect; usually but not necessarily, connoting an undesirable effect. Although technically the therapeutic effect carried beyond the desired limit (e.g., a hemorrhage from an anticoagulant) is a s.e., the term more often refers to pharmacologic results of therapy unrelated to the usual objective (e.g., a development of signs of Cushing's syndrome with steroid therapy).

sideration sideration (sid-er-a´shun)

Any sudden attack, as of apoplexy. [L. sideror, pp. sideratus, to be blasted or palsied by a constellation, fr. sidus (sider-), a constellation, the heavens]

sidero- sidero-

Iron. [G. sideros]

sideroblast sideroblast (sid´er-o-blast)

An erythroblast containing granules of ferritin stained by the Prussian blue reaction. [sidero- + G. blastos, germ]

siderocyte siderocyte (sid´er-o-sIt)

An erythrocyte containing granules of free iron, as detected by the Prussian blue reaction, in the blood of normal fetuses, where they constitute from 0.10 to 4.5% of the erythrocytes. [sidero- + G. kytos, cell]

sideroderma sideroderma (sid´er-o-der´ma)

Brownish discoloration of the skin on the legs due to hemosiderin deposits. [sidero- + G. derma, skin]

siderofibrosis siderofibrosis (sid´er-o-fI-bro´sis)

Fibrosis associated with small foci in which iron is deposited.

siderogenous siderogenous (sid-er-oj´e-nus)

Iron-forming. [sidero- + G. -gen, producing]

sideropenia sideropenia (sid´er-o-pe´ne-a)

An abnormally low level of serum iron. [sidero- + G. penia, poverty]

sideropenic sideropenic (sid´er-o-pe´nik)

Characterized by sideropenia.

siderophage siderophage (sid´er-o-faj)

siderophore [sidero- + G. phago, to eat]

siderophil siderophil, siderophile (sid´er-o-fil, -fIl)

1. Absorbing iron.siderophilous; 2. A cell or tissue that contains iron. [sidero- + G. philos, fond]

siderophilins siderophilins (sid-er-o-fil´in, -of´I-lin)

Nonheme, iron-binding proteins; there are three central classes of s.: transferrin (1) (in vertebrate blood), lactoferrin (in mammalian milk and other secretions), and conalbumin or ovotransferrin (avian blood and avian egg white).

siderophilous siderophilous (sid-er-of´i-lus)

siderophil (1)

siderophone siderophone (sid´er-o-fon, sI-der´o-fon)

Obsolete term for an electrical device for detecting a bit of iron in the eyeball, its presence causing the instrument to sound. [sidero- + G. phone, sound]

siderophore siderophore (sid´er-o-for)

A large extravasated mononuclear phagocyte containing granules of hemosiderin, found in the sputum or in the lungs of individuals with longstanding pulmonary congestion from left ventricular failure. See also heart failure cells, under cell.siderophage; [sidero- + G. phoros, bearing]

siderosilicosis siderosilicosis (sid´er-o-sil´i-ko´sis)

Silicosis due to inhalation of dust containing iron and silica.silicosiderosis; [sidero- + silicosis]

siderosis siderosis (sid-er-o´sis)

1. A form of pneumoconiosis due to the presence of iron dust. 2. Discoloration of any part by disposition of an iron pigment; usually called hemosiderosis. 3. An excess of iron in the circulating blood. 4. Degeneration of the retina, lens, and uvea as a result of the deposition of intraocular iron. [sidero- + G. -osis, condition]
pulmonary s.pneumoconiosis siderotica

siderotic siderotic (sid-er-ot´ik)

Related to siderosis; pigmented by iron or containing an excess of iron.

SIDS SIDS

Abbreviation for sudden infant death syndrome.

Siegert Siegert

Ferdinand, German pediatrician, 1865-1946. See S.'s sign.

Siegle Siegle

Emil, German otologist, 1833-1900. See S.'s otoscope.

Siemens Siemens

Hermann Werner, German dermatologist, 1891-1969. See Christ-S.-Touraine syndrome.

siemens (S) siemens (S) (se´menz)

The SI unit of electrical conductance; the conductance of a body with an electrical resistance of 1 ohm, allowing 1 ampere of current to flow per volt applied; equal to 1 mho.mho; [Sir William Siemens, Ger. born British engineer, 1823-1883]

Siemerling Siemerling

Ernst, German physician, 1857-1931.

sieve sieve (siv)

A meshed or perforated device for separating fine particles from coarser ones. [O.E. sive]
molecular s.a gel-like material with pore sizes of such ranges as to exclude molecules above certain sizes; used in fractionating or purifying macromolecules.

sievert (Sv) sievert (Sv) (se´vert)

The SI unit of ionizing radiation effective dose, equal to the absorbed dose in gray, weighted for both the quality of radiation in question and the tissue response to that radiation. The unit is the joule per kilogram and 1 Sv = 100 rem. See effective dose, equivalent dose.

SIF SIF

Abbreviation for somatotropin release-inhibiting factor.

Sig. Sig.

Abbreviation for L. signa, label, write, or signetur, let it be labeled.

Siggaard-Andersen Siggaard-Andersen

Ole, Danish clinical biochemist, *1932. See Siggaard-Andersen nomogram.

sigh sigh (sI)

1. An audible inspiration and expiration under the influence of some emotion. 2. To perform such an act. [A.S. sIcan]

sight sight (sIt)

The ability or faculty of seeing. See also vision. [A.S. gesihth]
day s.nyctalopia
far s.hyperopia
long s.hyperopia
near s.myopia
night s.hemeralopia
second s.improved near vision in the aged as a result of increased refractivity of the nucleus of the lens causing myopia.senile lenticular myopia;
short s.myopia

sigma sigma (sig´ma)

The 18th letter of the Greek alphabet, sigma.

sigmatism sigmatism (sig´ma-tizm)

lisping [G. sigma, the letter S]

sigmoid sigmoid (sig´moyd)

Resembling in outline the letter S or one of the forms of the Greek sigma. [G. sigma, the letter S, + eidos, resemblance]

sigmoid- sigmoid-

See sigmoido-.

sigmoidectomy sigmoidectomy (sig-moy-dek´to-me)

Excision of the sigmoid colon. [sigmoid- + G. ektome, excision]

sigmoidicity sigmoidicity (sig´moyd-i-sa-te)

Describing an S-shaped curve; e.g., shape of enzyme-kinetic curves for enzymes displaying positive homotropic cooperativity.

sigmoiditis sigmoiditis (sig-moy-dI´tis)

Inflammation of the sigmoid colon. [sigmoid- + G. -itis, inflammation]

sigmoido- sigmoido-, sigmoid-

Sigmoid, usually the sigmoid colon. [G. sigma, the letter S, + eidos, resemblance]

sigmoidopexy sigmoidopexy (sig-moy´do-pek-se)

Operative attachment of the sigmoid colon to a firm structure to correct rectal prolapse. [sigmoido- + G. pexis, fixation]

sigmoidoproctostomy sigmoidoproctostomy (sig-moy´do-prok-tos´to-me)

Anastomosis between the sigmoid colon and the rectum.sigmoidorectostomy; [sigmoido- + G. proktos, anus, + stoma, mouth]

sigmoidorectostomy sigmoidorectostomy (sig-moy´do-rek-tos´to-me)

sigmoidoproctostomy

sigmoidoscope sigmoidoscope (sig-moy´do-skop)

An endoscope for viewing the cavity of the sigmoid colon.sigmoscope; [sigmoido- + G. skopeo, to view]

sigmoidoscopy sigmoidoscopy (sig´moy-dos´ko-pe)

Inspection, through an endoscope, of the interior of the sigmoid colon.

sigmoidostomy sigmoidostomy (sig´moy-dos´to-me)

Establishment of an artificial anus by opening into the sigmoid colon. [sigmoido- + G. stoma, mouth]

sigmoidotomy sigmoidotomy (sig´moy-dot´o-me)

Surgical opening of the sigmoid. [sigmoido- + G. tome, incision]

sigmoscope sigmoscope (sig´mo-skop)

sigmoidoscope

sign sign (sIn)

1. Any abnormality indicative of disease, discoverable on examination of the patient; an objective symptom of disease, in contrast to a symptom which is a subjective s. of disease. 2. An abbreviation or symbol. 3. In psychology, any object or artifact (stimulus) that represents a specific thing or conveys a specific idea to the person who perceives it. [L. signum, mark]
Aaron's s.in acute appendicitis, a referred pain or feeling of distress in the epigastrium or precordial region on continuous firm pressure over McBurney's point.
Abadie's s. of tabes dorsalisinsensibility to pressure over the tendo achillis.
Abrahams' s.an obsolete s.: 1. rales and other adventitious sounds, changes in the respiratory murmurs, and increase in the whispered sound can be heard on auscultation over the acromial end of the clavicle some time before they become audible at the apex; heard primarily in pulmonary tuberculosis affecting the apical portion of the lung; 2. a dull-flat note, i.e., one between the normal dullness at the right apex and absolute flatness, heard on percussion in that region, indicating progress from incipient to advanced tuberculosis.
accessory s.a finding frequently but not consistently present in a disease.assident s;
Allis' s.in fracture of the neck of the femur, the trochanter rides up, relaxing the fascia lata, so that the finger can be sunk deeply between the great trochanter and the iliac crest.
Amoss' s.in painful flexion of the spine, it is necessary to support a sitting position by extending the arms behind the torso with the weight placed on the hands.
Anghelescu's s.in vertebral tuberculosis, painful or impossible flexion of the spine when the patient attempts to rest weight on the heels and occiput.
antecedent s.prodromic s
assident s.accessory s
Auenbrugger's s.an epigastric prominence seen in cases of marked pericardial effusion.
Aufrecht's s.an obsolete s.: diminished breath sounds in the trachea just above the jugular notch, in cases of stenosis.
Babinski's s. 1. extension of the great toe and abduction of the other toes instead of the normal flexion reflex to plantar stimulation, considered indicative of pyramidal tract involvement ("positive" Babinski);Babinski reflex, Babinski's phenomenon, great-toe reflex, paradoxical extensor reflex, toe phenomenon; 2. in hemiplegia, weakness of the platysma muscle on the affected side, as is evident in such actions as blowing or opening the mouth; 3. when the patient is lying upon his back, with arms crossed on the front of his chest, and attempts to assume the sitting posture, the thigh on the side of an organic paralysis is flexed and the heel raised, whereas the limb on the sound side remains flat; 4. in hemiplegia, the forearm on the affected side turns to a pronated position when placed in a position of supination.
Baccelli's s.an obsolete s.: good conduction of the whisper in nonpurulent pleural effusions.aphonic pectoriloquy;
Ballance's s.the presence of a dull percussion note in both flanks, constant on the left side but shifting with change of position on the right, said to indicate ruptured spleen; the dullness is due to the presence of blood, fluid on the right side but coagulated on the left.
Bamberger's s. 1. jugular pulse in tricuspid insufficiency; 2. allochiria 3. dullness on percussion at the angle of the scapula, clearing up as the patient leans forward, indicating pericarditis with effusion.
bandage s.Rumpel-Leede test
Bárány's s.in cases of ear disease, in which the vestibule is healthy, injection into the external auditory canal of water below the body temperature (18°C or lower) will cause rotary nystagmus toward the opposite side; when the injected fluid is above the body temperature (41°C or higher) the nystagmus will be toward the injected side; if the labyrinth is diseased or nonfunctional there may be diminished or absent nystagmus.
Barré's s.if the hemiplegic is placed in the prone position with the limbs flexed at the knees, he is unable to maintain the flexed position on the side of the lesion but extends the leg.
Bassler's s.in chronic appendicitis, pinching the appendix between the thumb and the iliacus muscle causes sharp pain.
Bastedo's s.an obsolete s.: in chronic appendicitis, pain and tenderness in the right iliac fossa on inflation of the colon with air.
Battle's s.postauricular ecchymosis in cases of fracture of the base of the skull.
B6 bronchus s.in lung radiology, appearance of an air bronchogram of the superior segmental bronchus of the lower lobe because of segmental atelectasis or consolidation.
beak s.appearance of the distal esophagus, on a contrast esophagram, in achalasia; also used to describe the proximal pyloric canal on upper GI series in congenital pyloric stenosis.
Bechterew's s.paralysis of automatic facial movements, the power of voluntary movement being retained.
Beevor's s.with paralysis of the lower portions of the recti abdominis muscles the umbilicus moves upward.
Bezold's s.Bezold's symptom
Biederman's s.a dusky redness of the lower portion of the anterior pillars of the fauces in certain cases of syphilis.
Bielschowsky's s.in paralysis of a superior oblique muscle, tilting the head to the side of the involved eye causes that eye to rotate upward.
Biermer's s.Gerhardt's s
Biernacki's s.analgesia to percussion of the ulnar nerve in tabes dorsalis and dementia paralytica.
Biot's s.abnormal breathing pattern characterized by periods of apnea and periods in which several breaths of similar volume are taken; seen with increased intracranial pressure.
Biot's breathing s.irregular periods of apnea alternating with four or five deep breaths; seen with increased intracranial pressure.
Bird's s.the presence of a zone of dullness on percussion with absence of respiratory s.'s in hydatid cyst of the lung.
Bjerrum's s.Bjerrum's scotoma
blue dot s.a blue or black spot visible beneath the skin on the cranial aspect of testis or epididymis. This is a torsed testicular appendage and is usually quite tender.
Blumberg's s.pain felt upon sudden release of steadily applied pressure on a suspected area of the abdomen, indicative of peritonitis.
Bonhoeffer's s.loss of normal muscle tone in chorea.
Bozzolo's s.pulsating vessels in the nasal mucous membrane, noted occasionally in thoracic aneurysm.
Branham's s.bradycardia following compression or excision of an arteriovenous fistula.
Braxton Hicks s.irregular uterine contractions occurring after the third month of pregnancy.
Broadbent's s.a retraction of the thoracic wall, synchronous with cardiac systole, visible anywhere, but particularly in the left posterior axillary line; a s. of adherent pericardium.
Brockenbrough s.absolute decrease in pulse pressure of the beat immediately following a premature beat; a s. of idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis.
Brudzinski's s. 1. in meningitis, on passive flexion of the leg on one side, a similar movement occurs in the opposite leg;contralateral reflex, contralateral s; 2. in meningitis, if the neck is passively flexed, flexion of the legs occurs.neck s;
Bryant's s.in dislocation of the shoulder, an abnormal position of axillary folds occurs.
burning drops s.in certain cases of perforated gastric ulcer, a sensation as of drops of hot liquid falling into the abdominal cavity or as of a stream of intensely hot liquid being poured into the cavity.
calcium s.in chest radiography, displacement of the line of the calcified intima of the aorta away from its outer wall, a finding in a small percentage of cases of dissection of blood in the aortic media; the expression "displaced intimal calcification" is preferred to the listed term. See aortic dissection.
Calkins' s.the change of shape of the uterus from discoid to ovoid, indicating placental separation from the uterine wall.
Cantelli's s. See doll's eye s.
Carman's s.in gastric radiology, the appearance of a contrast-filled malignant ulcer, which does not extend beyond the line of the gastric wall as a benign ulcer would; also has a thick overhanging rim of tumor tissue.
Carnett's s.disappearance of abdominal tenderness to palpation when the anterior abdominal muscles are contracted, indicating pain of intra-abdominal origin; its persistence suggests a source in the abdominal wall, which is also indicated when tenderness is caused by gently pinching a fold of skin and fat between the thumb and forefinger.
Carvallo's s.an increase in the intensity of the pansystolic murmur of tricuspid regurgitation during or at the end of inspiration distinguishes tricuspid from mitral involvement.
Castellani-Low s.a fine tremor of the tongue observed in sleeping sickness.
Chaddock s.when the external malleolar skin area is irritated, extension of the great toe occurs in cases of organic disease of the corticospinal reflex paths.Chaddock reflex, external malleolar s;
Chadwick's s.a bluish discoloration of the cervix and vagina, a s. of pregnancy.
chandelier s.colloquial term referring to severe pain elicited during pelvic examination of patients with pelvic inflammatory disease in which the patient responds by reaching upwards towards the ceiling for relief.
Chaussier's s.severe pain in the epigastrium, a prodrome of eclampsia; may be of central origin or caused by distention of the capsule of liver by hemorrhage.
Chvostek's s.facial irritability in tetany, unilateral spasm of the orbicularis oculi or oris muscle being excited by a slight tap over the facial nerve just anterior to the external auditory meatus.Weiss' s;
Claybrook's s.in rupture of abdominal viscus, transmission of breath and heart sounds through the abdominal wall.
Cleemann's s.in fracture of the femur with overriding of the fragments, wrinkling of the skin occurs directly above the patella.
clenched fist s.in angina pectoris, pressing of the clenched fist against the chest to indicate the constricting, pressing quality of the pain.
Codman's s.in the absence of rotator cuff function, hunching of the shoulder occurs when the deltoid muscle contracts.
Collier's s.unilateral or bilateral lid retraction due to midbrain lesion; occurring at any age. See setting sun s., Epstein's s.Collier's tucked lid s;
Collier's tucked lid s.Collier's s
colon cutoff s.radiographic s. of (usually) inflammatory disease preventing distention of the distal transverse colon.
Comby's s.an early s. of measles, consisting in thin whitish patches on the gums and buccal mucous membrane, formed of desquamating epithelial cells.
comet s.in chest radiology, the curved appearance of pulmonary arteries and veins associated with round atelectasis, fibrosis associated with organizing pleurisy.comet tail s;
comet tail s.comet s
commemorative s.a phenomenon pointing to the previous existence of some disease other than the one present at the time.
Comolli's s.in cases of fracture of the scapula, a typical triangular cushion-like swelling appears, corresponding to the outline of the scapula.
contralateral s.Brudzinski's s. (1)
conventional s.'ss.'s that acquire their function through social (linguistic) custom; e.g., words, mathematical symbols. See also symbol (4) .
Coopernail's s.in fracture of the pelvis, occurrence of ecchymosis of the perineum and scrotum, or labia.
Corrigan's s.a full hard pulse followed by a sudden collapse easily palpated and occurring in aortic regurgitation.Corrigan's pulse;
Courvoisier's s.Courvoisier's law
Crichton-Browne's s.a slight tremor at the angles of the mouth and at the outer canthus of each eye in general paresis.
Cruveilhier-Baumgarten s.a murmur over the umbilicus often in the presence of caput medusae, resulting from portal hypertension, usually with hepatic cirrhosis; recanalization of the umbilical vein with reverse blood flow from the liver into the abdominal wall veins creates the murmur.
Cullen's s.periumbilical darkening of the skin from blood, a s. of intraperitoneal hemorrhage, especially in ruptured ectopic pregnancy.
Dalrymple's s.retraction of the upper eyelid in Graves' disease, causing abnormal wideness of the palpebral fissure.
Dance's s.a slight retraction in the neighborhood of the right iliac fossa in some cases of intussusception.
Danforth's s.shoulder pain on inspiration, due to irritation of the diaphragm by a hemoperitoneum in ruptured ectopic pregnancy.
Darier's s.urtication on stroking of cutaneous lesions of urticaria pigmentosa (mastocytosis).
Dawbarn's s.pain of subacromial bursitis disappears when the arm is abducted.
Dejerine's s.aggravation of symptoms of radiculitis by the acts of coughing, sneezing, or straining to defecate.
Delbet's s.in a case of aneurysm of a main artery, efficient collateral circulation if the nutrition of the part below is well maintained, despite the fact that the pulse has disappeared.
de Musset's s.Musset's s
D'&Euacute;spine's s.an obsolete s.: 1. bronchophony over the spinous processes heard, at a lower level than in health, in pulmonary tuberculosis; 2. an echoed whisper following a spoken word, heard in the stethoscope placed over the seventh cervical or first or second dorsal spine, in cases of tuberculosis of the mediastinal glands.
dimple s.in dermatofibroma, dimpling elicited when the lesion is squeezed.
doll's eye s.reflex movement of the eyes in the opposite direction to that which the head is moved, e.g., the eyes being lowered as the head is raised, and the reverse (Cantelli's sign); an indication of functional integrity of the brainstem tegmental pathways and cranial nerves involved in eye movement.vestibular ocular reflex;
Dorendorf's s.fullness of one supraclavicular groove in aneurysm of the aortic arch.
double bubble s.in pediatric radiology, appearance of the dilated air-filled stomach and duodenal bulb, associated with duodenal atresia or web, less often midgut volvulus.
double track s.in pediatric radiology, a less common s. of congenital pyloric stenosis, when barium is caught between mucosal folds in the hypertrophied pylorus.
drawer s.in a knee examination, the forward or backward sliding of the tibia indicating laxity or tear of the anterior (forward slide) or posterior (backward slide) cruciate ligaments of the knee.drawer test, Rocher's s;
drooping lily s.in urography, a s. of a double renal collecting system with an obstruction of the upper system depressing the opacified calyces of the lower system so they appear to droop.
Drummond's s.in certain cases of aortic aneurysm, a puffing sound, synchronous with cardiac systole, heard from the nostrils, when the mouth is closed.
Duchenne's s.falling in of the epigastrium during inspiration in paralysis of the diaphragm.
Dupuytren's s. 1. in congenital dislocation, free up and down movement of the head of the femur occurs upon intermittent traction; 2. a crackling sensation on pressure over the bone in certain cases of sarcoma.
Duroziez' s.Duroziez' murmur
Ebstein's s.in pericardial effusion, obtuseness of the cardiohepatic angle on percussion.
s. of edema of lower eyelidswelling of the lower lid found in congestive failure, myxedema, or nephrosis.
Epstein's s.lid retraction in an infant giving it a frightened expression and a "wild glance." See setting sun s., Collier's s.
Erb s. 1. increased electric excitability of the muscles to the galvanic current, and frequently to the faradic, in tetany; 2. Erb-Westphal s
Erb-Westphal s.abolition of the patellar tendon reflex, in tabes and certain other diseases of the spinal cord, and occasionally also in brain disease.Erb s. (2) , Westphal's phenomenon, Westphal's s;
Erichsen's s.in sacroiliac disease, pain is felt when sudden pressure approximates the iliac bones; this s. is not present in hip disease.
Escherich's s.in hypoparathyroidism (latent tetany) tapping the skin at the angle of the mouth causes protrusion of the lips.
Ewart's s.in large pericardial effusions, an area of dullness with bronchial breathing and bronchophony below the angle of the left scapula.Pins' s;
Ewing's s. 1. dullness on percussion to the inner side of the angle of the left scapula, denoting an accumulation of fluid in the pericardium behind the heart; 2. tenderness at the upper inner angle of the orbit at the point of attachment of the pulley of the superior oblique muscle, denoting closure of the outlet of the frontal sinus.
external malleolar s.Chaddock s
eyelash s.in a case of apparent unconsciousness due to functional disease, such as conversion hysteria, stroking the eyelashes will occasion movement of the lids, but no such reflex will occur in case of severe organic brain lesion such as apoplexy, fracture of the skull, or other traumatism.
Faget's s.a slow pulse with an elevated temperature, often seen in yellow fever.
fan s.the spreading apart of the toes in the complete Babinski's sign.
Fischer's s.an obsolete s.: in tuberculosis of the mediastinal or peri-bronchial glands, after bending the patient's head as far back as possible, auscultation over the manubrium sterni will sometimes reveal a continuous loud murmur caused by the pressure of the enlarged glands on the large mediastinal vessels.Fischer's symptom;
fissure s.in perfusion scintigraphy of the lungs, decreased uptake of radionuclide in the periphery of each lobe, making the fissures visible; caused by a variety of diseases and artifacts.
flag s.bands of discoloration of hair (reddish, blonde, or gray, depending on original color) resulting from fluctuations in nutrition characteristic of kwashiorkor and in diseases of protein depletion such as ulcerative colitis.
Forchheimer's s.the presence, in German measles, of a reddish maculopapular eruption on the soft palate.
Fothergill's s.in rectus sheath hematoma, the hematoma produces a mass that does not cross the midline and remains palpable when the rectus muscle is tense.
Friedreich's s.in adherent pericardium, sudden collapse of the previously distended veins of the neck at each diastole of the heart.
Froment's s.flexion of the distal phalanx of the thumb when a sheet of paper is held between the thumb and index finger in ulnar nerve palsy.
Gaenslen's s.pain on hyperextension of the hip with pelvis fixed by flexion of opposite hip; causes a torsion stress at the sacroiliac and lumbosacral joints.
Gauss' s.marked mobility of the uterus in the early weeks of pregnancy.
Gerhardt's s.complete bilateral paralysis of the adductor muscles of the larynx with severe inspiratory dyspnea.Biermer's s;
Glasgow's s.a systolic murmur heard over the brachial artery in aneurysm of the aorta.
gloved-finger s.in chest radiology, the appearance of mucoid impaction of branching bronchi.
Goggia's s.the fibrillation of the biceps muscle, when pinched and tapped, is confined to a limited area in cases of debilitating disease, whereas in health it is general.
Goldstein's toe s.increased space between the great toe and its neighbor, seen in mongolism and occasionally in cretinism.
Goldthwait's s.in sprain of sacroiliac ligaments, flexion of hip with extended knee elicits pain in sacroiliac region; not now considered specific.
Goodell's s.softening of the cervix and vagina as being usually indicative of pregnancy.
Gordon's s.finger phenomenon
Gorlin's s.unusual ease in touching the tip of the nose with the tongue; seen in Ehlers-Danlos syndrome.
Graefe's s.in Grave's disease, lag of the upper eyelid as it follows the rotation of the eyeball downward.von Graefe's s;
Grasset's s.normal contraction of the sternocleidomastoid muscle on the paralyzed side in cases of hemiplegia.
Grey Turner's s.local areas of discoloration about the umbilicus and in the region of the loins, in acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis and other causes of retroperitoneal hemorrhage.
Griesinger's s.erythema and edema over the posterior mastoid process resulting from septic thrombosis of the mastoid emissary vein and thrombophlebitis of the sigmoid sinus.
Grisolle's s.an obsolete s.; in smallpox, the continued presence and palpability of papules when the skin is stretched.
Grocco's s. 1. acute dilation of the heart following a muscular effort, described in Graves' disease; also occurring in various forms of myocardiopathy; 2. extension of the liver dullness several centimeters to the left of the midspinal line in cases of enlargement of that organ.
groove s.large, hard, fixed, and extremely tender lymph nodes in the groin above and below the inguinal ligament, with a groove along the ligament; characteristic of lymphogranuloma venereum.
Gunn's s. 1. compression of the underlying vein at arteriovenous crossings seen ophthalmoscopically in arteriolar sclerosis; 2. on alternate stimulation with light, the pupil of an eye with optic nerve transmission defect constricts poorly or even dilates when stimulated (a relative afferent pupillary defect).Marcus Gunn's s;
Gunn's crossing s.retinal arteriovenous crossing with venous compression in hypertensive disease.
Guyon's s. 1. ballottement of the kidney in cases of nephroptosis, especially when there is also a renal tumor; 2. the hypoglossal nerve lies directly upon the external carotid artery, whereby this vessel may be distinguished from the internal carotid when ligation is necessary.
halo s.elevation of the subcutaneous fat layer over the fetal skull in a dead or dying fetus; said to be the most common radiologic sign of fetal death.
halo s. of hydropsa discredited roentgenographic s. of fetal hydrops caused by scalp edema so that a definite corona surrounds the skull.
Hamman's s.a crunching, rasping sound, synchronous with heart beat, heard over the precordium and sometimes at a distance from the chest in mediastinal emphysema.
Hegar's s.softening and compressibility of the lower segment of the uterus in early pregnancy (about the seventh week) which, on bimanual examination, is felt by the finger in the vagina as though the neck and body of the uterus were separated, or connected by only a thin band of tissue.
Heim-Kreysig s.in adherent pericardium, an indrawing of the intercostal spaces, synchronous with the cardiac systole.Kreysig's s;
Helbings' s.a malalignment of the Achilles tendon associated with a valgus deformity of the os calcis.
Hennebert's s.nystagmus produced by pressure applied to a sealed external auditory canal; may be seen in labyrinthine fistula or with intact tympanic membrane in syphilitic involvement of the otic capsule.
Higoumenakia s.sternoclavicular swelling in late congenital syphilis.
Hill's s.in aortic insufficiency, greater systolic blood pressure in the legs than in the arms; normal arterial systolic pressure in the leg is 10 to 20 mm of Hg above that in the arm, whereas in aortic insufficiency the difference may be 60 to 100 mm of Hg.Hill's phenomenon;
Hoffmann's s. 1. in latent tetany mild mechanical stimulation of the trigeminal nerve causes severe pain; 2. flexion of the terminal phalanx of the thumb and of the second and third phalanges of one or more of the fingers when the volar surface of the terminal phalanx of the fingers is flicked.digital reflex, Hoffmann's reflex, snapping reflex;
Hoagland's s.eyelid edema in infectious mononucleosis.
Homans' s.slight pain at the back of the knee or calf when the ankle is slowly and gently dorsiflexed (with the knee bent), indicative of incipient or established thrombosis in the veins of the leg.
Hoover's s.'s 1. a person lying supine on a couch, when asked to raise one leg, involuntarily makes counterpressure with the heel of the other leg; if this leg is paralyzed, whatever muscular power is preserved in it will be exerted in this way; or if the patient attempts to lift a paralyzed leg, counterpressure will be made with the other heel, whether any movement occurs in the paralyzed limb or not; not present in hysteria or malingering; 2. a modification in the movement of the costal margins during respiration, caused by a flattening of the diaphragm; suggestive of empyema or other intrathoracic condition causing a change in the contour of the diaphragm.
Hueter's s.in a case of fracture, the vibration expected on tapping the bone is not transmitted when tissue intervenes between the fractured parts of bone.
iconic s.'ss.'s that acquire their function through similarity to what they signify; e.g., a photograph as a s. of the person in the picture.
indexical s.'ss.'s that acquire their function through a causal connection with what they signify; e.g., smoke as a s. of fire.
inferior triangle s.in chest radiology, lateral displacement of the diaphragmatic pleura near the diaphragm, associated with collapse of the upper lobe, usually on the right side.
Jackson's s.during quiet respiration the movement of the paralyzed side of the chest may be greater than that of the opposite side, while in forced respiration the paralyzed side moves less than the other. [J. H. Jackson]
Joffroy's s.disorder of the arithmetical faculty (the person being unable to do simple sums in addition or multiplication) in the early stages of organic brain disease.
Keen's s.increased width at the malleoli in Pott's fracture.
Kehr's s.violent pain in the left shoulder in a case of rupture of the spleen.
Kernig's s.when the subject lies upon the back and the thigh is flexed to a right angle with the axis of the trunk, complete extension of the leg on the thigh is impossible; present in various forms of meningitis.
Kestenbaum's s.a decrease in the number of arterioles crossing optic disk margins as a s. of optic neuritis.
Kocher's s.in Graves' disease, on upward gaze, the globe lags behind the movement of the upper eyelid.
Kreysig's s.Heim-Kreysig s
Kussmaul's s.in constrictive pericarditis, a paradoxical increase in venous distention and pressure during inspiration; seen occasionally in effusive-constrictive pericarditis when tamponading pericardial fluid overlies a constricting epicarditis.Kussmaul's symptom;
Lancisi's s.a large systolic jugular venous wave caused by tricuspid regurgitation replacing the normal negative systolic trough ("x" descent).
Landolfi's s.in aortic insufficiency, systolic contraction and diastolic dilation of the pupil.
Lasègue's s.when patient is supine with hip flexed, dorsiflexion of the ankle causing pain or muscle spasm in the posterior thigh indicates lumbar root or sciatic nerve irritation.
Laugier's s.in fracture of the lower portion of the radius, the styloid processes of the radius and of the ulna are on the same level.
Legendre's s.in facial hemiplegia of central origin, when the examiner raises the lids of the actively closed eyes the resistance is less on the affected side.
Leichtenstern's s.tapping gently one of the bones of the extremities causes the patient to draw back violently, sometimes with a loud cry; noted in cases of cerebrospinal meningitis.Leichtenstern's phenomenon;
Leri's s.voluntary flexion of the elbow is impossible in a case of hemiplegia when the wrist on that side is passively flexed.
Leser-Trélat s.the sudden appearance and rapid increase in the number and size of seborrheic keratoses with pruritus; associated with internal malignancy.
Lhermitte's s.sudden electric-like shocks extending down the spine on flexing the head.
Lichtheim's s.in subcortical aphasia, the patient can indicate by use of the fingers the number of syllables of a word he has in mind but cannot speak.Dejerine-Lichtheim phenomenon;
local s.the characteristic of a sensation that permits distinguishing it from another sensation by locating its position in space.
Lorenz' s.an obsolete s.: stiffness of the thoracic spine in early pulmonary tuberculosis.
Lovibond's profile s.Lovibond's angle
Ludloff's s.in traumatic separation of the epiphysis of the lesser trochanter: 1. swelling and ecchymosis appear at the base of Scarpa's triangle; 2. inability to raise the thigh in the sitting posture.
Macewen's s.percussion of the skull gives a cracked-pot sound in cases of hydrocephalus.Macewen's symptom;
Magendie-Hertwig s.skew deviation of the eyes in acute cerebellar lesions.Magendie-Hertwig syndrome;
Magnan's s.paresthesia in the psychosis of cocaine addicts, who imagine they have a foreign body, in the shape of a powder or fine sand, under the skin, and that it is constantly changing its position.
Magnus' s.an obsolete s.: after death, constriction of a limb or one of its segments is not followed by venous congestion of the distal part.
Mannkopf's s.acceleration of the pulse when a painful point is pressed upon.
Marañón's s.in Graves' disease, a vasomotor reaction following stimulation of the skin over the throat.
Marcus Gunn's s.Gunn's s
Masini's s.a marked degree of dorsal extension of the fingers on the metacarpals and of the toes on the metatarsals, noted in children with mental instability.
McBurney's s.tenderness at site two-thirds of the distance between the umbilicus and the anterior-superior iliac spine; seen in appendicitis.
Metenier's s.easy eversion of the upper eyelid in Ehlers-Danlos syndrome.
Mirchamp's s.a premonitory symptom of mumps; if a strongly flavored substance is placed on the tongue a painful reflex secretion of saliva occurs in the gland that is the seat of the incipient affection.
Möbius' s.impairment of ocular convergence in Graves' disease.
Mosler's s.tenderness over the sternum in a patient with acute myeloblastic anemia.
Muerhrcke's s.apparent leukonychia with white bands parallel to lanula of the nails, seen in hypoalbuminemia.Muehrcke's bands;
Müller's s.in aortic insufficiency, rhythmical pulsatory movements of the uvula, synchronous with the heart's action; accompanied by swelling and redness of the velum palati and tonsils.
Munson's s.in keratoconus, the extra bowing of the lower eyelid caused by the misshapen cornea as the eye rotates downward.
Murphy's s.pain on palpation of the right subcostal area during inspiration frequently associated with acute cholecystitis.
Musset's s.in incompetence of the aortic valve, rhythmical nodding of the head, synchronous with the heart beat.de Musset's s;
neck s.Brudzinski's s. (2)
Néri's s.in hemiplegia, the knee bends spontaneously when the leg is passively extended.
Nikolsky's s.a peculiar vulnerability of the skin in pemphigus vulgaris; the apparently normal epidermis may be separated at the basal layer and rubbed off when pressed with a sliding motion.
objective s.a s. that is evident to the examiner.
s. of the orbicularisin hemiplegia, inability to voluntarily close the eye on the paralyzed side except in conjunction with closure of the other eye.Revilliod's s;
Osler's s.in acute bacterial endocarditis, circumscribed painful erythematous swellings, ranging in size from that of a pinhead to that of a pea, in the skin and subcutaneous tissues of the hands and feet.
Pastia's s.the presence of pink or red transverse lines at the bend of the elbow in the preeruptive stage of scarlatina; they persist through the eruptive stage and remain as pigmented lines after desquamation.Thomson's s;
Payr's s.pain on pressure over the sole of the foot; a s. of thrombophlebitis.
Perez' s.rales audible over the upper part of the chest when the arms are alternately raised and lowered; common in cases of fibrous mediastinitis and also of aneurysm of the aortic arch.
Pfuhl's s.the pressure of pus within a subphrenic abscess rises during inspiration and falls during expiration, the reverse of what happens in the case of a purulent collection above the diaphragm; when the diaphragm is paralyzed this distinction is lost.
physical s.a s. that is observed or elicited by auscultation, percussion, or palpation.
Piltz s.eye-closure pupil reaction
Pins' s.Ewart's s
Pitres' s. 1. haphalgesia 2. diminished sensation in the testes and scrotum in tabes dorsalis.
placental s.slight endometrial oozing of blood which occurs in certain animals and sometimes in women at the time of implantation of the fertilized ovum; in women, if the blood appears externally it may be mistaken for a scanty menstrual period.
Pool-Schlesinger s.Pool's phenomenon (1)
Potain's s.in dilation of the aorta, dullness on percussion extending from the manubrium sterni toward the second intercostal space and the third costal cartilage on the right, the upper limit extending from the base of the sternum in the segment of a circle to the right.
prodromic s.a s. that appears during the prodrome of a disease.antecedent s;
pseudo-Graefe s.a lid retraction phenomenon similar to Graefe's s., but due to aberrant regeneration of fibers of the oculomotor nerve into the levator of the upper lid.
puddle s.a s. of free abdominal fluid: the patient assumes a position on all fours; one flank is percussed by repeated light flicking of constant intensity while a Bowles-type stethoscope is placed over the most dependent portion of the abdomen and gradually moved toward the flank opposite the percussion; a sharp increase in the intensity of the sound picked up by the stethoscope indicates the level of fluid.
pyramid s.any of the symptoms indicating a morbid condition of the pyramidal tracts, such as the Babinski or Gordon s., spastic spinal paralysis, foot clonus, etc.
Quant's s.a T-shaped depression in the occipital bone occurring in many cases of rickets, especially in infants lying constantly in bed with pressure on the occiput.
Quénu-Muret s.in aneurysm, well-maintained collateral circulation indicated by issue of blood when the main artery of the limb is compressed and a puncture is made at the periphery.
Quincke's s.Quincke's pulse
Ransohoff's s.yellow pigmentation in the umbilical region in rupture of the common bile duct.
Raynaud's s.acrocyanosis
Remak's s.dissociation of the sensations of touch and of pain in tabes dorsalis and polyneuritis.
reversed-three s.on an esophagram of a patient with coarctation of the aorta, the shape of the contrast-filled esophagus caused by the aortic arch (upper convexity) and post-stenotic dilatation (lower convexity); the cusp of the backwards 3 is at the level of the coarctation itself.
Revilliod's s.s. of the orbicularis
Ripault's s.a s. of death, consisting in a permanent change in the shape of the pupil produced by unilateral pressure on the eyeball.
Rocher's s.drawer s
Romaña's s.marked edema of one or both eyelids, usually a unilateral palpebral edema, thought to be a sensitization response to the bite of a triatomine bug infected with Trypanosoma cruzi, and a strong suggestion of acute Chagas' disease.
Romberg's s.with feet approximated, the patient stands with eyes open and then closed; if closing the eyes increases the unsteadiness, a loss of proprioceptive control is indicated, and the sign is positive.Romberg test, Romberg's symptom (1) , rombergism, station test;
Rosenbach's s.loss of the abdominal reflex in cases of acute inflammation of the viscera.
Rossolimo's s.Rossolimo's reflex
Rotch's s.in pericardial effusion, percussion dullness in the fifth intercostal space on the right.
Rovsing's s.pain at McBurney's point induced in cases of appendicitis, by pressure exerted over the descending colon.
Rumpel-Leede s.Rumpel-Leede test
Russell's s.abrasions and scars on the back of the hands of individuals with bulimia, usually due to manual attempts at self-induced vomiting.
Saenger's s.a lost light reflex of the pupil returns after a short time in the dark, noted in cerebral syphilis but absent in tabes dorsalis.
Sansom's s.in mitral stenosis, apparent duplication of the second heart sound.
Schapiro's s.in myocardial weakness, no slowing of the pulse occurs when the patient lies down.
Schlesinger's s.Pool's phenomenon (1)
Schultze's s.in latent tetany, tapping the tongue causes its depression with a concave dorsum.tongue phenomenon;
scimitar s.a curvilinear structure seen roentgenographically in the lung and associated with anomalous pulmonary venous drainage, suggesting the sickle shape, of a Turkish saber; also used to refer to the scalloped shape of the sacrum in spinal dysraphism with anterior meningocele.
Seeligmüller's s.contraction of the pupil on the affected side in facial neuralgia.
Seidel's s.a sickle-shaped scotoma appearing as an upward or downward extension of the blind spot.
sentinel loop s.in gastrointestinal radiology, dilatation of a segment of large or small intestine, indicative of localized ileus from nearby inflammation.
setting sun s.retraction of the upper lid without upgaze so that the iris seems to "set" below the lower lid; suggestive of neurologic damage in the newborn, but usually clears up without sequelae. See Collier's s., Epstein's s.
S s. of Goldenin pulmonary radiology, the combination of an atelectatic lobe and a central obstructing mass produces a concavity and a convexity, like the letter "S."
Shibley's s.on auscultation of the chest, the spoken sound "e" is heard as "ah" over an area of pulmonary consolidation or immediately above a pleural effusion.
Siegert's s.shortness and inward curvature of the terminal phalanges of the fifth fingers in Down's syndrome.
Signorelli's s.tenderness on pressure in the glenoid fossa in front of the mastoid process in meningitis.
silhouette s. of Felsonin pulmonary radiology, the obliteration of a normal air-soft tissue interface, such as the cardiac silhouette, when fluid fills the adjacent part of the lung.
Simon's s.in incipient meningitis in children, the movements of the diaphragm are dissociated from those of the thorax.
Skoda's s.skodaic resonance
Snellen's s.bruit heard on auscultation over the eye in a patient with Graves' disease, due to the hyperdynamic circulation.
spinal s.in pleurisy, the spinal muscles are in a state of tonic contraction on the affected side.
spine s.resistance to flexion of the spine in cases of meningitis.
Steinberg thumb s.in Marfan's syndrome, when the thumb is held across the palm of the same hand, it projects well beyond the ulnar surface of the hand.
Stellwag's s.infrequent and incomplete blinking in Graves' disease.
Sternberg's s.unilateral tenderness or discomfort on palpation of the shoulder girdle muscles in a patient with pleurisy on that side.
Stewart-Holmes s.in cerebellar disease, the inability to check a movement when passive resistance is suddenly released.rebound phenomenon (1) ;
Stierlin's s.repeated emptying of the cecum, seen radiographically, with barium remaining in the terminal part of the ileum and in the transverse colon; due to irritation of the cecum, sometimes caused by tuberculous cecitis (typhilitis).
Straus' s.in facial paralysis, if an injection of pilocarpine is followed by sweating on the affected side later than on the other, the lesion is peripheral.
string s.in pediatric gastrointestinal radiology, the narrowed pyloric canal seen with congenital pyloric stenosis; also used to describe a narrowed segment in regional ileitis on small bowel series.
subjective s.a s. that is perceived only by the patient.
Sumner's s.a slight increase in tonus of the abdominal muscles, an early indication of inflammation of the appendix, stone in the kidney or ureter, or a twisted pedicle of an ovarian cyst; it is detected by exceedingly gentle palpation of the right or left iliac fossa.
superior triangle s.in chest radiology, widening of the superior mediastinum, usually on the right, associated with collapse of the lower lobe producing traction on the mediastinal pleura.
ten Horn's s.pain caused by gentle traction on the right spermatic cord, indicative of appendicitis.
Thomson's s.Pastia's s
Tinel's s. (DTP) a sensation of tingling, or of "pins and needles," felt in the distal extremity of a limb when percussion is made over the site of an injured nerve; it indicates a partial lesion or early regeneration in the nerve.
Toma's s.to distinguish between inflammatory and noninflammatory ascites: in inflammatory conditions of the peritoneum, the mesentery contracts, drawing the intestines over to the right side; consequently, when the patient lies on his back, tympany is elicited on the right side, dullness on the left.
Topolanski's s.congestion of the pericorneal region of the eye in Graves' disease.
Tournay s.Tournay's phenomenon
Traube's s.a double sound or murmur heard in auscultation over arteries (particularly the femoral arteries) in significant aortic regurgitation.
Trélat's s.an obsolete s.; the presence of disseminated yellowish spots in the neighborhood of tuberculous ulcers of the mouth; they are minute tubercles or miliary abscesses.
Trendelenburg's s.in congenital dislocation of the hip or in hip abductor weakness, the pelvis will sag on the side opposite to the dislocation when the hip and knee of the normal side is flexed; without dislocation or weakness, the pelvis will rise on the side of the flexed hip and knee.
Tresilian's s.a reddish prominence at the orifice of Stenson's duct, noted in mumps.
Trousseau's s.in latent tetany, the occurrence of carpopedal spasm accompanied by paresthesia elicited when the upper arm is compressed, as by a tourniquet or a blood pressure cuff.
Trunecek's s.palpable impulse of the subclavian artery near the point of origin of the sternomastoid muscle in cases of aortic sclerosis.
Uhthoff's s. See Uhthoff symptom.
Vierra's s.yellowing and canalization of the nail in fogo selvagem.
Vipond's s.a generalized adenopathy occurring during the period of incubation of various of the exanthemas of childhood, affording an early diagnostic s. in a case of known exposure.
vital s.'smanifestation of breathing, heartbeat, and sustained blood pressure.
von Graefe's s.Graefe's s
Weber's s.Weber's syndrome
Weiss' s.Chvostek's s
Wernicke's s.Wernicke's reaction
Westermark's s.in chest radiography, an abrupt tapering of a vessel caused by pulmonary thromboembolic obstruction.
Westphal-Erb s.
Westphal's s.Erb-Westphal s
Wilder's s.a slight twitch of the eyeball when changing its movement from abduction to adduction or the reverse, noted in Graves' disease.
Winterbottom's s.swelling of the posterior cervical lymph nodes, characteristic of early stages of African trypanosomiasis; useful for surveys or control of migrations from endemic areas of persons with preclinical infections.
wrist s.in Marfan's syndrome, when the wrist is gripped with the opposite hand, the thumb and fifth finger overlap appreciably.

signal signal (sig´nal)

1. Something that causes an action. 2. The end product observed when a specific sequence of DNA or RNA is deleted by some method.

signature signature (sig´na-chur, -tur)

The part of a prescription containing the directions to the patient. [Mediev. L. signatura, fr. L. signum, a sign, mark]

significant significant (sig-nif´i-kant)

In statistics, denoting the reliability of a finding or, conversely, the probability of the finding being the result of chance (generally less than 5%). [L. significo, to make known, signify, fr. signum, sign, + facio, to make]

Signorelli Signorelli

Angelo, Italian physician, 1876-1952. See S.'s sign.

siguatera siguatera (seg-wa-ta´a)

See ciguatera.

SIH SIH

Abbreviation for somatotropin release-inhibiting hormone.

Silber Silber

Robert H., U.S. biochemist, *1915. See Porter-S. chromogens, under chromogen, reaction, chromogens test.

silent silent (sI´lent)

Producing no detectable signs or symptoms, said of certain diseases or morbid processes.

silica silica (sil´I-ka)

SiO₂;the chief constituent of sand, hence of glass.silicic anhydride, silicon dioxide; [Mod. L. fr. L. silex (silic-), flint]
s. gela precipitated form of silicic acid, used for adsorption of various gases.

silicate silicate (sil´i-kat)

1. A salt of silicic acid. 2. The term sometimes applied to dental restorations of synthetic porcelain.

silicatosis silicatosis (sil´i-ka-to´sis)

silicosis

siliceous siliceous (si-lish´us)

Containing silica.silicious;

silicic silicic (si-lis´ik)

Relating to silica or silicon.

silicic acid silicic acid

Si(OH)₄;obtained in water as a colloid by treating silicates; precipitated s.a. is silica gel.

silicic anhydride silicic anhydride

silica

silicious silicious (si-lish´us)

siliceous

silicoanthracosis silicoanthracosis (sil´I-ko-an´thra-ko- sis)

A pneumoconiosis consisting of combination of silicosis and anthracosis, seen in hard coal miners.

silicofluoride silicofluoride (sil´i-ko-flur´Id)

A compound of silicon and fluorine with another element.

silicon (Si) silicon (Si) (sil´i-kon)

A very abundant nonmetallic element, atomic no. 14, atomic wt. 28.0855, occurring in nature as silica and silicates; in pure form, used as a semiconductor and in solar batteries; also found in certain polysaccharide structures in mammary tissue. [L. silex, flint]

silicon dioxide silicon dioxide

silica
colloidal s.d.a submicroscopic fumed silica prepared by the vapor-phase hydrolysis of a silicon compound; used as a tablet diluent and as a suspending and thickening agent.

silicone silicone (sil´i-kon)

A polymer of organic silicon oxides, which may be a liquid, gel, or solid, depending on the extent of polymerization; formerly widely used in surgical implants, in intracorporeal tubes to conduct fluids, as dental impression material as a grease or sealing substance, as a coating on the inside of glass vessels for blood collection, and in various ophthalmological procedures.Approximately 2 million women in the U.S. have received breast implants since the 1960s, and it had been suggested that among them silicone leakage might cause, or worsen preexisting cases of, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus, scleroderma, and other connective tissue ailments. As a result, silicone breast implants were banned in 1992 by the Food and Drug Administration. In 1994, manufacturers of the implants agreed in principle to establish a $4.2 billion fund for women possibly harmed by their products. However, a long- term study released the same year by researchers at the Mayo Clinic found no statistically significant increase in connective tissue disease among 749 women with implants who were tracked between 1964 and 1991. Their risk was equal to that of 1498 control subjects without implants. Silicone's role in immune disorders and multiple sclerosis, which also has been debated, has yet to be clinically evaluated.
s.-related disease problemsdisease apparently resulting from release of silicone into the body, mainly due to the silicone envelope or filling of breast implants.

silicoproteinosis silicoproteinosis (sil´i-ko-pro´te-i-no´sis)

An acute pulmonary disorder, radiographically and histologically similar to pulmonary alveolar proteinosis, resulting from relatively short exposure to high concentrations of silica dust; pulmonary symptoms are of rapid onset and the condition is invariably fatal.

silicosiderosis silicosiderosis (sil´i-ko-sid´er-o´sis)

siderosilicosis

silicosis silicosis (sil-i-ko´sis)

A form of pneumoconiosis resulting from occupational exposure to and inhalation of silica dust over a period of years; characterized by a slowly progressive fibrosis of the lungs, which may result in impairment of lung function; s. predisposes to pulmonary tuberculosis.pneumosilicosis, silicatosis, stone-mason's disease; [L. silex, flint, + -osis, condition]

silicotuberculosis silicotuberculosis (sil´i-ko-tu-ber-kyu-lo´sis)

Silicosis associated with tuberculous pulmonary lesions.

siliqua olivae siliqua olivae (sil´i-kwa o-lI´ve)

The arcuate fibers, which appear to encircle the inferior olive in the medulla oblongata. [L. the husk of the olive]

silk silk

The fibers or filaments obtained from the cocoon of the silkworm.
floss s.dental floss
surgical s.thread prepared from the cocoon filaments of glutinous gum which are spun by the mulberry silkworm Bombyx mori; used as suture material in 14 sizes from 0.025 mm to 1.016 mm in diameter and numbered accordingly from 7-0 to 7.
virgin s.an extremely fine ophthalmic suture material consisting of two to seven natural s. filaments bonded together by sericin, a natural adhesive.

Silver Silver

Henry K., U.S. pediatrician, *1918. See S.-Russell dwarfism, syndrome.

silver (Ag) silver (Ag)

L. argentum;a metallic element, atomic no. 47, atomic wt. 107.8682. Many salts have clinical applications.argentum; [A.S. seolfor]
s. chlorideused in the preparation of antiseptic silver preparations.
colloidal s. iodidean antiseptic used for treatment of inflammation of the mucous membranes.
s. fluoride AgF₂. H₂O;an antiseptic.
fused s. nitratetoughened s. nitrate
s. iodatea reagent for the determination of chloride.
s. lactatehas been used as an astringent and antiseptic.
s. nitratean antiseptic and astringent; used externally, in solution, in the prevention of ophthalmia neonatorum (presently penicillin is often used); also used in the special staining of the nervous system, spirochetes, reticular fibers, Golgi apparatus, nucleolar organizer region, and calcium.
s. oxidehas been used in epilepsy and chorea; it is explosive when mixed with readily combustible substances.
s. picratean ionizable salt of s.; has been used in the treatment of trichomoniasis and moniliasis of the vagina.
strong s. proteina compound of s. and protein containing not less than 7.5 and not more than 8.5% of s.; used externally as an antiseptic, devoid of astringent and nearly so of irritant properties.
s. sulfadiazinethe s. derivative of sulfadiazine, used externally as a topical antibacterial agent in preventing and treating infections in burns.
toughened s. nitrateS. nitrate mixed with s. chloride and allowed to dry. Usually applied to the ends of small wooden applicator sticks or made available as pencils. These are used after wetting as a caustic chemical for the removal of warts.fused s. nitrate, lunar caustic;

silver impregnation silver impregnation

Silver complexes employed to demonstrate reticulin in normal and diseased tissues, as well as neuroglia, neurofibrillae, argentaffin cells, and Golgi apparatus.

Silverman Silverman

Leslie, U.S. engineer, 1914-1966. See S.-Lilly pneumotachograph.

Silverman Silverman

William A., 20th century U.S. pediatrician. See Caffey-S. syndrome.

Silverskiöld Silverskiöld

Nils G., Swedish orthopedist, 1888-1957. See S.'s syndrome.

silvol silvol

mild silver protein

simethicone simethicone (si-meth´i-kon)

A mixture of dimethyl polysiloxanes and silica gel; an antiflatulent.

similia similibus curantur similia similibus curantur (si-mil´e-a si-mil´i-bus ker-an´ter)

The homeopathic formula expressing the law of similars, the doctrine that any drug capable of producing morbid symptoms in the healthy will remove similar symptoms occurring as an expression of disease. Another reading of the formula, employed by Hahnemann, the founder of homeopathy, is similia similibus curentur, let likes be cured by likes. [L. likes are cured by likes]

similimum similimum, simillimum (si-mil´i-mum)

In homeopathy, the remedy indicated in a certain case because the same drug, when given to a healthy person, will produce the symptom complex most nearly approaching that of the disease in question. [L. simillimus, most like, superl. of similis, like]

Simmonds Simmonds

Morris, German physician, 1855-1925. See S.'s disease.

Simmons Simmons

J.S., U.S. bacteriologist, 1890-1954. See S.'s citrate medium.

Simon Simon

Gustav, German surgeon, 1824-1876. See S.'s position.

Simon Simon

Théodore, French physician, 1873-1961. See Binet-S. scale.

Simon Simon

Charles E., U.S. physician, 1866-1927. See S.'s sign.

Simonart Simonart

Pierre J.C., Belgian obstetrician, 1817-1847. See S.'s bands, under band, ligaments, under ligament, threads, under thread.

Simonea folliculorum Simonea folliculorum (si-mo´ne-a fo-lik-yu-lor´um)

Demodex folliculorum

Simons Simons

Arthur, German physician, *1877. See S.'s disease.

Simonsiella Simonsiella (sI´mon-se-el´ah)

Genus of nonphotosynthetic, nonfruiting, Gram-negative, chemoorganotrophic, gliding bacteria that exist as multicellular filaments with the long axis of individual cells perpendicular to the long axis of the filament. The cells are flattened and curved to yield a convex-concave, crescent shaped symmetry. Isolated from the oral cavity of mammals. Type species is Simonsiella muelleri.

simple simple (sim´pl)

1. Not complex or compound. 2. In anatomy, composed of a minimum number of parts. 3. A medicinal herb. [L. simplex]

Simplified Oral Hygiene Index (OHI-S) Simplified Oral Hygiene Index (OHI-S)

An index that measures the current oral hygiene status based upon the amount of debris and calculus occurring on six representative tooth surfaces in the mouth; often used in field surveys of periodontal disease.

Simpson Simpson

Sir James Y., Scottish obstetrician, 1811-1870. See S. uterine sound; S.'s forceps.

Simpson Simpson

William, British civil engineer, 1917.

Sims Sims

J. Marion, U.S. gynecologist, 1813-1883. See S.'s position; S. uterine sound.

simulation simulation (sim-yu-la´shun)

Imitation; said of a disease or symptom that resembles another, or of the feigning of illness as in factitious illness or malingering; in radiation therapy, using a geometrically similar radiographic system or computer to plan the location of therapy ports. [L. simulatio, fr. simulo, pp. -atus, to imitate, fr. similis, like]
computer s.computer model

simulator simulator (sim´yu-la-ter, tor)

An apparatus designed to produce effects simulating those of specific environmental conditions; used in experimentation and training.

Simulium Simulium (si-myu´le-um)

A genus of biting gnats or midges, the black flies, humpbacked flies, or buffalo gnats in the dipteran family Simuliidae. The aquatic larvae require swift-flowing streams or highly oxygenated waters for their development, a critical epidemiological factor in the role of these flies as disease vectors. In Central and South America, Mexico, and across central Africa, various species transmit Onchocerca volvulus, agent of human onchocerciasis; in North America, Onchocerca gutturosa and other onchocercid infections of cattle, horses, and various wild ruminants are transmitted by other black flies.Eusimulium; [L. simulo, to simulate]
S. damno´sumspecies that is an important vector of onchocerciasis in central Africa.
S. neav´eispecies that is an important vector of onchocerciasis in eastern Africa where its larvae and pupae are attached to the shells of crabs of the genus Potamonantes.
S. ochra´ceumspecies that is a vector of human onchocerciasis in Central America.
S. orna´tumspecies that is a vector of bovine onchocerciasis in Australia.
S. ruggle´sispecies that is a vector of Leucocytozoon simondi in Canada and the northern U.S.

simultagnosia simultagnosia (sI-mul-tag-no´se-a)

simultanagnosia

simultanagnosia simultanagnosia (sI-mul-tan-ag-no´se-a)

Inability to recognize multiple elements in a visual presentation, i.e., one object or some elements of a scene can be appreciated but not the display as a whole.simultagnosia; [simultaneous + agnosia]

SIMV SIMV

Abbreviation for spontaneous intermittent mandatory ventilation, synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation.

simvastatin simvastatin (sim´va-sta-tin)

A potent HMG-CoA reductase (the rate-limiting enzyme for cholesterol biosynthesis) inhibitor. Used for the treatment of hyperlipidemia; similar to lovastatin.

sincalide sincalide (sin´ka-lId)

The C-terminal octapeptide of cholecystokinin; it causes smooth muscle contraction of the gallbladder and small intestine, relaxation of the choledoduodenal junction, and stimulates pancreatic and gastric secretions; also used as a diagnostic aid to retrieve bile for analysis.

sincipital sincipital (sin-sip´i-tal)

Relating to the sinciput.

sinciput sinciput, pl. sincipitasinciputs (sin´si-put, sin-sip´i-ta)

The anterior part of the head just above and including the forehead. [L. half of the head]

SINES SINES

Abbreviation for short interspersed elements, under element.

sinew sinew (sin´u)

tendon [A.S. sinu]

singultation singultation (sing´gul-ta´shun)

Hiccupping. See hiccup. [L. singulto, pp. -atus, to hiccup]

singultous singultous (sing-gul´tus)

Relating to hiccups.

singultus singultus (sing-gul´tus)

A hiccup. [L.]

sinigrase sinigrase, sinigrinase (sin´i-gras, -gri-nas)

thioglucosidase

sinister sinister (si-nis´ter) [NA]

Left. [L.]

sinistrad sinistrad (sin´is-trad, si-nis´trad)

Toward the left side. [L. sinister, left, + ad, to]

sinistral sinistral (sin´is-tral, sI-nis´tral)

1. Relating to the left side.sinistrous; 2. Denoting a left-handed person.

sinistrality sinistrality (sin-is-tral´i-te)

The condition of being left-handed.

sinistro- sinistro-

Left, toward the left. [L. sinister]

sinistrocardia sinistrocardia (sin´is-tro-kar´de-a)

Displacement of the heart beyond the normal position on the left side. [sinistro- + G. kardia, heart]

sinistrocerebral sinistrocerebral (sin´is-tro-ser´e-bral)

Relating to the left cerebral hemisphere. [sinistro- + L. cerebrum, brain]

sinistrocular sinistrocular (sin-is-trok´yu-lar)

Seldom-used term denoting one who prefers the left eye in monocular work, such as in the use of a microscope. Cf. dominant eye. [sinistro- + L. oculus, eye]

sinistrogyration sinistrogyration (sin´is-tro-jI-ra´shun)

sinistrotorsion [sinistro- + L. gyratio, a turning around (gyration)]

sinistromanual sinistromanual (sin´is-tro-man´yu-al)

left-handed [sinistro- + L. manus, hand]

sinistropedal sinistropedal (sin-is-trop´e-dal)

Denoting one who uses the left leg by preference.left-footed; [sinistro- + L. pes (ped-), foot]

sinistrorotation sinistrorotation (sin´is-tro-ro-ta´shun)

sinistrotorsion

sinistrorse sinistrorse (sin´is-trors)

Turned or twisted to the left. [L. sinistrorsus, on the left side, fr. sinister, left, + verto, pp. versus, to turn]

sinistrotorsion sinistrotorsion (sin´is-tro-tor´shun)

A turning or twisting to the left.levorotation (2) , levotorsion (1) , sinistrogyration, sinistrorotation; [sinistro- + L. torsio, a twisting (torsion)]

sinistrous sinistrous (sin´is-trus, si-nis´trus)

sinistral (1)

sinoatrial sinoatrial (sI´no-a´tre-al)

sinuatrial

sinography sinography (sI-nog´ra-fe)

Radiologic use of a contrast medium to opacify a sinus tract. [sinus + G. grapho, to write]

sinopulmonary sinopulmonary (sI´no-pul´mo-nar-e)

Relating to the paranasal sinuses and the pulmonary airway.

sinovaginal sinovaginal (sI-no-vaj´i-nal)

Relating to that part of the vagina derived from the urogenital sinus.

sinter sinter

To heat a powdered substance without thoroughly melting it, causing it to fuse into a solid but porous mass. [Ger. dross, slag]

sinuatrial (S-A) sinuatrial (S-A) (sin´yu-a´tre-al, sI´nu-)

Relating to the sinus venosus and the right atrium of the heart.sinoatrial;

sinus sinus, pl. sinussinuses (sI´nus, -ez)

1. [NA] A channel for the passage of blood or lymph, without the coats of an ordinary vessel; e.g., blood passages in the gravid uterus or those in the cerebral meninges. 2. [na] A cavity or hollow space in bone or other tissue. 3. [NA] A dilatation in a blood vessel. 4. A fistula or tract leading to a suppurating cavity. [L. sinus, cavity, channel, hollow]
s. a´lae par´vaesphenoparietal s
anal sinuses 1. the grooves between the anal columns;Morgagni's s. (1) ; 2. pockets or crypts in the columnar zone of the anal canal between the anocutaneous line and the anorectal line; the sinuses give the mucosa a scalloped appearance.s. anales [NA] , anal crypts, Morgagni's crypts, rectal sinuses;
s. ana´les [NA] anal sinuses
anterior sinusesanterior ethmoidal air cells, under cell
s. aor´tae [NA] aortic s
aortic s.the space between the superior aspect of each cusp of the aortic valve and the dilated portion of the wall of the ascending aorta, immediately above each cusp.s. aortae [NA] , Petit's s., Valsalva's s;
Arlt's s.an inconstant depression on the lower portion of the internal surface of the lacrimal sac.
barber's pilonidal s.pilonidal s. occurring in barbers, usually in the web between the fingers, due to the burying of exogenous hairs by the alternate loosening and tightening of tissues of the hand by the manipulation of scissors.
basilar s.basilar plexus
Breschet's s.sphenoparietal s
s. carot´icus [NA] carotid s
carotid s.a slight dilation of the common carotid artery at its bifurcation into external and internal carotids; it contains baroreceptors which, when stimulated, cause slowing of the heart, vasodilation, and a fall in blood pressure and is innervated primarily by the glossopharyngeal nerve.s. caroticus [NA] , carotid bulb;
s. caverno´sus [NA] cavernous s
cavernous s.a paired dural venous s. on either side of the sella turcica, the two being connected by anastomoses, the anterior and posterior intercavernous s., in front of and behind the hypophysis, respectively, making thus the circular s.; the cavernous s. is unique among dural venous sinuses in being trabeculated; coursing within the sinus are the internal carotid artery and the abducent nerve.s. cavernosus [NA] ;
cerebral sinusesdural venous sinuses
cervical s.in young mammalian embryos a depression in the nuchal region caudal to the hyoid arch, with the third and fourth branchial arches and ectodermal grooves in its floor; normally it is obliterated after the second month, but occasionally cervical fistulae persist as vestiges of it.precervical s;
circular s. 1. dural venous formation which surrounds the hypophysis, composed of right and left cavernous sinuses and the intercavernous sinuses;circulus venosus ridleyi, Ridley's circle; 2. a venous s. at the periphery of the placenta; 3. s. venosus sclerae
s. circula´riss. venosus sclerae
coccygeal s.a fistula opening in the region of the coccyx, being the result of incomplete closure of the caudal end of the neurenteric canal. See also pilonidal s.
s. corona´rius [NA] coronary s
coronary s.a short trunk receiving most of the cardiac veins, beginning at the junction of the great cardiac vein and the oblique vein of the left atrium, running in the posterior part of the coronary sulcus and emptying into the right atrium between the inferior vena cava and the atrioventricular orifice.s. coronarius [NA] ;
costomediastinal s.costomediastinal recess
cranial sinusesdural venous sinuses
dermal s.a s. lined with epidermis and skin appendages extending from the skin to some deeper-lying structure, most frequently the spinal cord.
s. du´rae ma´tris [NA] dural venous sinuses
dural venous sinusesendothelium-lined venous channels in the dura mater.s. durae matris [NA] , cerebral sinuses, cranial sinuses, sinuses of dura mater, venous sinuses;
sinuses of dura materdural venous sinuses
Englisch's s.inferior petrosal s
s. epididym´idis [NA] s. of epididymis
s. of epididymisa narrow space between the body of the epididymis and the testis.s. epididymidis [NA] ;
ethmoidal sinusesethmoidal air-cells; evaginations of the mucous membrane of the middle and superior meatuses of the nasal cavity into the ethmoidal labyrinth forming multiple small paranasal sinuses; they are subdivided into anterior, middle and posterior ethmoidal sinuses.antra ethmoidalia;
s. ethmoida´les [NA] ethmoid air cells, under cell
s. ethmoidales anterio´res [NA] anterior ethmoidal air cells, under cell
s. ethmoidales me´diae [NA] middle ethmoidal air cells, under cell
s. ethmoidales posterio´res [NA] posterior ethmoidal air cells, under cell
frontal s.a hollow paranasal sinus formed on either side in the lower part of the squama of the frontal bone; it communicates by the ethmoidal infundibulum with the middle meatus of the nasal cavity of the same side.s. frontalis [NA] ;
s. fronta´lis [NA] frontal s
Guérin's s.a cul-de-sac or diverticulum behind the valve of the navicular fossa.
Huguier's s.fossula fenestrae vestibuli
inferior longitudinal s.inferior sagittal s
inferior petrosal s.a paired dural venous s. running in the groove on the petrooccipital fissure connecting the cavernous s. with the superior bulb of the internal jugular vein.s. petrosus inferior [NA] , Englisch's s;
inferior sagittal s.an unpaired dural venous s. in the lower margin of the falx cerebri, running parallel to the superior sagittal s. and merging with the great cerebral vein to form the the straight s.s. sagittalis inferior [NA] , inferior longitudinal s;
s. intercaverno´si [NA] intercavernous sinuses
intercavernous sinusesthe anterior and posterior anastomoses between the cavernous s.'s, passing anterior and posterior to the hypophysis and forming, with the cavernous sinuses, the circular s. (1) .s. intercavernosi [NA] , Ridley's s;
jugular s., s. jugula´risone of three enlargements of the jugular veins; the external jugular s. is between the two sets of valves; the internal jugular s.'s are at the origin (superior bulb) and near the termination (inferior bulb).
s. lactif´eri [NA] lactiferous s
lactiferous s.a circumscribed spindle-shaped dilation of the lactiferous duct just before it enters the nipple. In nursing mothers this dilatation stores a droplet of milk which is expressed by compression as the infant begins to suckle; this is thought to encourage continual suckling while the let-down reflex ensues.s. lactiferi [NA] , ampulla lactifera, ampulla of milk duct, lactiferous ampulla;
laryngeal s.laryngeal ventricle
s. laryn´geuslaryngeal ventricle
lateral s.transverse s
s. lie´nis [NA] splenic s
longitudinal s. See inferior sagittal s., superior sagittal s.
longitudinal vertebral venous s.large, plexiform veins forming portions of the anterior internal vertebral venous plexus lying on the posterior surfaces of the vertebral bodies on either side of the posterior longitudinal ligament.s. vertebrales longitudinales;
Luschka's s.venous s. in the petrosquamous suture.
lymph s.lymphatic s
lymphatic s.the channels in a lymph node crossed by a reticulum of cells and fibers and bounded by littoral cells; there are subcapsular, trabecular, and medullary s.'s.lymph s;
Maier's s.an infundibuliform depression on the internal surface of the lacrimal sac which receives the lacrimal canaliculi.
marginal sinuses of placentadiscontinuous venous lakes at the margin of the placenta.
mastoid sinusesmastoid air cells, under cell
s. maxilla´ris [NA] maxillary s
maxillary s.the largest of the paranasal sinuses occupying the body of the maxilla, communicating with the middle meatus of the nose.s. maxillaris [NA] , antrum of Highmore, genyantrum, maxillary antrum;
Meyer's s.a small concavity in the floor of the external auditory canal near the membrana tympani.
middle ethmoidal sinusesmiddle ethmoidal air cells, under cell
Morgagni's s. 1. anal sinuses (1) 2. prostatic utricle 3. laryngeal ventricle
s. of nails. unguis
oblique pericardial s.the recess in the pericardial cavity posterior to the base of the heart bounded laterally by the pericardial reflections on the pulmonary veins and inferior vena cava, and posteriorly by the pericardium overlying the anterior aspect of the esophagus.s. obliquus pericardii [NA] , oblique s. of pericardium;
oblique s. of pericardiumoblique pericardial s
s. obli´quus pericar´dii [NA] oblique pericardial s
occipital s.an unpaired dural venous s. commencing at the confluence of the sinuses and passing downward in the base of the falx cerebelli to the foramen magnum.s. occipitalis [NA] ;
s. occipita´lis [NA] occipital s
Palfyn's s.a space within the crista galli of the ethmoid described as communicating with the ethmoidal and frontal s.'s.
paranasal sinusesthe paired air-filled cavities in the bones of the face lined by mucous membrane continuous with that of the nasal cavity; these s.'s are the frontal, sphenoidal, maxillary, and ethmoidal.s. paranasales [NA] ;
s. paranasa´les [NA] paranasal sinuses
parasinoidal sinuseslateral venous lacunae, under lacuna
Petit's s.aortic s
petrosal s. See inferior petrosal s., superior petrosal s.
s. petro´sus infe´rior [NA] inferior petrosal s
s. petro´sus supe´rior [NA] superior petrosal s
phrenicocostal s.costodiaphragmatic recess
pilonidal s.a fistula or pit in the sacral region, communicating with the exterior, containing hair which may act as a foreign body producing chronic inflammation.pilonidal fistula;
piriform s.piriform fossa
pleural sinusespleural recesses, under recess
s. pocula´risprostatic utricle
s. poste´rior [NA] a deep groove above the pyramidal eminence extending to the incudal fossa in the posterior wall of the tympanic cavity.
precervical s.cervical s
prostatic s.the groove on either side of the urethral crest in the prostatic part of the urethra into which the prostatic ducts open.s. prostaticus [NA] ;
s. prostat´icus [NA] prostatic s
pulmonary sinusesthe space at the origin of the pulmonary trunk between the dilated wall of the vessel and each cusp of the pulmonic valve.s. trunci pulmonalis [NA] ;
rectal sinusesanal sinuses
s. rec´tus [NA] straight s
renal s.the cavity of the kidney, containing the calyces and pelvis of the ureter and the segmental vesels embedded within a fatty matrix. The renal sinuses cause the kidneys to appear hollow or C-shaped on cross section or medical imaging.s. renalis [NA] ;
s. rena´lis [NA] renal s
s. reu´niensobsolete term for s. venosus.
rhomboidal s., s. rhomboidalisa dilation of the central canal of the spinal cord in the lumbar region.rhombocele;
Ridley's s.intercavernous sinuses
Rokitansky-Aschoff sinusessmall outpocketings of the mucosa of the gallbladder which extend through the muscular layer; they may be congenital.
s. sagitta´lis infe´rior [NA] inferior sagittal s
s. sagitta´lis supe´rior [NA] superior sagittal s
sigmoid s.the S-shaped dural venous s. lying deep to the mastoid process of the temporal bone and immediately posterior to the petrous temporal bone; it is continuous with the transverse s. and empties into the internal jugular vein as it passes through the jugular foramen.s. sigmoideus [NA] ;
s. sigmoi´deus [NA] sigmoid s
sphenoidal s.one of a pair of paranasal sinuses in the body of the sphenoid bone communicating with the upper posterior nasal cavity or spenoethmoidal recess.s. sphenoidalis [NA] ;
s. sphenoida´lis [NA] sphenoidal s
sphenoparietal s.a paired dural venous s. beginning on the parietal bone, running along the sphenoidal ridges and emptying into the cavernous s.s. sphenoparietalis [NA] , Breschet's s., s. alae parvae;
s. sphenoparieta´lis [NA] sphenoparietal s
splenic s.an elongated venous channel, 12 to 40 mum wide, lined by rod-shaped cells.s. lienis [NA] ;
straight s.an unpaired dural venous s. in the posterior part of the falx cerebri where it is attached to the tentorium cerebelli; it is formed anteriorly by the merging of the great cerebral vein with the inferior sagittal sinus, and passes horizontally and posteriorly to the confluence of sinuses.s. rectus [NA] , tentorial s;
superior longitudinal s.superior sagittal s
superior petrosal s.a paired dural venous s. in the groove along the crest of the petrous temporal bone, connecting the cavernous s. with the termination of the transverse s. or beginning of the sigmoid sinus.s. petrosus superior [NA] ;
superior sagittal s.an unpaired dural venous s. in the sagittal groove, beginning at the foramen caecum and terminating at the confluence of sinuses where it merges with the straight sinus; receives the superior cerebral veins and has lateral extensions, the lateral venous lacunae.s. sagittalis superior [NA] , superior longitudinal s;
tarsal s.a hollow or canal formed by the groove of the talus and the interosseous groove of the calcaneus which is occupied by the interosseous talocalcaneal ligament.s. tarsi [NA] , tarsal canal;
s. tar´si [NA] tarsal s
tentorial s.straight s
terminal s., s. termina´listhe vein bounding the area vasculosa in the blastoderm.
s. tonsilla´ristonsillar fossa
Tourtual's s.supratonsillar fossa
transverse s.a paired dural venous s. that drains the confluence of sinuses, running along the occipital attachment of the tentorium cerebelli and terminating in the sigmoid s.s. transversus [NA] , lateral s;
transverse pericardial s.a passage in the pericardial sac between the origins of the great vessels, i.e., posterior to the intrapericardial portions of the pulmonary trunk and ascending aorta and anterior to the superior vena cava and superior to the atria; it is formed as a result of the flexure of the heart tube, partially approximating the great venous and arterial vessels.s. transversus pericardii [NA] , Theile's canal, transverse s. of pericardium;
transverse s. of pericardiumtransverse pericardial s
s. transver´sus [NA] transverse s
s. transver´sus pericar´dii [NA] transverse pericardial s
s. trun´ci pulmona´lis [NA] pulmonary sinuses
s. tym´pani [NA] tympanic s
tympanic s.a depression in the tympanic cavity posterior to the tympanic promontory.s. tympani [NA] ;
s. un´guisthe deep cleft housing the root of the nail.s. of nail;
urogenital s. 1. the ventral part of the cloaca after its separation from the rectum by the growth of the urorectal septum; from it develops the lower part of the bladder in both sexes, the prostatic portion of the male urethra, and the urethra and vestibule in the female; 2. persistent cloaca
s. urogenita´lispersistent cloaca
uterine s.a small irregular vascular channel in the endometrium, of a type that forms during pregnancy.uterine sinusoid;
uteroplacental sinusesirregular vascular spaces in the zone of the chorionic attachment to the decidua basalis.
Valsalva's s.aortic s
s. of the vena cavathe portion of the cavity of the right atrium of the heart that receives the blood from the venae cavae; it is separated from the rest of the atrium by the crista terminalis.s. venarum cavarum [NA] ;
s. vena´rum cava´rum [NA] s. of the vena cava
s. veno´sus [NA] a cavity at the caudal end of the embryonic cardiac tube in which the veins from the intra- and extraembryonic circulatory arcs unite; in the course of development it forms the portion of the right atrium known in adult anatomy as the sinus of the vena cava.saccus reuniens;
s. veno´sus scle´rae [NA] the vascular structure encircling the anterior chamber of the eye and through which the aqueous is returned to the blood circulation.circular s. (3) , Fontana's canal, Lauth's canal, Schlemm's canal, s. circularis, venous s. of sclera;
venous sinusesdural venous sinuses
venous s. of scleras. venosus sclerae
s. vertebra´les longitudina´leslongitudinal vertebral venous s

sinusitis sinusitis (sI-nu-sI´tis)

Inflammation of the lining membrane of any sinus, especially of one of the paranasal sinuses. [sinus + G. -itis, inflammation]
frontal s.infection in one or both frontal sinuses.
infectious s. of turkeys See chronic respiratory disease.

sinusoid sinusoid (si´nu-soyd)

1. Resembling a sinus. 2. Sinusoidal capillary; a thin-walled terminal blood vessel having an irregular and larger caliber than an ordinary capillary; its endothelial cells have large gaps and the basal lamina is either discontinuous or absent.sinusoidal capillary; [sinus + G. eidos, resemblance]
uterine s.uterine sinus

sinusoidal sinusoidal (sI-nu-soy´dal)

Relating to a sinusoid.

sinusotomy sinusotomy (sin-u-sot´o-me)

Incision into a sinus. [sinus + G. tome, incision]

si op. sit si op. sit

Abbreviation for L. si opus sit, if needed.

siphon siphon (sI´fon)

A tube bent into two unequal lengths, used to remove fluid from a cavity or vessel by atmospheric pressure. [G. siphon, tube]

siphonage siphonage (sI´fon-ij)

Emptying of the stomach or other cavity by means of a siphon.

Siphona irritans Siphona irritans (sI-fo´na ir´i-tanz)

The horn fly, a bloodsucking muscoid fly that causes great irritation and annoyance to cattle, and transmits Stephanofilaria stilesi. [G. siphon, tube]

Siphonaptera Siphonaptera (sI-fo-nap´te-ra)

The fleas, an order of wingless insect ectoparasites highly adapted for survival in mammalian fur; they are flattened laterally, spined, and equipped with well-developed metathoracic legs for jumping. [G. siphon, tube, + G. a- priv. + pteron, wing]

Siphoviridae Siphoviridae (sif´o-vI´ra-da)

Provisional name for a family of nonenveloped double-stranded DNA bacteriophages with long, noncontractile tails. [L. sipho, little tube, pipe, fr. G. siphon, + virus]

Sipple Sipple

J.H., U.S. physician, *1930. See S.'s syndrome.

Sippy Sippy

Bertram W., U.S. physician, 1866-1924. See sippy diet.

sireniform sireniform (sI-ren´i-form)

Denoting a malformation with the appearance of sirenomelia.

sirenomelia sirenomelia (sI´re-no-me´le-a)

Union of the legs with partial or complete fusion of the feet. See also sympus.mermaid deformity, symmelia; [L. siren, G. seiren, a siren]

siriasis siriasis (si-rI´a-sis)

sunstroke [G. seiriasis, from seiriao, to be hot]

Siris Siris

Evelyn, U.S. radiologist, *1914. See Coffin-S. syndrome.

sirup sirup (sir´up)

syrup

sismotherapy sismotherapy (sis-mo-thar´a-pe)

vibratory massage [G. seismos, a shaking, fr. seio, fut. seiso, to shake]

sisomicin sulfate sisomicin sulfate (sis-o-mI´sin)

(C₁₉H₃₇N₅O₇)₂. 5H₂SO₄;an antibiotic produced by Micromonospora inyoensis that has a spectrum of activity and application similar to that of gentamicin.

sister sister

In Great Britain: 1. The title of a head nurse in a public hospital or in a ward or the operating room of a hospital; 2. Any registered nurse in private practice.

Sister Mary Joseph Dempsey Sister Mary Joseph Dempsey

Superintendent at Saint Mary's hospital, Mayo Clinic, and surgical assistant to Dr. William Mayo, c. 1928, 1856-1929. See Sister Joseph's nodule.

Sistrunk Sistrunk

Walter Ellis, U.S. surgeon, 1880-1933. See S. operation.

site site (sIt)

A place or location.situs; [L. situs]
acceptor s.the ribosomal binding s. for the aminoacyl-tRNA during protein synthesis.
acceptor splicing s.right splicing junction
active s.that portion of an enzyme molecule at which the actual reaction proceeds; considered to consist of one or more residues or atoms in a spatial arrangement that permits interaction with the substrate to effect the reaction of the latter.
allosteric s.postulated as the place on an enzyme, other than the active s., where a compound, which may be the ultimate product of the biosynthetic pathway involving the enzyme, may bind and influence the activity of the enzyme by changing the enzyme's conformation; the influence of CTP on aspartate carbamoyltransferase activity exemplifies the concept of an allosteric site on an allosteric protein.
antibody combining s.paratope
antigen-binding s.paratope
antigen-combining site See paratope.
cleavage s.restriction s
combining s.paratope
fragile s. [MIM*136540-136670] a non-staining gap at a specific point on a chromosome, usually involving both chromatids, always at the same point on chromosomes of different cells from an individual or kindred; it results in in vitro production of acentric fragments, deleted chromosomes, or other chromosome anomalies; inherited as a dominant chromosome marker.
immunologically privileged s.'ss.'s where allografts are not readily rejected, probably because these particular areas have poor lymphatic drainage.
ligand binding s.the s. on a protein's surface that binds a ligand; equivalent to the active s. if the ligand is the substrate of an enzyme.
privileged s.an anatomic area lacking lymphatic drainage, such as the brain, cornea, and hamster cheek pouch, in which heterologous tumors may grow because the host does not become sensitized.
receptor s.point of attachment of viruses, hormones, or other activators to cell membranes.
replication s.the in vivo s. on DNA of DNA replication.
restriction s.a s. in nucleic acid in which the bordering bases are of such a type as to leave them vulnerable to the cleaving action of an endonuclease.cleavage s;
sequence-tagged s.'s (STSs) short stretches of DNA sequences that can be detected by use of the polymerase chain reaction.
switching s.the break point in a DNA sequence at which a gene segment unites with another gene segment, as in the production of the immunoglobulins.

sito- sito-

Food, grain. [G. sitos, sition]

sitostane sitostane (sI´to-stan)

stigmastane

beta-sitosterol beta-sitosterol (sI-to-ster´ol)

stigmast-5-en-3beta-ol; (24R)-24-ethyl-5-cholesten-3beta-ol;an anticholesteremic.cinchol;

sitotaxis sitotaxis (sI-to-tak´sis)

sitotropism [sito- + G. taxis, orderly arrangement]

sitotoxin sitotoxin (sI-to-tok´sin)

Any food poison, especially one developing in grain. [sito- + G. toxikon, poison]

sitotoxism sitotoxism (sI-to-tok´sizm)

1. Poisoning by spoiled or fungous grain. 2. Food poisoning in general. [sito- + G. toxikon, poison]

sitotropism sitotropism (sI-tot´ro-pizm)

Turning of living cells to or away from food.sitotaxis; [sito- + G. trope, a turning]

situation situation (sich-yu-a´shun)

The aggregate of biological, psychological, and sociological factors that affect an individual's behavioral pattern.
psychoanalytic s.the relationship, characteristically restricted to the therapist's office, between patient and therapist.

situs situs (sI´tus)

site [L.]
s. inver´susreversal of position or location.s. transversus;
s. inversus visceruma transposition of the viscera, e.g., the liver developing on the left side or the heart on the right.visceral inversion;
s. perver´susmalposition of any viscus.
s. sol´itusthe normal visceral arrangement.
s. transver´suss. inversus

Siwe Siwe

Sture A., Swedish pediatrician, 1897-1966. See Letterer-S. disease.

sizer sizer (sI´zer)

A cylinder of variable diameter, with rounded ends, used to measure the internal diameter of the bowel in preparation for stapling.

Sjögren Sjögren

Henrik C., Swedish ophthalmologist, *1899. See S.'s disease, syndrome; Gougerot-S. disease.

Sjögren Sjögren

Torsten, Swedish physician, 1859-1939. See S.-Larsson syndrome; Torsten S.'s syndrome; Marinesco-Sjögren syndrome.

Sjöqvist Sjöqvist

O., Swedish neurosurgeon, 1901-1954. See S. tractotomy.

SK SK

Abbreviation for streptokinase.

skato- skato-

Obsolete spelling of scato-.

skatole skatole (skat´ol)

3-Methyl-1H-indole, formed in the intestine by the bacterial decomposition of l-tryptophan and found in fecal matter, to which it imparts its characteristic odor.

skatoxyl skatoxyl (ska-tok´sil)

3-Hydroxymethylindole, formed in the intestine by the oxidation of skatole; some undergoes conjugation in the body with sulfuric or gluronic acids and is excreted in the urine in conjugated form.

skein skein (skan)

The coiled threads of chromatin seen in the prophase of mitosis. [Gael. sgeinnidh, hempen thread]
choroid s.choroid glomus

skeletal skeletal (skel´e-tal)

Relating to the skeleton.

skeletology skeletology (skel-e-tol´o-je)

The branch of anatomy and of mechanics dealing with the skeleton.

skeleton skeleton (skel´e-ton)

1. The bony framework of the body in vertebrates (endoskeleton) or the hard outer envelope of insects (exoskeleton or dermoskeleton). 2. All the dry parts remaining after the destruction and removal of the soft parts; this includes ligaments and cartilages as well as bones. 3. All the bones of the body taken collectively. 4. A rigid or semi-rigid non-osseous structure which functions as the supporting framework of a particular sutructure. [G. skeletos, dried, ntr. skeleton, a mummy, a skeleton]
appendicular s.the bones of the limbs including the shoulder and pelvic girdles.s. appendiculare [NA] ;
s. appendicula´re [NA] appendicular s
articulated s.mounted s., one with the various parts connected in such a way as to demonstrate normal relationships and allow motion between components as in the living body.
axial s.articulated bones of head and vertebral column, i.e., head and trunk, as opposed to the appendicular skeleton, the articulated bones of the upper and lower limbs.s. axiale [NA] ;
s. axia´le [NA] axial s
cardiac s.fibrous s. of heart
cardiac fibrous s.fibrous s. of heart
fibrous s. of hearta complex framework of dense collagen forming four fibrous rings (annuli fibrosi), which surround the ostia of the valves, a right and left fibrous trigone, formed by connecting the rings, and the membranous portions of the interatrial and interventricular septa; it is found in association with the base of the ventricles, i.e., at the level of the coronary sulcus; its functions include: 1) contributing reinforcement of the valvular ostia while providing attachment for the leaflets and cusps of the valves; 2) providing origin and insertion for the myocardium; and 3) serving as a sort of electrical "insulator," separating the electrically conducted impulses of the atria and ventricles and providing passage for the common atrioventricular bundle of conductive tissue through the right fibrous trigone and membranous interventricular septum.cardiac fibrous s., cardiac s., s. of heart;
s. of free inferior limbthe bones of the lower limb except the hip bones, i.e., all lower limb bones including and distal to the femur .
s. of free superior limbthe bones of the upper limb except the scapula and clavicle, i.e., all upper limb bones including and distal to the humerus .
gill arch s.cartilages associated with the visceral portion of the embryonic mammalian chondrocranium, representing the gill arch (branchial) skeletons as seen in shark-type fishes; they are the primordia of Meckel's cartilage, the styloid, hyoid, cricoid, thyroid, and arytenoid cartilages, and the auditory ossicles. See also branchial arches, under arch.
s. of heartfibrous s. of heart
jaw s.viscerocranium
s. thoracicus* official alternate term for thoracic cage
visceral s.visceroskeleton (2)

Skene Skene

Alexander J.C., U.S. gynecologist, 1838-1900. See S.'s glands, under gland, tubules, under tubule; ducts of S. glands, under duct.

skeneitis skeneitis, skenitis (ske-nI´tis)

Inflammation of Skene's glands.

skeneoscope skeneoscope (sken´o-skop)

A form of endoscope for inspecting Skene's glands.

skew skew (skyu)

In statistics, departure from symmetry of a frequency distribution.

skia- skia-

Shadow; superseded by radio-. [G. skia]

skiascopy skiascopy (skI-as´ko-pe)

retinoscopy

Skillern Skillern

Penn Gaskell, U.S. surgeon, *1882. See S.'s fracture.

skin skin

The membranous protective covering of the body, consisting of the epidermis and corium (dermis).cutis [NA] ; [A.S. scinn]
alligator s.ichthyosis
bronzed s.the dark s. in Addison's disease.
deciduous s.keratolysis (2)
diamond s.the appearance of the affected site in erysipeloid.
elastic s. See Ehlers-Danlos syndrome.
farmer's s.dry, wrinkled s. with presence of dry premalignant keratoses; observed most commonly in fair-skinned, blue-eyed persons who are exposed by occupation or sport to sunshine for prolonged periods and over many years.golfer's s., sailor's s;
fish s.ichthyosis
glabrous s.s. that is normally devoid of hair.
glossy s.shiny atrophy of the s., usually of the hands, following nerve injury.atrophoderma neuriticum;
golfer's s.farmer's s
hidden nail s.eponychium (2)
loose s.cutis laxa
parchment s.parchment-like appearance of the s. caused by loss of underlying connective and elastic tissue, or by the relatively rapid and persistent loss of water from the horny layer.
piebald s.piebaldness
pig s.soft s. in which follicles are widely dilated; seen in pretibial myxedema.
porcupine s.epidermolytic hyperkeratosis
sailor's s.farmer's s
sex s.the s. of the genital regions of the Macaca mulatta and other primates which becomes hyperemic during estrus; at the same time the dermis becomes gelatinous and the epidermis thickened.
shagreen s.an oval-shaped nevoid plaque, skin-colored or occasionally pigmented, smooth or crinkled, appearing on the trunk or lower back in early childhood; sometimes seen with other signs of tuberous sclerosis.shagreen patch;
s. tagauricle of atrium
s. of teethenamel cuticle
toad s.phrynoderma
yellow s. 1. xanthochromia 2. xanthoderma (2)

Skinner Skinner

Burrhus F., U.S. psychologist, 1904-1990. See skinnerian conditioning; S. box.

skin writing skin writing

dermatographism

Sklowsky Sklowsky

E.L., 20th century German physician. See S. symptom.

Skoda Skoda

Joseph, Bohemian clinician in Vienna, 1805-1881. See skodaic resonance; S.'s rale, sign, tympany.

skodaic skodaic (sko-da´ik)

Relating to Skoda.

skull skull (skul)

The bones of the head collectively. In a more limited sense, the neurocranium, the bony brain-case containing the brain, excluding the bones of the face (viscero-cranium).cranium [NA] ; [Early Eng. skulle, a bowl]
cloverleaf s. See cloverleaf skull syndrome.
maplike s.various defects in the s., especially in the temporal bone, the anterior fossa, and orbits, forming irregular outlines resembling the national boundaries in an atlas.
natiform s. (na´tI-form) palpable bony nodules on the surface of the skull in infants with congenital syphilis.
steeple s., tower s.oxycephaly

skullcap skullcap (skul´kap)

calvaria

sky blue sky blue (skI´ blu´)

A pigment mixture of cobaltous stannate and calcium sulfate; used biologically as an injection mass.

SL SL

Abbreviation for spinal length.

sl sl

Symbol for slyke.

slab-off slab-off

A process by which prism base-up is produced in the reading field of a spectacle lens through bicentric grinding.

slaframine slaframine

An alkaloid produced by the fungus Rhizoctonia leguminicola which causes s. toxicosis in horses and cattle.

SLE SLE

Abbreviation for systemic lupus erythematosus.

sleep sleep (slep)

A physiologic state of relative unconsciousness and inaction of the voluntary muscles, the need for which recurs periodically. The stages of sleep have been variously defined in terms of depth (light, deep), EEG characteristics (delta waves, synchronization), physiological characteristics (REM, NREM), and presumed anatomical level (pontine, mesencephalic, rhombencephalic, Rolandic, etc.). [A.S. slaep]
crescendo s.normal s., marked by a gradual increase in movements of the sleeper during the course of the night.
electric s.a condition of convulsions and unconsciousness induced by the passage of an electric current through the brain.
electrotherapeutic s. See electrotherapeutic sleep therapy.
hypnotic s.hypnosis
light s.dysnystaxis
paradoxical s.a deep s., with a brain wave pattern more like that of waking states than of other states of s., which occurs during rapid eye movement s.
paroxysmal s.narcolepsy
rapid eye movement s., REM s.that state of deep s. in which rapid eye movements, alert EEG pattern, and dreaming occur; several central and autonomic functions are distinctive during this state.
s. terrornight-terrors
twilight s.formerly a method of producing s. for delivery by a combination of morphine and scopolamine.
winter s.hibernation

sleepiness sleepiness (slep´i-nes)

somnolence (1)

sleeplessness sleeplessness (slep´les-nes)

insomnia

sleeptalking sleeptalking

1. somniloquence (1) 2. somniloquy

sleepwalker sleepwalker

somnambulist

sleepwalking sleepwalking

somnambulism (1)

slide slide (slId)

A rectangular glass plate on which is placed an object to be examined under the microscope.

sling sling

A supporting bandage or suspensory device; especially a loop suspended from the neck and supporting the flexed forearm.

slit slit

A long, narrow opening, incision, or aperture.
Cheatle s.a longitudinal incision into the antimesenteric border of the small intestine, which when closed transversely creates a larger lumen than would be possible by simple end-to-end anastomosis; currently modified to include longitudinal incisions into the cut ends of the transected small intestine or other tubular structures, allowing a wide caliber elliptical anastomosis to be performed.
filtration s.'sslit pores, under pore
pudendal s.pudendal cleft
vulvar s.pudendal cleft

slitlamp slitlamp

In ophthalmology, an instrument consisting of a microscope combined with a rectangular light source that can be narrowed into a slit.biomicroscope, Gullstrand's s;
Gullstrand's s.slitlamp

slope slope (slop)

An inclination or slant.
lower ridge s.the s. of the mandibular residual ridge in the second and third molar as seen from the buccal side.

slough slough (sluf)

1. Necrosed tissue separated from the living structure. 2. To separate from the living tissue, said of a dead or necrosed part. [M.E. slughe]

Sluder Sluder

Greenfield, U.S. laryngologist, 1865-1928.

Sluder's neuralgia Sluder's neuralgia

See under neuralgia.

sludge sludge (sludj)

A muddy sediment. See also sludged blood.
activated s. See activated sludge method.

sluice sluice (slus)

waterfall

sluiceway sluiceway (slus´wa)

spillway

slurry slurry (sler´e)

A thin semifluid suspension of a solid in a liquid.

slyke (sl) slyke (sl) (slIk)

A unit of buffer value, the slope of the acid-base titration curve of a solution; the millimoles of strong acid or base that must be added per unit of change in pH. [D.D. Van Slyke, U.S. physician and chemist, 1883-1971]

Sm Sm

Symbol for samarium.

SMA SMA

Abbreviation for sequential multichannel autoanalyzer.

smallpox smallpox (smawl´poks)

An acute eruptive contagious disease caused by a poxvirus (Orthopoxvirus, a member of the family Poxviridae) and marked at the onset by chills, high fever, backache, and headache; in from 2 to 5 days the constitutional symptoms subside and the eruption appears as papules which become umbilicated vesicles, develop into pustules, dry, and form scabs that on falling off, left a permanent marking of the skin (pock marks); average incubation period is 8 to 14 days. Vaccination has succeeded in eradicating smallpox.variola major, variola; [E. small pocks, or pustules] Smallpox was a universally dreaded scourge of humans for more than three millennia, with case fatality rates sometimes over 20%. In many ways a unique disease, it had no nonhuman reservoir species, and no human carriers. First subjected to some control by variolation in the tenth century in India and China, it was brought under control in the industrialized world after Edward Jenner's 1796 landmark discovery that the harmless cowpox virus could protect humans from infection with the smallpox virus. A global eradication project was initiated by the World Health Organization in 1966, and the last naturally occurring case of the disease was reported in Somalia in 1977. At the time this volume went to press, the only known reservoirs of the virus were in containment laboratories in Atlanta and Moscow; destruction of these laboratory stocks has been the subject of intense debate among scientists. The disease is now one of mainly historical interest.
confluent s.a severe form in which the lesions run into each other, forming large suppurating areas.
discrete s.the usual form in which the lesions are separate and distinct from each other.
fulminating s.hemorrhagic s
hemorrhagic s.a severe and frequently fatal form of s. accompanied by extravasation of blood into the skin in the early stage, or into the pustules at a later stage, accompanied often by nosebleed and hemorrhage from other orifices of the body.fulminating s., variola hemorrhagica;
malignant s.variola maligna
modified s., varicelloid s.varioloid (2)
West Indian s.alastrim

smear smear (smer)

A thin specimen for examination; it is usually prepared by spreading material uniformly onto a glass slide, fixing it, and staining it before examination.
alimentary tract s.a group of cytologic specimens containing material from the mouth (oral s.), esophagus and stomach (gastric s.), duodenum (paraduodenal s.), and colon, obtained by specialized lavage techniques; used principally for the diagnosis of cancer of those areas.
bronchoscopic s.lower respiratory tract s
buccal s.a cytologic s. containing material obtained by scraping the lateral buccal mucosa above the dentate line, smearing, and fixing immediately; used principally for determining somatic sex as indicated by the presence of the sex chromocenter (Barr body).
cervical s.a generic name for different types of s.'s of the cervix uteri, e.g., ectocervical, endocervical, pancervical; used principally for cervical screening.
colonic s. See alimentary tract s.
cul-de-sac s.a cytologic specimen of material obtained by aspirating the pouch of Douglas from the posterior vaginal fornix and prepared by smearing, centrifuging, or filtering; used principally for ovarian cancer.
cytologic s.a type of cytologic specimen made by smearing a sample (obtained by a variety of methods from a number of sites), then fixing it and staining it, usually with 95% ethyl alcohol and Papanicolaou stain.cytosmear;
duodenal s. See alimentary tract s.
ectocervical s.a cytologic s. of material obtained from the ectocervix, usually by scraping; used principally for the diagnosis of late cervical cancers involving the ectocervix.
endocervical s.a cytologic s. of material obtained from the endocervical canal by swab, aspiration, or scraping; used principally for the detection of early cervical cancer.
endometrial s.a group of cytologic s.'s containing material obtained directly from the endometrium by aspiration, lavage, or brushing of the uterine cavity.
esophageal s. See alimentary tract s.
fast s.a cytologic smear containing material from the vaginal pool and pancervical scrapings, mixed and prepared on one microscopic slide, smeared, and fixed immediately; used principally for routine screening of ovaries, endometrium, cervix, vagina, and hormonal states.
FGT cytologic s., female genital tract cytologic s.any cytologic s. obtained from the female genital tract.
gastric s. See alimentary tract s.
lateral vaginal wall s.a cytologic s. containing material obtained by scraping the lateral wall of the vagina near the junction of its upper and middle third; used for cytohormonal evaluation.
lower respiratory tract s.a group of cytologic specimens containing material from the lower respiratory tract and consisting mainly of sputum (spontaneous, induced) and material obtained at bronchoscopy (aspirated, lavaged, brushed); used for cytologic study of cancer and other diseases of the lungs.bronchoscopic s., sputum s;
oral s. See alimentary tract s.
pancervical s.a cytologic s. of material obtained from the endocervical canal, external os, and ectocervix by scraping these areas with a properly designed cervical spatula; used principally for early cervical cancer detection.
Pap s.a s. of vaginal or cervical cells obtained for cytological study.Papanicolaou s;
Papanicolaou s.Pap s
sputum s.lower respiratory tract s
urinary s.a group of cytologic specimens containing processed urine obtained from bladder, ureters, or renal pelvis; used for cytologic study of cancer and other diseases of the urinary tract.
vaginal s.a s. of debris from the vaginal lumen of mammals, used to determine the stage of their reproductive cycle. It is most useful in subprimate mammals having short estrous cycles; nucleated epithelial cells and leukocytes prevail in the s. during diestrus and proestrus, and cornified cells during estrus.
VCE s.a cytologic s. of material obtained from the vagina, ectocervix, and endocervix, smeared separately (in that order) on one slide, and fixed immediately; used principally for the detection of cervical cancer and identification of the sites of diseases of those areas, and for hormonal evaluation.

smegma smegma (smeg´ma)

A foul-smelling pasty accumulation of desquamated epidermal cells and sebum that has collected in moist areas of the genitalia. [G. unguent]
s. clitor´idisthe secretion of the apocrine glands of the clitoris, in combination with desquamating epithelial cells.
s. prepu´tiiwhitish secretion that collects under the prepuce of the foreskin of the penis or of the clitoris; it is comprised chiefly of desquamating epithelial cells.sebum preputiale;

smegmalith smegmalith (smeg´ma-lith)

A calcareous concretion in the smegma. [smegma + G. lithos, stone]

smell smell

1. To scent; to perceive by means of the olfactory apparatus. 2. olfaction (1) 3. odor

smell-brain smell-brain (smel´bran)

rhinencephalon

Smellie Smellie

William, English obstetrician, 1697-1763. See S.'s scissors.

Smith Smith

David W., U.S. pediatrician, *1926. See S.-Lemli-Opitz syndrome.

Smith Smith

G.W., U.S. neurosurgeon, 1917-1964. See S.-Robinson operation.

Smith Smith

Henry, Irish born British military surgeon in India, 1862-1948. See S.'s operation; S.-Indian operation.

Smith Smith

M.J.V., 20th century U.S. urologist.

Smith Smith

Robert W., Irish surgeon, 1807-1873. See S.'s fracture.

Smith Smith

Theobald, U.S. pathologist, 1859-1934. See Theobald S.'s phenomenon.

Smith Smith

William R., 20th century U.S. physician. See S.-Riley syndrome.

Smith-Petersen Smith-Petersen

Marius N., U.S. surgeon, 1886-1953. See Smith-Petersen nail.

smog smog

Air pollution characterized by a hazy and often highly irritating atmosphere resulting from a mixture of fog with smoke and other air pollutants. [smoke + fog]

smut smut (smut)

A fungus disease of cereal grains caused by species of Ustilago and characterized by dark brown or black masses of spores on the plants; e.g., corn s. (U. maydis); loose s. of wheat (U. nuda)

Sn Sn

Symbol for tin.

113Sn ¹¹³Sn

Symbol for tin-113.

sn- sn-

Prefix meaning stereospecifically numbered; a system of numbering the glycerol carbon atoms in lipids, so that the locant numbers remain constant regardless of chemical substitutions, as opposed to systematic numbering.

snail snail (snal)

Common name for members of the class Gastropoda (phylum Mollusca). The freshwater pulmonate (nonoperculated, air-breathing) snails (subclass Pulmonata, order Basommatophora) include the majority of intermediate hosts of trematodes parasitic in humans and domestic birds and mammals, chiefly in the families Lymnaeidae and Planorbidae. The subclass Prosobranchiata, the operculate snails, includes the order Neogastropoda, which includes the venomous stinging cone snails (genus Conus), and the order Mesogastropoda, of which the family Hydrobiidae includes most of the medically important host snails. [M.E. snaile]

snake snake (snak)

An elongated, limbless, scaly reptile of the suborder Ophidia.

snakeroot snakeroot (snak´rut)

serpentaria
Canada s.Asarum canadense
European s.Asarum europaeum
Seneca s.senega
Texas s. Aristolochia reticulata;botanical source of serpentaria.
Virginia s.Aristolochia serpentaria; botanical source of serpentaria.

snap snap

A click; a short sharp sound; said especially of cardiac sounds.
closing s.the accentuated first heart sound of mitral stenosis, related to closure of the abnormal valve.
opening s.a sharp, high-pitched click in early diastole, usually best heard between the cardiac apex and the lower left sternal border, related to opening of the abnormal valve in cases of mitral stenosis.

snare snare (snar)

An instrument for removing polyps and other projections from a surface, especially within a cavity; it consists of a wire loop passed around the base of the tumor and gradually tightened. [A.S. snear, a cord]
cold s.an unheated s.
galvanocaustic s., hot s.a s. the wire of which is heated to a high temperature by an electric current.

SNE SNE

Abbreviation for subacute necrotizing encephalomyelopathy.

Sneddon Sneddon

I.B., 20th century English dermatologist. See S.'s syndrome; S.-Wilkinson disease.

sneeze sneeze (snez)

1. To expel air from the nose and mouth by an involuntary spasmodic contraction of the muscles of expiration. 2. An act of sneezing; a reflex excited by an irritation of the mucous membrane of the nose or, sometimes, by a bright light striking the eye. [A.S. fneosan]

Snell Snell

Simeon, English ophthalmologist, 1851-1909. See S.'s law.

Snellen Snellen

Hermann, Dutch ophthalmologist, 1834-1908. See S.'s test types, sign.

snore snore (snor)

1. A rough, rattling, inspiratory noise produced by vibration of the pendulous palate, or sometimes of the vocal cords, during sleep or coma. See also stertor, rhonchus. 2. To breathe noisily, or with a s. [A.S. snora]

snout snout (snowt)

In veterinary anatomy, the rostral extremity of the face and rhinarium, frequently elongate and related to specialized feeding habits as in the gar, soft-shelled turtle, pig, etc. [M.E.]

snow snow (sno)

See carbon dioxide snow.

snRNA snRNA

Abbreviation for small nuclear RNA.

snuff snuff (snuf)

1. To inhale forcibly through the nose. 2. Finely powdered tobacco used by inhalation through the nose or applied to the gums. 3. Any medicated powder applied by insufflation to the nasal mucous membrane. [echoic]

snuff-box snuff-box (snuf´boks)

See anatomical snuffbox.

snuffles snuffles (snuf´lz)

Obstructed nasal respiration, especially in the newborn infant, sometimes due to congenital syphilis.
rabbit s.acute inflammation of the upper nasal passages, usually associated with Pasteurella organisms; in outbreaks of s. in rabbitries there usually are some deaths from pneumonia.

Snyder Snyder

Marshall L., U.S. microbiologist, *1907. See S.'s test.

SOAP SOAP

Acronym for subjective, objective, assessment, and plan; used in problem-oriented records for organizing follow-up data, evaluation, and planning.

soap soap (sop)

The sodium or potassium salts of long chain fatty acids (e.g., sodium stearate); used for cleansing purposes and as an excipient in the making of pills and suppositories. [A.S. sape, L. sapo, G. sapon]
animal s.s. made with sodium hydroxide and a purified animal fat consisting chiefly of stearin; used in pharmacy in the preparation of certain liniments.curd s., domestic s., tallow s;
Castile s.hard s
curd s., domestic s.animal s
green s.medicinal soft s
hard s.a s. made with olive oil, or some other suitable oil or fat, and sodium hydroxide; used as a detergent, and in the form of a suppository or soapsuds enema for constipation; used also as an excipient in pills.Castile s;
insoluble s.s. made with a fatty acid and an earthy or metallic base (iron or calcium salts of fatty acids).
marine s.a s. made of palm or coconut oil for use with sea water in which it is soluble.salt water s;
medicinal soft s.a s. made with vegetable oils, potassium hydroxide, oleic acid, glycerin, and purified water; used as a stimulant in chronic skin diseases.green s., soft s;
salt water s.marine s
soft s.medicinal soft s
soluble s.any s. made with potassium, sodium, or ammonium hydroxide: ordinary animal s., Castile s., green s., etc.
superfatted s.a s. containing an excess (3 to 5%) of fat above that necessary to completely neutralize all the alkali; used in the manufacture of medicated s., and in the treatment of skin diseases.
tallow s.animal s

soapstone soapstone (sop´ston)

talc

Soave Soave

F., 20th century Italian pediatric surgeon. See S. operation.

socaloin socaloin (so-kal´o-in)

C₁₅H₁₆O₇;an aloin obtained from aloes of the island of Socotra.

socia socia (so´she-a)

An ectopic, supernumerary, or accessory portion of an organ.

socialization socialization (so´shal-i-za´shun)

1. The process of learning attitudes and interpersonal and interactional skills which are in conformity with the values of one's society. 2. In a group therapy setting, a way of learning to effectively participate in the group. [L. socius, partner, companion]

socia parotidis socia parotidis (so´she-a pa-rot´i-dis)

accessory parotid gland [L. companion of the parotid]

socio- socio-

Social, society. [L. socius, companion]

sociocentric sociocentric (so´se-o-sen´trik)

Outgoing; reactive to the social or cultural milieu. [socio- + L. centrum, center]

sociocentrism sociocentrism (so´se-o-sen´trizm)

Taking one's own social group as the standard by which others are measured.

sociocosm sociocosm (so´se-o-kozm)

The totality that includes human society, human thought, and the relationship of man to nature. [socio- + G. kosmos, universe]

sociogenesis sociogenesis (so´se-o-jen´e-sis)

The origin of social behavior from past interpersonal experiences. [socio- + G. genesis, origin]

sociogram sociogram (so´se-o-gram)

A diagrammatic representation of the valences and degrees of attractiveness and acceptance of each individual rated according to the interpersonal interactions between and among members of a group; a diagram in which group interactions are analyzed on the basis of mutual attractions or antipathies between group members. [socio- + G. gramma, something written]

sociomedical sociomedical (so´se-o-med´i-kal)

Pertaining to the relation of the practice of medicine to society.

sociometry sociometry (so-se-om´e-tre)

The study of interpersonal relationships in a group. [socio- + G. metron, measure]

sociopath sociopath (so´se-o-path)

Former designation for a person with an antisocial personality type of disorder. See also antisocial personality, psychopath.

sociopathy sociopathy (so-se-op´a-the)

Obsolete term for the behavioral pattern exhibited by persons with an antisocial personality type of disorder. See also personality disorder. [socio- + G. pathos, suffering]

socket socket (sok´et)

1. The hollow part of a joint; the excavation in one bone of a joint which receives the articular end of the other bone. 2. Any hollow or concavity into which another part fits, as the eye s. [thr. O. Fr. fr. L. soccus, a shoe, a sock]
dry s.alveoalgia
eye s.generally the orbit, although the true "socket" for the eyeball, into which a prosthetic eye would be inserted, is formed by the fascial sheath of the eyeball.orbit
tooth s.a socket in the alveolar process of the maxilla or mandible, into which each tooth fits and is attached by means of the periodontal ligament.alveolus dentalis [NA] , alveolus (4) [NA] ;

SOD SOD

Abbreviation for superoxide dismutase.

soda soda (so´da)

sodium carbonate [It., possibly fr. Mediev. L. barilla plant]
baking s.sodium bicarbonate
caustic s.sodium hydroxide
s. limea mixture of calcium and sodium hydroxides used to absorb carbon dioxide in situations in which rebreathing occurs; e.g., in basal determinations or in certain types of anesthesia circuits.
washing s.sodium carbonate

sodic sodic (so´dik)

Relating to or containing soda or sodium.

sodio- sodio-

A compound containing sodium; as sodiocitrate, sodiotartrate, a citrate or tartrate of some element containing sodium in addition.

sodium (Na) sodium (Na) (so´de-um)

A metallic element, atomic no. 11, atomic weight 22.989768; an alkali metal oxidizing readily in air or water; its salts are extensively used in medicine and industry. For organic s. salts not listed below, see under the name of the organic acid portion.natrium; [Mod. L. fr. soda]
s. acetate CH₃COONa. 3H₂O;a systemic and urinary alkalizer, expectorant, and diuretic.
s. acid carbonates. bicarbonate
s. acid citrates. citrate
s. acid phosphates. biphosphate
s. alginatealgin
s. p-aminohippurateused intravenously in renal function tests, to determine the renal plasma flow and the tubular excretion.
s. p-aminophenylarsonateh₂N-C₆H₄-AsO(OH)(ONa). 3H ₂O; a compound that was one of the first modern pentavalent arsenicals.s. arsanilate;
s. aminosalicylate C₆H₃(p-NH₂)(o-OH)-COONa. 2H₂O;used for the same purposes as aminosalicylic acid.
s. antimonylgluconatestibogluconate sodium (2)
s. antimonyl tartrateantimony sodium tartrate
s. arsanilates. p-aminophenylarsonate
s. ascorbatesame actions and uses as ascorbic acid; it is preferred for intramuscular administration.
s. aurothiomalategold sodium thiomalate
s. aurothiosulfategold sodium thiosulfate
s. benzoate C₆H₅COONa;used in chronic and acute rheumatism and as a liver function test.
s. bicarbonate NaHCO₃;used as a gastric and systemic antacid, to alkalize urine, and for washes of body cavities.baking soda, s. acid carbonate, s. hydrogen carbonate;
s. biphosphate NaH₂PO₄. H₂O;used to increase urinary acidity.primary s. phosphate, s. acid phosphate, s. dihydrogen phosphate;
s. bisulfite NaHSO₃;acid s. sulfite, used in gastric and intestinal fermentation, externally in the treatment of parasitic diseases, and as an antioxidant in certain injections (s. metabisulfite).s. hydrogen sulfite, s. pyrosulfite;
s. borate Na₂B₄O₇. 10H₂O;used in lotions, gargles, mouthwashes, and as a detergent.borax, s. pyroborate, s. tetraborate;
s. bromide NaBr;a hypnotic and sedative; used in epilepsy and other functional disorders of the nervous system.
s. cacodylate (CH₃)₂AsOONa. 3H₂O;used in anemia, leukemia, and malaria.s. dimethylarsenate;
s. carbonate Na₂CO₃. 10H₂O;used in the treatment of scaly skin diseases; otherwise rarely used in medicine because of its irritant action.sal soda, soda, washing soda;
s. carboxymethyl cellulosethe s. salt of a polycarboxymethyl ether of cellulose; used as a laxative.
s. chloride NaCl;the chief component of blood and other body fluids, and urine; used to make isotonic and physiological saline solutions, in the treatment of salt depletion, and topically for inflammatory lesions.common salt, table salt;
s. citrate Na₃C₆H₅O₇ . 2H₂O; trisodium citrate;used as diuretic, antilithic, systemic and urinary alkalizer, expectorant, and anticoagulant (in vitro).s. acid citrate;
s. citrate, acid C₆H₆O₇Na. 11 / 2H₂O; disodium hydrogen citrate;same actions and uses as s. citrate; in addition, it may be used in solutions of glucose without producing caramelization of the latter during autoclaving.
s. cromoglycatecromolyn sodium
s. dehydrocholatea cholagogue; also used to determine circulation time.
s. diatrizoatea water-soluble organic iodine compound formerly used for intravenous excretory urography and angiography.
dibasic s. phosphates. phosphate
s. dihydrogen phosphates. biphosphate
s. dimethylarsenates. cacodylate
s. dodecyl sulfate (SDS) a widely used detergent, identical with s. lauryl sulfate.
effervescent s. phosphateexsiccated s. phosphate 200, s. bicarbonate 477, tartaric acid 252, and citric acid 162, mixed and passed through a sieve to make a granular salt.
exsiccated s. sulfiteanhydrous s. sulfite, used as a preservative in pharmaceutical preparations.
s. fluorideused as a dental prophylactic in drinking water, and topically as a 2% solution applied on the teeth.
s. fluosilicates. hexafluorosilicate
s. folatethe s. salt of folic acid; action and uses are the same as those of folic acid, but it is preferred for parenteral administration.s. pteroylglutamate;
s. fusidatefusidate sodium
s. glycerophosphate C₃H₅(OH)₂PO₄Na;has been used as a tonic.
s. hexafluorosilicate Na₂SiF₆;used (in dilute solutions) as an antiseptic and deodorant, and for fluoridation of drinking water.s. fluosilicate, s. silicofluoride;
s. hydrogen carbonates. bicarbonate
s. hydrogen sulfites. bisulfite
s. hydroxide NaOH;used externally as a caustic.caustic soda;
s. hypochloritestrong oxidizer; explosive when anhydrous. Decomposes by absorbing carbon dioxide from the air. Liberates chlorine and oxygen; used in aqueous solution as a bleach and disinfectant. The active constituent of many household bleaches, e.g., Clorox.
s. hypophosphite NaPH₂O₂. H₂O;formerly used as a nerve tonic.
s. hyposulfites. thiosulfate
s. ichthyolsulfonatean alterative and antiseptic.
s. indigotin disulfonateindigo carmine
s. iodide NaI;used as a source of iodine.
s. lactate C₃H₅NaO₃;a systemic and urinary alkalizer.
s. lauryl sulfate CH₃(CH₂)₁₀CH₂OSO₃Na;a surface-active agent of the anionic type.
s. levothyroxine 3,3´,5,5´-tetraiodothyronine pentahydrate;s. salt of the natural isomer of thyroxine, a thyroid hormone. It is twice as effective as the racemic form. Used in the treatment of hypothyroidism in humans and animals and to treat lowered fertility in bulls and to stimulate lactation in animals.
s. liothyronines. l-triiodothyronine, the physiologically active isomer of triiodothyronine, twice as active as the racemic form; used in the treatment of thyroid deficiency syndromes.
s. metabisulfite Na₂S₂O₅;used as an antioxidant in injectable solutions.
s. methicillinmethicillin sodium
s. methylarsonate Ch₃H₅O(ONa)₂. 5H₂O; disodium monomethyl arsonate;formerly used in tuberculosis, chorea, and other affections in which the cacodylates were used.
s. nitrate NaNO₃;formerly used for dysentery and as a diuretic.Chilean saltpeter, cubic niter;
s. nitrite NaNO₂;used to lower systemic blood pressure, to relieve local vasomotor spasms, especially in angina pectoris and Raynaud's disease, to relax bronchial and intestinal spasms, and as an antidote for cyanide poisoning.
s. nitroferricyanides. nitroprusside
s. nitroprusside (Na₂FeCCN)₅NO. 5H₂O;a rapidly acting and potent arterial and venous vasodilator used in hypertensive emergencies and administered intravenously. Acts in a manner similar to vasodilator nitrates and nitrites by donating nitric oxide which produces vasodilation; also used as a reagent for detection of organic compounds in the urine.s. nitroferricyanide;
s. nucleate, s. nucleinates. salts of yeast acids, used in the treatment of anemias, rheumatism, and gout.
s. orthophosphates. phosphate
s. perborate NaBO₂H₂O₂. 3H₂O;used in the extemporaneous preparation of hydrogen peroxide; a 2% solution is equivalent in germicidal action to 0.4% of hydrogen peroxide.
s. peroxide Na₂O₂;used externally as a paste or soap in the treatment of comedones and acne.
s. phenolsulfonatehas been used in tonsillitis and as an intestinal antiseptic; has no antiseptic properties.s. sulfocarbolate;
s. phosphate Na₂HPO₄. H₂O;a laxative.dibasic s. phosphate, s. orthophosphate;
s. phosphate P 32anionic radioactive phosphorus in the form of a solution of s. acid phosphate and s. basic phosphate; a beta emitter with a half-life of 14.3 days; after administration, highest concentrations are found in rapidly proliferating tissues; it is used in the treatment of polycythemia vera, chronic myelogenous leukemia, and osseous metastases. See also chromic phosphate P 32 colloidal suspension.
s. polyanhydromannuronic acid sulfatean anticoagulant drug prepared from alginic acid and having an action similar to that of heparin.
s. polystyrene sulfonatea cationic exchange resin used in hyperpotassemia.
s. potassium tartratepotassium sodium tartrate
pravastatin s.antihyperlipoproteinemic. An HMG-Co reductase inhibitor resembling lovastatin and simvastatin, which inhibits cholesterol formation.
primary s. phosphates. biphosphate
s. propionatethe s. salt of propionic acid; used for fungus infections of the skin, usually in combination with calcium propionate; used as a preservative.
s. psylliatethe s. salt of the liquid fatty acids of psyllium oil, prepared by dissolving the fatty acid in dilute s. hydroxide solution; used like morrhuate s. as a sclerosing agent in the treatment of varicose veins.
s. pteroylglutamates. folate
s. pyroborates. borate
s. pyrosulfites. bisulfite
s. rhodanates. thiocyanate
s. ricinoleate, s. ricinatethe s. salt of ricinoleic acid; a sclerosing agent similar in action to morrhuate s.
s. salicylatean analgesic, antipyretic, and antirheumatic.
s. silicofluorides. hexafluorosilicate
sodium s. Na 99mTcO₄;a radiopharmaceutical used for brain, thyroid, and salivary gland scanning.
s. stearatestearic acid sodium salt, used as a pharmaceutical adjuvant in ointments, creams, and suppositories.
s. sulfate Na₂SO₄. 10H₂O;an ingredient of many of the natural laxative waters, and also used as a hydragogue cathartic.Glauber's salt;
s. sulfite Na₂SO₃. 7H₂O;has been used for the relief of intestinal fermentation, and externally for aphthous stomatitis.
s. sulfocarbolates. phenolsulfonate
s. sulfocyanates. thiocyanate
s. sulforicinate, s. sulforicinoleatemade by combining castor oil, sulfuric acid, and s. hydroxide and chloride; used as a solvent for iodine, iodoform, resorcinol, pyrogallol, and a number of other substances for external use.
s. tartrate Na₂C₄H₄O₆. 2H₂O;a laxative.
s. taurocholatethe s. salt of taurocholic acid, extracted from the bile of carnivora; a cholagogue.
s. tetraborates. borate
s. tetradecyl sulfatean anionic surface-active agent used for its wetting properties to enhance the surface action of certain antiseptic solutions; also used as a sclerosing agent similar to morrhuate s. in the treatment of varicose veins.
s. thiocyanate NaSCN;used in the management of essential hypertension.s. rhodanate, s. sulfocyanate;
s. thiosulfate Na₂S₂O₃. 5H₂O;an antidote in cyanide poisoning in conjunction with s. nitrite; used as a prophylactic agent against ringworm infections in swimming pools and baths, and to measure the extracellular fluid volume of the body.s. hyposulfite;
s. tungstoborateused in electron microscopy as a negative stain.

sodium-24 (24Na) sodium-24 (²⁴Na)

The isotope of sodium with an atomic weight of 24, and a half-life of 14.96 hr; it emits beta and gamma rays, and is more easily prepared than the longer-lived, positron-emitting ²²Na (half-life, 2.605 yr). It is used to measure extracellular fluid by indicator dilution.

sodium group sodium group

The alkali metals: cesium, lithium, potassium, rubidium, and sodium.

sodoku sodoku (so-do´ku)

rat-bite fever [Jap. rat poison]

sodomist sodomist, sodomite (sod´o-mist, -mIt)

One who practices sodomy. [G. sodomites, an inhabitant of the biblical city of Sodom, which was destroyed by fire because of the wickedness of its people]

sodomy sodomy (sod´om-e)

A term denoting a number of sexual practices variously proscribed by law, especially bestiality, oral-genital contact, and anal intercourse.buggery; [see sodomist]

Soemmerring Soemmerring

Samuel Thomas von, German anatomist, 1755-1830. See S.'s ganglion, ligament, muscle, spot; ring of S.

Soffer Soffer

Louis J., U.S. internist, *1904. See Sohval-S. syndrome.

software software

The program or instructions for a computer.

Sohval Sohval

Arthur R., U.S. internist, *1904. See S.-Soffer syndrome.

soja soja (so´yah)

soybean

sokosho sokosho (so-ko´sho)

rat-bite fever [Jap. so, rat, + ko, bite, + sho, malady]

sol. sol.

1. A colloidal dispersion of a solid in a liquid. Cf. gel. 2. Abbreviation for solution.

Solanaceae Solanaceae (so-la-na´se-e)

A family of plants that includes the genus Solanum (nightshade) and some 84 other genera comprising 1,800 species, including the tomato and potato plants.

solanaceous solanaceous (so-la-na´shus, sol´a-)

Pertaining to plants of the family Solanaceae, or to drugs derived from them.

solanochromene solanochromene (sol´a-no-kro´men)

plastochromenol-8

solapsone solapsone (so-lap´son)

solasulfone

solasulfone solasulfone (sol-a-sulf´on)

tetrasodium 1,1´-[sulfonylbis(p-phenyleneimino)] bis [3-phenyl-1,3-propanedisulfonate];a leprostatic agent.solapsone;

solation solation (sol-a´shun)

In colloidal chemistry, the transformation of a gel into a sol, as by melting gelatin.

solder solder (sod´er)

1. A fusible alloy used to unite edges or surfaces of two pieces of metal of higher melting point; hard s.'s, usually containing gold or silver as their main constituent, are usually used in dentistry to connect noble metal alloys. 2. To join two pieces of metal with such an alloy. [L. solido, to make solid, through Fr., various forms]

sole sole (sol)

The plantar surface or under part of the foot.planta [NA] , pelma; [A.S.]
s. of footthe inferior aspect or bottom of the foot, much of which is in contact with the ground when standing; it is covered with hairless, usually nonpigmented skin that is especially thickened and provided with epidermal ridges over the weight-bearing areas.planta pedis [NA] , regio plantaris;

Solenoglypha Solenoglypha (so-le-nog´li-fa)

A major category of snakes that includes the viper and rattlesnake families. [L., fr. G. solen, pipe channel, + glypho, to carve]

solenoid solenoid (sol´e-noyd)

A helical coil of wire energized electrically to produce a magnetic field, which induces a current in any conductor placed within or near the coil.

Solenopotes capillatus Solenopotes capillatus (so-le-nop´o-tez kap-i-la´tus)

A sucking louse of cattle, called the little blue cattle louse in the U.S. and the tubercle-bearing louse in Australia. [G. solen, pipe, + potos, a drinking]

solenopsin A solenopsin A (so-le-nop´sin)

trans-2-Methyl-6-n-undecylpiperidine;one of several, probably five, alkaloidal constituents present in the venom of the imported fire ant, Solenopsis saevissima; the venom has necrotoxic, hemolytic, insecticidal, and antibiotic properties.

soleus soleus (so-le´us)

See soleus muscle. [Mod. L. fr. L. solea, a sandal, sole of the foot (of animals), fr. solum, bottom, floor, ground]

solid solid

1. Firm; compact; not fluid; without interstices or cavities; not cancellous. 2. A body that retains its form when not confined; one that is not fluid, neither liquid nor gaseous. [L. solidus]

solidism solidism (sol´i-dizm)

The theory propounded by Asclepiades and his followers that disease was due to an imbalance between solid particles (atoms) of the body and the spaces (pores) between them, a doctrine which opposed the humoral conception of Hippocrates.methodism;

solidist solidist (sol´i-dist)

An adherent of the doctrine of solidism.

solidistic solidistic (sol-i-dis´tik)

Relating to solidism.

solidus solidus (sol´i-dus)

That line on a constitution diagram indicating the temperature below which all metal is solid.

soliped soliped (sol´i-ped)

A solid-hoofed animal such as the horse. [L. solidus, solid, + pes, foot]

solipsism solipsism (so´lip-sizm, sol´ip-)

A philosophical concept that whatever exists is a product of will and the ideas of the perceiving individual. [L. solus, alone, + ipse, self]

soln. soln.

Abbreviation for solution.

solubility solubility (sol-yu-bil´i-te)

The property of being soluble.

soluble soluble (sol´yu-bl)

Capable of being dissolved. [L. solubilis, fr. solvo, to dissolve]

solum solum (so´lum)

Bottom; the lowest part. [L.]

solute solute (sol´yut, so´lut)

The dissolved substance in a solution. [L. solutus, dissolved, pp. of solvo, to dissolve]

solutio solutio (so-lu´she-o)

solution [L.]

solution (sol., soln.) solution (sol., soln.) (so-lu´shun)

1. The incorporation of a solid, a liquid, or a gas in a liquid or noncrystalline solid resulting in a homogeneous single phase. See dispersion, suspension. 2. Generally, an aqueous s. of a nonvolatile substance. 3. In the language of the Pharmacopeia, an aqueous s. of a nonvolatile substance is called a solution or liquor; an aqueous s. of a volatile substance is a water (aqua); an alcoholic s. of a nonvolatile substance is a tincture (tinctura); an alcoholic s. of a volatile substance is a spirit (spiritus); a s. in vinegar is a vinegar (acetum); a s. in glycerin is a glycerol (glyceritum); a s. in wine is a wine (vinum); a s. of sugar in water is a syrup (syrupus); a s. of a mucilaginous substance is a mucilage (mucilago); a s. of an alkaloid or metallic oxide in oleic acid is an oleate (oleatum). 4. The termination of a disease by crisis. 5. A break, cut, or laceration of the solid tissues. See s. of contiguity, s. of continuity.solutio; [L. solutio]
acetic s.a vinegar.
amaranth s.a 1% s. of amaranth (trisodium naphthol sulfonic acid), a synthetic vivid red dye, stable in acid and intensified in sodium hydroxide s.; used as a red or pink colorant in liquid pharmaceuticals.
aqueous s.a s. containing water as the solvent; examples include lime water, rose water, saline s., and a large number of s.'s intended for intravenous administration.
Benedict's s.an aqueous solution of sodium citrate, sodium carbonate, and copper sulfate which changes from its normal blue color to orange, red, or yellow in the presence of a reducing sugar such as glucose. See also Benedict's test for glucose.
Burow's s.a preparation of aluminium subacetate and glacial acetic acid, used for its antiseptic and astringent action on the skin.
chemical s. See solution (1) .
colloidal s.a dispersoid, emulsoid, or suspensoid.colloidal dispersion;
s. of contiguitythe breaking of contiguity; a dislocation or displacement of two normally contiguous parts.
s. of continuitydivision of bones or soft parts that are normally continuous, as by a fracture, a laceration, or an incision.dieresis;
Dakin's s.a bactericidal wound irrigant.Dakin's fluid;
disclosing s.a s. that selectively stains all soft debris, pellicle, and bacterial plaque on teeth; used as an aid in identifying bacterial plaque after rinsing with water.
Earle's s.a tissue culture medium containing CaCl₂, MgSO₄, KCl, NaHCO₃, NaCl, NaH₂PO₄. H₂O, and glucose.
ethereal s.a s. of any substance in ether.
Fehling's s.an alkaline copper tartrate s. formerly used for detection of reducing sugars.Fehling's reagent;
ferric and ammonium acetate s.a clear, aromatic, reddish-brown liquid which has been used in iron-deficiency anemia in animals and man; a source of iron.Basham's mixture;
Fonio's s.a diluent with magnesium sulfate, used for stained smears of blood platelets.
Gallego's differentiating s.a dilute s. of formaldehyde and acetic acid used in a modified Gram stain to differentiate and enhance the basic fuchsin binding to Gram-negative microorganisms.
Gey's s.a salt s. usually used in combination with naturally occurring body substances (e.g., blood serum, tissue extracts) and/or more complex chemically defined nutritive s.'s for culturing animal cells.
Hanks' s.a salt s. usually used in combination with naturally occurring body substances (e.g., blood serum, tissue extracts) and/or more complex chemically defined nutritive s.'s for culturing animal cells; two variations contain CaCl₂, MgSO₄. 7H₂O, KCl, KH₂PO₄, NaHCO₃, NaCl, Na₂HPO₄. 2H₂O, and d-glucose.
Hartmann's s.lactated Ringer's s
Hartman's s.a s. used to desensitize dentin in dental operations; contains thymol, ethyl alcohol, and sulfuric ether.
Hayem's s.a blood diluent used prior to counting red blood cells.
Krebs-Ringer s.a modification of Ringer's s., prepared by mixing NaCl, KCl, CaCl₂, MgSO₄, and phosphate buffer, pH 7.4.
lactated Ringer's s.a s. containing NaCl, sodium lactate, CaCl₂(dihydrate), and KCl in distilled water; used for the same purposes as Ringer's s.Hartmann's s;
Lange's s.a colloidal gold s. used to demonstrate protein abnormalities in spinal fluid. See Lange's test.
Locke-Ringer s.a s. containing NaCl, CaCl₂, KCl, MgCl₂, NaHCO₃, d-glucose, and water; used in the laboratory for physiological and pharmacological experiments.
Locke's s.'ss.'s containing, in varying amounts, NaCl, CaCl₂, KCl, NaHCO₃, and d-glucose; used for irrigating mammalian heart and other tissues, in laboratory experiments; also used in combination with naturally occurring body substances (e.g., blood serum, tissue extracts) and/or more complex chemically defined nutritive s.'s for culturing animal cells.
Lugol's iodine s.an iodine-potassium iodide s. used as an oxidizing agent, for removal of mercurial fixation artifacts, and also in histochemistry and to stain amebas.
molecular dispersed s.dispersoid
Monsel s.ferric subsulfate s. used to coagulate superficial bleeding such as that following skin biopsy.
normal s. See normal (3) .
ophthalmic s.'ssterile s.'s, free from foreign particles and suitably compounded and dispensed for instillation into the eye.
Ringer's s. 1. a s. resembling the blood serum in its salt constituents; it contains 8.6 g of NaCl, 0.3 g of KCl, and 0.33 g of CaCl₂ in each 1000 ml of distilled water; used topically for burns and wounds; 2. a salt s. usually used in combination with naturally occurring body substances (e.g., blood serum, tissue extracts) and/or more complex chemically defined nutritive s.'s for culturing animal cells. See Ringer's injection.
saline s. 1. a s. of any salt;salt s; 2. specifically, an isotonic sodium chloride s.; 0.85 to 0.9/100 ml water.
salt s.saline s. (1)
saturated s. (sat. sol., sat. soln.) a s. that contains all of a substance capable of dissolving; a solution of a substance in equilibrium with an excess undissolved substance.
standard s., standardized s.a s. of known concentration, used as a standard of comparison or analysis.
supersaturated s.a s. containing more of the solid than the liquid would ordinarily dissolve; it is made by heating the solvent when the substance is added, and on cooling the latter is retained without precipitation; addition of a crystal or solid of any kind usually results in precipitation of the excess solute, leaving a saturated s.
test s.a s. of some reagent, in definite strength, used in chemical analysis or testing.
Tyrode's s.a modified Locke's s.; it contains 8 g of NaCl, 0.2 g of KCl, 0.2 g of CaCl₂, 0.1 g of MgCl₂, 0.05 g of NaH₂PO₄, 1 g of NaHCO₃, 1 g of d-glucose, and water to make 1000 ml; used to irrigate the peritoneal cavity, and in laboratory work.
volumetric s. (VS) a s. made by mixing measured volumes of the components.
Weigert's iodine s.an iodine-potassium iodide mixture used as a reagent to alter crystal and methyl violet so that they are retained by certain bacteria and fungi.

solvate solvate (sol´vat)

A nonaqueous solution or dispersoid in which there is a noncovalent or easily reversible combination between solvent and solute, or dispersion means and disperse phase; when water is the solvent or dispersion medium, it is called a hydrate.

solvation solvation (sol-va´shun)

Noncovalent or easily reversible combination of a solvent with solute, or of a dispersion means with the disperse phase; if the solvent is water, s. is called hydration. S. affects the size of ions in solution, thus Na⁺ is much larger in H₂O than in solid NaCl.

solvent solvent

A liquid that holds another substance in solution, i.e., dissolves it. [L. solvens, pres. p. of solvo, to dissolve]
amphiprotic s.a s. capable of acting as an acid or a base; e.g., H₂O. See solvolysis. See solvolysis.
fat s.'sorganic liquids notable for their ability to dissolve lipids; usually, but not always, immiscible in water; e.g., diethyl ether, carbon tetrachloride.nonpolar s.'s;
nonpolar s.'sfat s.'s
polar s.'ss.'s that exhibit polar forces on solutes, due to high dipole moment, wide separation of charges, or tight association; e.g., water, alcohols, acids.
universal s.a substance sought by the alchemists, and claimed by some to have been found, supposedly capable of dissolving all substances; sometimes, in a physiological sense, applied to water.

solvolysis solvolysis (sol-vol´i-sis)

The reaction of a dissolved salt with the solvent to form an acid and a base; the (partial) reverse of neutralization. If the solvent is water, an amphiprotic solvent, s. is called hydrolysis.

soma soma (so´ma)

1. The axial part of the body, i.e., head, neck, trunk, and tail, excluding the limbs. 2. All of an organism with the exception of the germ cells. See also body. 3. The body of a nerve cell, from which axons, dendrites, etc. project. [G. soma, body]

soman soman (so´man)

Methylphosphonofluoridic acid 1,2,2-trimethylpropyl ester;an extremely potent cholinesterase inhibitor. See also sarin, tabun.

somasthenia somasthenia (so-mas-the´ne-a)

somatasthenia

somat- somat-

See somato-.

somatagnosia somatagnosia (so´ma-tag-no´se-a)

somatotopagnosis [somat- + G. a- priv. + gnosis, recognition]

somatalgia somatalgia (so-ma-tal´je-a)

1. Pain in the body. 2. Pain due to organic causes, as opposed to psychogenic pain. [somat- + G. algos, pain]

somatasthenia somatasthenia (so´ma-tas-the´ne-a)

A condition of chronic physical weakness and fatigability.somasthenia; [somat- + G. astheneia, weakness]

somatesthesia somatesthesia (so´ma-tes-the´ze-a)

Bodily sensation, the conscious awareness of the body.somesthesia; [somat- + G. aisthesis, sensation]

somatesthetic somatesthetic (so´mat-es-thet´ik)

Relating to somatesthesia.

somatic somatic (so-mat´ik)

1. Relating to the soma or trunk, the wall of the body cavity, or the body in general.parietal (2) ; 2. Relating to or involving the skeleton or skeletal (voluntary) muscle and the innervation of the latter, as distinct from the viscera or visceral (involuntary) muscle and its (autonomic) innervation.parietal (3) ; 3. Relating to the vegetative, as distinguished from the generative, functions. [G. somatikos, bodily]

somaticosplanchnic somaticosplanchnic (so-mat-i-ko-splangk´nik)

Relating to the body and the viscera.somaticovisceral; [G. somatikos, relating to the body, + splanchnikos, relating to the viscera]

somaticovisceral somaticovisceral (so-mat-i-ko-vis´er-al)

somaticosplanchnic

somatist somatist (so´ma-tist)

One who considers that neuroses and psychoses are manifestations of organic disease.

somatization somatization (so´mat-i-za´shun)

The process by which psychological needs are expressed in physical symptoms; e.g., the expression or conversion into physical symtoms of anxiety, or a wish for material gain associated with a legal action following and injury, or a related psychological need. See also somatization disorder.

somato- somato-, somat-, somatico-

The body, bodily. [G. soma, body]

somatochrome somatochrome (so´ma-to-krom)

Denoting the group of neurons or nerve cells in which there is an abundance of cytoplasm completely surrounding the nucleus. [somato- + G. chroma, color]

somatocrinin somatocrinin (so´ma-to-crin´in)

Hypothalamic growth releasing hormone, GHRH. [somato- + G. krino, to secrete, + -in]

somatogenic somatogenic (so´ma-to-jen´ik)

1. Originating in the soma or body under the influence of external forces. 2. Having origin in body cells. [somato- + G. genesis, origin]

somatoliberin somatoliberin (so´ma-to-lib´er-in)

A decapeptide released by the hypothalamus, which induces the release of human growth hormone (somatotropin).growth hormone-releasing factor, growth hormone-releasing hormone, somatotropin-releasing factor, somatotropin-releasing hormone; [somatotropin + L. libero, to free, + -in]

somatology somatology (so-ma-tol´o-je)

The science concerned with the study of the body; includes both anatomy and physiology. [somato- + G. logos, study]

somatomammotropin somatomammotropin (so´ma-to-mam´o-tro-pin)

A peptide hormone, closely related to somatotropin in its biological properties, produced by the normal placenta and by certain neoplasms. [somato- + L. mamma, breast, + G. trope, a turning, + -in]
human chorionic s. (HCS) human placental lactogen

somatomedin somatomedin (so´ma-to-me´din)

S. A is a peptide (MW of about 4,000), synthesized in the liver and probably in the kidney, that is capable of stimulating certain anabolic processes in bone and cartilage, such as synthesis of DNA, RNA, and protein (including chondromucoprotein), and the sulfation of mucopolysaccharides; secretion and/or biological activity of s. is known to be dependent on somatotropin. See also insulin-like growth factors, under factor.sulfation factor; [ somato, tropin + mediator + -in]

somatomedins somatomedins

insulin-like growth factors, under factor

somatometry somatometry (so-ma-tom´e-tre)

Classification of persons according to body form, and relation of the types to physiologic and psychologic characteristics. [somato- + G. metron, measure]

somatopagus somatopagus (so-ma-top´a-gus)

Conjoined twins united in their body regions. See conjoined twins, under twin. [somato- + G. pagos, something fixed]

somatopathic somatopathic (so´ma-to-path´ik)

Relating to bodily or organic illness, as distinguished from mental (psychologic) disorder. [somato- + G. pathos, suffering]

somatopathy somatopathy (so-ma-top´a-the)

Obsolete term for any disease of the body. [somato- + G. pathos, suffering]

somatophrenia somatophrenia (so´ma-to-fre´ne-a)

A tendency to imagine or exaggerate body ills. [somato- + G. phren, mind]

somatoplasm somatoplasm (so´ma-to-plazm, so-mat´o-)

Aggregate of all the forms of specialized protoplasm entering into the composition of the body, other than germ plasm. [somato- + G. plasma, something formed]

somatopleure somatopleure (so´ma-to-plur)

Embryonic layer formed by association of the parietal layer of the lateral plate mesoderm with the ectoderm. [somato- + G. pleura, side]

somatoprosthetics somatoprosthetics (so´ma-to-pros-thet´iks)

The art and science of prosthetically replacing external parts of the body that are missing or deformed. [somato- + G. prosthesis, an addition]

somatopsychic somatopsychic (so´ma-to-sI´kik)

Relating to the body-mind relationship; the study of the effects of the body upon the mind, as opposed to psychosomatic, which is mind on body. [somato- + G. psyche, soul]

somatopsychosis somatopsychosis (so´ma-to-sI-ko´sis)

An emotional disorder associated with an organic disease. [somato- + G. psychosis, an animating]

somatoscopy somatoscopy (so-ma-tos´ko-pe)

Examination of the body. [somato- + G. skopeo, to view]

somatosensory somatosensory (so-ma-to-sen´so-re)

Sensation relating to the body's superficial and deep parts as contrasted to specialized senses such as sight.

somatosexual somatosexual (so´ma-to-sek´shu-al)

Denoting the somatic aspects of sexuality as distinguished from its psychosexual aspects.

somatostatin somatostatin (so´ma-to-stat´in)

A tetradecapeptide capable of inhibiting the release of somatotropin by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; s. has a short half-life; it also inhibits the release of insulin and gastrin.growth hormone inhibiting hormone, somatotropin release-inhibiting factor, somatotropin release-inhibiting hormone; [somatotropin + G. stasis, a standing still, + -in]

somatostatinoma somatostatinoma (so´ma-to-stat-i-no´ma)

A somatostatin-secreting tumor of the pancreatic islets.

somatotherapy somatotherapy (so´ma-to-thar´a-pe)

1. Therapy directed at physical disorders. 2. In psychiatry, a variety of therapeutic interventions employing chemical or physical, as opposed to psychological, methods.

somatotopagnosis somatotopagnosis (so´ma-to-top´ag-no´sis)

The inability to identify any part of the body, either one's own or another's body. Cf. autotopagnosia. somatagnosia; [somato- + top- + G. a- priv. + G. gnosis, knowledge]

somatotopic somatotopic (so-ma-to-top´ik)

Relating to somatotopy.

somatotopy somatotopy (so-ma-tot´o-pe)

The topographic association of positional relationships of receptors in the body via respective nerve fibers to their terminal distribution in specific functional areas of the cerebral cortex; the continuation of these positional relationships in all stages of the ascent of nerve fibers through the central nervous system enables the brain and spinal cord to function on a basis of spatially designated units. [somato- + G. topos, place]

somatotropes somatotropes (so-ma´to-trops)

A subclass of pituitary acidophilic cells; site of synthesis of growth hormone.

somatotroph somatotroph (so´ma-to-trof)

A cell of the adenohypophysis that produces somatotropin.

somatotrophic somatotrophic (so´ma-to-trof´ik)

somatotropic [somato- + G. trophe, nourishment]

somatotropic somatotropic (so´ma-to-trop´ik)

Having a stimulating effect on body growth.somatotrophic; [somato- + G. trope, a turning]

somatotropin somatotropin (so´ma-to-tro´pin)

A protein hormone of the anterior lobe of the pituitary, produced by the acidophil cells, that promotes body growth, fat mobilization, and inhibition of glucose utilization; diabetogenic when present in excess; a deficiency of s. is associated with a number of types of dwarfism (type III is an X-linked disorder).growth hormone, pituitary growth hormone, somatotropic hormone; [for somatotrophin, fr. somato- + G. trophe nourishment; corrupted to -tropin and reanalyzed as fr. G. trope, a turning]

somatotype somatotype (so´ma-to-tIp)

1. The constitutional or body type of an individual. 2. The particular constitutional or body type associated with a particular personality type.

somatotypology somatotypology (so´ma-to-tI-pol´o-je)

The study of somatotypes. [somato- + G. typos, form, + logos, study]

somatrem somatrem (so´ma-trem)

N-l-Methionyl growth hormone (human); a purified polypeptide hormone, made by recombinant DNA techniques, that contains the identical sequence of 191 amino acids constituting naturally occurring somatotropin, plus an additional amino acid, methionine; used in long-term treatment of children deficient in somatotropin.

somesthesia somesthesia (so-mes-the´ze-a)

somatesthesia

somite somite (so´mIt)

One of the paired, metamerically arranged cell masses formed in the early embryonic paraxial mesoderm; commencing in the third or early fourth week in the region of the hindbrain, they develop in a caudal direction until 42 pairs are formed; their presence is considered evidence that metameric segmentation is a vertebrate characteristic.mesoblastic segment; [G. soma, body, + -ite]
occipital s.one of the four most rostral s.'s which become incorporated into the occipital region of the embryonic skull.

somnambulance somnambulance (som-nam´byu-lans)

somnambulism (1)

somnambulism somnambulism (som-nam´byu-lizm)

1. A disorder of sleep involving complex motor acts which occurs primarily during the first third of the night but not during rapid eye movement sleep.noctambulation, noctambulism, oneirodynia activa, sleepwalking, somnambulance; 2. A form of hysteria in which purposeful behavior is forgotten. [L. somnus, sleep, + ambulo, to walk]

somnambulist somnambulist (som-nam´byu-list)

One who is subject to somnambulism (1).sleepwalker;

somnifacient somnifacient (som-ni-fa´shent)

soporific (1) [L. somnus, sleep, + facio, to make]

somniferous somniferous (som-nif´er-us)

soporific (1) [L. somnus, sleep, + fero, to bring]

somnific somnific (som-nif´ik)

soporific (1)

somnifugous somnifugous (som-nif´yu-gus)

Dispelling or resisting falling asleep. [L. somnus, sleep, + fugo, to put to flight]

somniloquence somniloquence, somniloquism (som-nil´o-kwens, -kwizm)

1. Talking or muttering in one's sleep.sleeptalking (1) ; 2. somniloquy [L. somnus, sleep, + loquor, to talk]

somniloquist somniloquist (som-nil´o-kwist)

A habitual sleep-talker.

somniloquy somniloquy (som-nil´o-kwe)

Talking under the influence of hypnotic suggestion.sleeptalking (2) , somniloquence (2) , somniloquism; [L. somnus, sleep, + loquor, to speak]

somnipathist somnipathist (som-nip´a-thist)

One affected by or under the influence of somnipathy.

somnipathy somnipathy (som-nip´a-the)

1. Any disorder of sleep. 2. hypnotism (1) [L. somnus, sleep, + G. pathos, suffering]

somnocinematograph somnocinematograph (som´no-sin-e-mat´o-graf)

A device for recording the movements made by sleepers. [L. somnos, sleep, + G. kinema, motion, + G. grapho, to write]

somnocinematography somnocinematography (som´no-sin-e-ma-tog´ra-fe)

The process or technique of recording movements during sleep.polycinematosomnography;

somnolence somnolence, somnolency (som´no-lens, -len-se)

1. An inclination to sleep.sleepiness; 2. A condition of obtusion.somnolentia (1) ; [L. somnolentia]

somnolent somnolent (som´no-lent)

1. Drowsy; sleepy; having an inclination to sleep. 2. In a condition of incomplete sleep; semicomatose. [L. somnus, sleep]

somnolentia somnolentia (som-no-len´she-a)

1. somnolence 2. sleep drunkenness [L.]

somnolescent somnolescent (som-no-les´ent)

Inclined to sleep; drowsy.

somnolism somnolism (som´no-lizm)

hypnotism (1)

Somogyi Somogyi

Michael, U.S. biochemist, 1883-1971. See S. effect, method, unit.

Sondermann Sondermann

R., 20th century German ophthalmologist. See S.'s canal.

sone sone (son)

A unit of loudness; a pure tone of 1000 Hz at 40 dB above the normal threshold of audibility has a loudness of 1 s. [L. sonus, sound]

sonic sonic (son´ik)

Of, pertaining to, or determined by sound; e.g., s. vibration. [L. sonus, sound]

sonicate sonicate (son´i-kat)

To expose a suspension of cells or microbes to the disruptive effect of the energy of high frequency sound waves.

sonication sonication (son-i-ka´shun)

The process of disrupting biologic materials by use of sound wave energy.

sonification sonification (son´i-fi-ka´shun)

The production of sound, or of sound waves.

sonifier sonifier (son´i-fI-er)

An instrument which produces sound waves, especially those of the frequencies used in sonification procedures.

sonify sonify (son´i-fI)

To produce sound.

Sonne Sonne

Carl, Danish bacteriologist, 1882-1948. See S. bacillus, dysentery.

sonochemistry sonochemistry (son-o-kem´is-tre)

The branch of chemistry concerned with chemical changes caused by, or involving, sound, particularly ultrasound.

sonogram sonogram (son´o-gram)

ultrasonogram [L. sonus, sound, + G. gramma, a drawing]

sonograph sonograph (son´o-graf)

ultrasonograph [L. sonus, sound, + G. grapho, to write]

sonographer sonographer (so-nog´ra-fer)

ultrasonographer

sonography sonography (so-nog´ra-fI)

ultrasonography [L. sonus, sound. + G. grapho, to write]

sonolucent sonolucent (son-o-lu´sent)

In ultrasonography, containing few or no echoes; a misnomer for transonic or anechoic. See anechoic. [L. sonus, sound + L. luceo, to shine]

sonomicrometer sonomicrometer (son´o-mI-krom´e-ter)

An operatively implanted ultrasonic dimension gauge to measure the wall thickening and motion of the heart.

sonomotor sonomotor (son-o-mo´ter)

Related to movements caused by sound. See sonomotor response.

sophisticate sophisticate (so-fis´ti-kat)

To adulterate. [Mod. L. sophisticare, pp. sophisticatus, to alter deceptively, fr. G. sophistikos, deceitful]

sophoretin sophoretin (sof-o-re´tin)

quercetin

sopor sopor (so´por)

An unnaturally deep sleep. [L.]

soporiferous soporiferous (so-por-if´er-us, sop´or-)

soporific (1) [L. soporifer, fr. sopor, deep sleep, + fero, to bring]

soporific soporific (so-por-if´ik, sop´or-)

1. Causing sleep.somnifacient, somniferous, somnific, soporiferous; 2. An agent that produces sleep. [L. sopor, deep sleep, + facio, to make]

soporose soporose, soporous (so´po-ros, -rus)

Relating to or causing an unnaturally deep sleep. [L. sopor, deep sleep]

sorbefacient sorbefacient (sor-be-fa´shent)

1. Causing absorption. 2. An agent that causes or facilitates absorption. [L. sorbeo, to suck up, + facio, to make]

sorbic acid sorbic acid (sor´bik)

2,4-Hexadienoic acid;obtained from berries of the mountain ash, Sorbus aucuparia (family Rosaceae), or prepared synthetically; it inhibits growth of yeast and mold and is nearly nontoxic to humans; used as a preservative.

sorbin sorbin (sor´bin)

l-sorbose

sorbinose sorbinose (-bin-os)

l-sorbose

sorbitan sorbitan (sor´bi-tan)

Sorbitol or sorbose and related compounds in ester combination with fatty acids, and with short oligo (ethylene oxide) side chains and an oleate terminus, to form detergents such as polysorbate 80.

sorbite sorbite (sor´bIt)

sorbitol

sorbitol sorbitol (sor´bi-tol)

d-Sorbitol; d-glucitol; l-gulitol;a reduction product of glucose and sorbose found in the berries of the mountain ash, Sorbus aucuparia (family Rosaceae), and in many fruits and seaweeds. It has many industrial and pharmaceutical uses; medicinally, it is used as a diuretic and as a sweetening agent, and is almost completely metabolized (to CO₂ and H₂0); accumulates in type I diabetes mellitus; elevated levels can cause osmotic damage.sorbite;

d-sorbitol-6-phosphate dehydrogenase d-sorbitol-6-phosphate dehydrogenase

An oxidoreductase that catalyzes the interconversion of d-sorbitol 6-phosphate and NAD⁺ to d-fructose 6-phosphate and NADH. A key step in fructose metabolism in the lens.ketose reductase;

sorbitose sorbitose (sor´bi-tos)

l-sorbose

l-sorbose l-sorbose (sor´bos)

A very sweet reducing, but not fermentable, 2-ketohexose obtained from the berries of the mountain ash, Sorbus aucuparia (family Rosaceae), and from sorbitol by fermentation with Acetobacter suboxydans; l-sorbose is epimeric with d-fructose and is used in the manufacture of vitamin C.sorbin, sorbinose, sorbitose;

sordes sordes (sor´dez)

A dark brown or blackish crustlike collection on the lips, teeth, and gums of a person with dehydration associated with a chronic debilitating disease.rhyparia, saburra (2) ; [L. fifth, fr. sordeo, to be foul]

sore sore (sor)

1. A wound, ulcer, or any open skin lesion. 2. Painful; aching; tender. [A.S. sar]
bay s.chiclero ulcer
bed s. See bedsore.
canker s.'saphtha (2)
cold s.colloquialism for herpes simplex.
Delhi s.Oriental s
desert s.any of a variety of chronic nonspecific cutaneous ulcers, most commonly on the shins, knees, hands, and forearms, and probably a variant of ecthyma, that occur in tropical and desert areas.Barcoo rot, veldt s;
fungating s.a granulating chancroid.
hard s.chancre
Lahore s.Oriental s
Natal's s.lesion of cutaneous leishmaniasis.
Oriental s.Oriental ulcerDelhi s., Lahore s;
pressure s.decubitus ulcer
soft s.chancroid
summer s.'scutaneous habronemiasis
tropical s.cutaneous leishmaniasis
tropical soretropical ulcer
veldt s.desert s
venereal s.chancroid
water s.cutaneous ancylostomiasis

sorehead sorehead (sor´hed)

filarial dermatosis

soremouth soremouth (sor´mowth)

orf

soremuzzle soremuzzle (sor´muz-l)

bluetongue

Sörensen Sörensen

Sören P.L., Danish chemist, 1868-1939. See S. scale.

Soret Soret

C., French radiologist, 1931. See S. band; S.'s phenomenon.

soroche soroche (so-ro´che)

altitude sickness (1) [Sp. (orig. ore, formerly attributed to toxic emanations of ores in mountains)]
chronic s.chronic mountain sickness

sorption sorption (sorp´shun)

Adsorption or absorption.

Sorsby Sorsby

Arnold, British ophthalmologist, *1900. See S.'s macular degeneration, syndrome.

s.o.s. s.o.s.

Abbreviation for L. si opus sit, if needed.

sotalol hydrochloride sotalol hydrochloride (so´ta-lol)

4´-[1-Hydroxy-2-(isopropylamino)ethyl]methanesulfonanilide monohydrochloride;a beta-receptor blocking agent with uses similar to those of propanolol; also possesses potassium blocking properties.

Sotos Sotos

J.F., U.S. pediatrician, *1927. See S.'s syndrome.

Sottas Sottas

Jules, French neurologist, 1866-1943. See Dejerine-S. disease.

souffle souffle (su´fl)

A soft blowing sound heard on auscultation. [Fr. souffler, to blow]
cardiac s.a soft puffing heart murmur.
fetal s.a blowing murmur, synchronous with the fetal heart beat, sometimes only systolic and sometimes continuous, heard on auscultation over the pregnant uterus.funic s., funicular s., umbilical s;
funic s., funicular s.fetal s
mammary s.a blowing murmur heard late in pregnancy and during lactation at the medial border of the breast, sometimes only systolic and sometimes continuous.
placental s.uterine s
umbilical s.fetal s
uterine s.a blowing sound, synchronous with the cardiac systole of the mother, heard on auscultation of the pregnant uterus.placental s;

Soulier Soulier

Jean Pierre, French hematologist, *1915. See Bernard-S. disease, syndrome.

sound sound (sownd)

1. The vibrations produced by a sounding body, transmitted by the air or other medium, and perceived by the internal ear. 2. An elongated cylindrical, usually curved, instrument of metal, used for exploring the bladder or other cavities of the body, for dilating strictures of the urethra, esophagus, or other canal, for calibrating the lumen of a body cavity, or for detecting the presence of a foreign body in a body cavity. 3. To explore or calibrate a cavity with a s. 4. Whole; healthy; not diseased or injured.
after-s. See aftersound.
amphoric voice s. See amphoric voice.
anvil s.bellmetal resonance
atrial s.fourth heart s
auscultatory s.a rale, murmur, bruit, fremitus, or other s. heard on auscultation of the chest or abdomen.
bell s.bellmetal resonance
bowel s.'srelatively high-pitched abdominal s.'s caused by propulsion of intestinal contents through the lower alimentary tract.
Campbell s.a miniature s. with a short round-tipped beak, especially curved for the deep urethra of the young male.
cannon s.bruit de canon
cardiac s.heart s.'s
cavernous voice s. See cavernous voice.
coconut s.a s. like that produced when a cracked coconut is tapped; it is elicited by percussing the skull of a patient with osteitis deformans.
cracked-pot s.cracked-pot resonance
Davis interlocking s.a s. comprised of two instruments with curved male and female tips, used to introduce a catheter into the bladder in the treatment of ruptured urethra; the male s. is introduced into the distal urethra via the meatus and the female s. is passed downward through the bladder neck into the proximal urethra via an open cystotomy; the ends of the two instruments are engaged, with the female s. guiding the male s. upward into the bladder; a catheter is then sutured to the tip of the male s. and withdrawn through the urethra to restore continuity of its lumen.
double-shock s.bruit de rappel
eddy s.'ss.'s that punctuate the continuous murmur of patent ductus arteriosus, imparting to it a characteristically "uneven" quality.
ejection s.'sclick-like s.'s during ejection from a hypertensive aorta or pulmonary artery or associated with stenosis (particularly congenital) of the aortic or pulmonic valve.
first heart s. (S₁) occurs with ventricular systole and is mainly produced by closure of the atrioventricular valves.
fourth heart s. (S₄) the s. produced in late diastole in association with ventricular filling due to atrial systole and related to reduced ventricular compliance. It is a low frequency oscillation that may be normal at older ages owing to a physiologic decline in ventricular compliance but is nearly always abnormal at younger ages if it is of high intensity or palpable. It is common in ventricular hypertrophy, particularly with hypertension, and is almost invariable during acute myocardial infarction. Fourth heart s.'s may arise from the right or left ventricle or both.atrial s;
friction s.the s., heard on auscultation, made by the rubbing of two opposed serous surfaces roughened by an inflammatory exudate, or, if chronic, by nonadhesive fibrosis.friction murmur, friction rub;
gallop s.the abnormal third or fourth heart s. which, when added to the first and second s.'s, produces the triple cadence of gallop rhythm. See also gallop.
heart s.'sthe noise made by muscle contraction and the closure of the heart valves during the cardiac cycle. See first heart s., second heart s., third heart s., fourth heart s.cardiac s., heart tones;
hippocratic succussion s.a splashing s. elicited by shaking a patient with hydro- or pyopneumothorax, the physician's ear being applied to the chest.
Jewett s.a short straight s. for dilating the anterior urethra.
Korotkoff s.'ss.'s heard over an artery when pressure over it is reduced below systolic arterial pressure, as when blood pressure is determined by the auscultatory method.
Le Fort s.a curved s. threaded for a filiform bougie, used for dilation of urethral strictures in the male when small caliber or presence of false passages prevents safe passage of a standard s. or catheter.
McCrea s.a gently curved s. used to dilate the urethra in infants or children.
Mercier's s.a catheter the beak of which is short and bent almost at a right angle.
muscle s.a fine murmur heard on auscultation over the belly of a contracting muscle.
percussion s.any s. elicited on percussing over one of the cavities of the body.
pericardial friction s.a to-and-fro grating, rasping, or, rarely, creaking s. heard over the heart in some cases of pericarditis, due to rubbing of the inflamed pericardial surfaces as the heart contracts and relaxes; during normal sinus rhythm it is usually triphasic; during any rhythm it may be biphasic or uniphasic.pericardial rub, pericardial friction rub;
pistol-shot s.s. created by lightly compressing an artery during aortic regurgitation; sometimes is audible without compression.
pistol-shot femoral s.a shotlike systolic s. heard over the femoral artery in high output states, especially aortic insufficiency; presumably due to sudden stretching of the elastic wall of the artery; pistol-shot s.'s may also be heard over other relatively large arteries, e.g., brachial, radial.
posttussis suction s.a s. produced by the falling back of a drop of mucus or pus into a pulmonary cavity after the latter has been emptied by coughing.
respiratory s.a murmur, bruit, fremitus, rhonchus, or rale heard on auscultation over the lungs or any part of the respiratory tract.
sail s.a s., likened to the snapping of a sail; the abnormal first heart s. in some patients with Ebstein's anomaly.
Santini's booming s.a sonorous booming s. heard on auscultatory percussion of a hydatid cyst.
second heart s. (S₂) the second s. heard on auscultation of the heart; signifies the beginning of diastole and is due to closure of the semilunar valves.second s;
second s.second heart s
Simpson uterine s.a slender flexible metal rod used to calibrate or dilate the cervical canal, or to hold the uterus in various positions during gynecologic surgery.
Sims uterine s.a slender flexible s. with a small projection about 7 cm from its tip, used to estimate the size and caliber of the uterine cavity.
splitting of heart s.'sthe production of major components of the first and second heart s.'s (rarely the third and fourth) due to contribution by the left-sided and right-sided valves; thus, the first heart s. would have a mitral and a tricuspid component and the second heart s. has an aortic and pulmonic component. The latter are best appreciated during respiration, with inspiration delaying the pulmonic component and producing an earlier aortic component.
succussion s.the noise made by fluid with overlying air when shaken, such as occurs with gastric dilatation or with fluid and air in a pleural cavity (hydropneumothorax).
tambour s.bruit de tambour
third heart s. (S₃) occurs in early diastole and corresponds with the end of the first phase of rapid ventricular filling; normal in children and younger people but abnormal in others.third s;
third s.third heart s
tic-tac s.'sembryocardia
to-and-fro s.doubling of an abnormal murmur usually in systole and diastole and formerly applied to pericardial rubs.
van Buren s.a standard s., available in several calibers, with a gently curved tip designed to follow the contour of the deep bulbous urethra in the male; used for urethral calibration or dilation.
waterwheel s.s. made by cardiac motion inducing splashes in the presence of fluid and air within the pericardial sac.
water-whistle s.a bubbling whistle heard on auscultation over a bronchial or pulmonary fistula.
Winternitz' s.a double-current catheter in which water at any desired temperature circulates.
xiphisternal crunching s. See Hamman's sign.

Southern Southern

M.E., 20th century British biologist. See Southern blot analysis.

Southey Southey

Reginald, English physician, 1835-1899. See S.'s tubes, under tube.

sow sow

A female hog of breeding age. [M.E.]

soya soya (soy´a)

soybean [Hind. soya, fennel]

soybean soybean (soy´ben)

The bean of the climbing herb Glycine soja or G. hispida (family Leguminosae); a bean rich in protein and containing little starch; it is the source of s. oil; s. flour is used in preparing a bread for diabetics, in feeding formulas for infants who are unable to tolerate cow's milk, and for adults allergic to cow's milk.soja, soya; [Hind. soya, fennel]
s. oilobtained from s.'s by expression or solvent extraction; contains triglycerides of linoleic acid, oleic acid, linolenic acid, and saturated fatty acids; used as a food and in the manufacture of margarine and other food products.

SP1 SP1

Abbreviation for stimulatory protein 1.

sp. sp.

Abbreviation for subspecies; pl. form is spp.; L. spiritus, spirit.

spa spa (spah)

A health resort, especially one where there are one or more mineral springs whose waters possess therapeutic properties. [Spa, a mineral spring health resort in Belgium]

space space (spas)

Any demarcated portion of the body, either an area of the surface, a segment of the tissues, or a cavity. See also area, region, zone.spatium [NA] ; [L. spatium, room, space]
alveolar dead s.the difference between physiologic dead s. and anatomical dead s.; it represents that part of the physiologic dead s. resulting from ventilation of relatively underperfused or nonperfused alveoli; it differs specifically in being placed so as to fill and empty in parallel with functional alveoli, rather than being interposed in the conducting tubes between functional alveoli and the external environment.
anatomical dead s.the volume of the conducting airways from the external environment (at the nose and mouth) down to the level at which inspired gas exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide with pulmonary capillary blood; formerly presumed to extend down to the beginning of alveolar epithelium in the respiratory bronchioles, but more recent evidence indicates that effective gas exchange extends some distance up the thicker-walled conducting airways because of rapid longitudinal mixing. Cf. alveolar dead s., physiologic dead s. anatomical airway;
antecubital s.cubital fossa
anterior clear s.retrosternal s
apical s.the s. between the alveolar wall and the apex of the root of a tooth where an alveolar abscess usually has its origin.
axillary s.axilla
Berger's s.the s. between the patellar fossa of the vitreous and the lens.
Bogros' s.retroinguinal s
Böttcher's s.endolymphatic sac
Bowman's s.capsular s
Burns' s.suprasternal s
capsular s.the slitlike s. between the visceral and parietal layers of the capsule of the renal corpuscle; it opens into the proximal tubule of the nephron at the neck of the tubule.Bowman's s., filtration s;
cartilage s.cartilage lacuna
central palmar s.the more medial of the central palmar spaces, bounded medially by the hypothenar compartment; related distally to the synovial tendon sheaths of digits 3 and 4 and proximally to the common flexor sheath.medial midpalmar s., middle palmar s;
Chassaignac's s.potential s. between the pectoralis major and the mammary gland.
Cloquet's s.a s. between the ciliary zonule and the vitreous body.
Colles' s.superficial perineal s
corneal s.one of the stellate s.'s between the lamellae of the cornea, each of which contains a cell or corneal corpuscle.lacuna (4) ;
Cotunnius' s.endolymphatic sac
cranial epidural s.dura mater of brain
dead s. 1. a cavity, potential or real, remaining after the closure of a wound which is not obliterated by the operative technique; 2. See anatomical dead s., physiologic dead s.
deep perineal s.the region between the perineal membrane and the endopelvic fascia of the floor of the pelvis occupied by the membranous part of the urethra, the bulbourethral gland (in the male), the deep transverse perineal and sphincter urethrae muscles, and the dorsal nerve and artery of the penis or clitoris.spatium perinei profundum [NA] , deep perineal pouch;
denture s. 1. that portion of the oral cavity which is, or may be, occupied by maxillary and/or mandibular denture(s); 2. the s. between the residual ridges which is available for dentures. See also interarch distance.
disk s.on radiographs of the spine, the radiolucent region between each pair of vertebral bodies.
Disse's s.perisinusoidal s
s. of Dondersthe space between the dorsum of the tongue and the hard palate when the mandible is in rest position following the expiratory cycle of respiration.
epidural s.epidural cavity
episcleral s.the space between the fascial sheath of the eyeball and the sclera.spatium episclerale [NA] , interfascial s., spatium interfasciale, spatium intervaginale bulbi oculi, Tenon's s;
epitympanic s.epitympanic recess
filtration s.capsular s
Fontana's s.'ss.'s of iridocorneal angle
freeway s.the s. between the occluding surfaces of the maxillary and mandibular teeth when the mandible is in physiologic resting position.interocclusal clearance, interocclusal distance (2) , interocclusal gap, interocclusal rest s. (2) ;
gingival s.gingival sulcus
haversian s.'ss.'s in bone formed by the enlargement of haversian canals.
Henke's s.retropharyngeal s.
His' perivascular s.Virchow-Robin s
infraglottic s.infraglottic cavity
interalveolar s.interarch distance
intercostal s.an interval between the ribs, occupied by intercostal muscles, veins, arteries and nerves.spatium intercostale [NA] ;
interfascial s.episcleral s
interglobular s.one of a number of irregularly branched spaces near the periphery of the dentin of the crown of a tooth, through which pass the ramifications of the tubules; they are caused by failure of calcification of the dentin.spatium interglobulare [NA] , interglobular s. of Owen;
interglobular s. of Oweninterglobular s
intermembrane s.the s. between the two membranes in a cell or organelle enclosed by a double biomembrane; e.g., the space between the inner and outer membranes of the mitochondria; sometimes referred to as the external matrix.
interocclusal rest s. 1. interocclusal distance (1) 2. freeway s
interosseous metacarpal s.'sthe s.'s between the metacarpal bones in the hand.spatia interossea metacarpi [NA] ;
interosseous metatarsal s.'sthe s.'s between the metatarsal bones in the foot.spatia interossea metatarsi [NA] ;
interpleural s.mediastinum (2)
interproximal s.the s. between adjacent teeth in a dental arch; it is divided into the embrasure occlusal to the contact area, and the septal s. gingival to the contact area.
interradicular s.the s. between the roots of multirooted teeth.
interseptovalvular s.the interval in the developing embryonic heart between the septum primum and the left valve of the sinus venosus.
intersheath s.'s of optic nerveintervaginal s. of optic nerve
intervaginal s. of optic nervethe spaces within the internal sheath of the optic nerve, between the arachnoidal and pial layers, filled with cerebrospinal fluid and continuous with the subarachnoid space.spatia intervaginalia nervi optici [NA] , intersheath s.'s of optic nerve, Schwalbe's s.'s;
intervillous s.'sthe s.'s containing maternal blood, located between placenta villi; they are lined with syncytiotrophoblast.
intraretinal s.the potential cleft between the pigmented and neural layers of the retina; it represents the cavity of the embryonic optic vesicle; retinal detachment occurs by the opening of this space.
s.'s of iridocorneal angleirregularly shaped endothelium-lined spaces within the trabecular reticulum, through which the aqueous filters to reach the sinus venosus sclerae.spatia anguli iridocornealis [NA] , ciliary canals, Fontana's s.'s;
Kiernan's s.interlobular s. in the liver.
Kretschmann's s.a slight depression in the epitympanic recess below the superior recess of tympanic membrane.
Kuhnt's s.'sshallow diverticula or recesses between the ciliary body and ciliary zonule which open into the posterior chamber of the eye.
lateral central palmar s.the more lateral (radial) of the central palmar spaces, bounded laterally by the thenar compartment; related distally to the synovial tendon sheath of the index finger and proximally to the common flexor sheath.lateral midpalmar s;
lateral midpalmar s.lateral central palmar s
lateral pharyngeal s.that part of the peripharyngeum s. located at the sides of the pharynx.spatium lateropharyngeum [NA] ;
leeway s.the difference between the combined mesiodistal widths of the deciduous cuspids and molars and their successors.
lymph s.a s., in tissue or a vessel, filled with lymph.
Magendie's s.'ss.'s between the pia and arachnoid at the level of the fissures of the brain.
Malacarne's s.posterior perforated substance
Meckel's s.trigeminal cave
medial midpalmar s.central palmar s
mediastinal s.mediastinum (2)
medullary s.the central cavity and the cellular intervals between the trabeculae of bone, filled with marrow.
middle palmar s.central palmar s
midpalmar s. 1. either of the two central palmar s.'s (medial or lateral).
Mohrenheim's s.infraclavicular fossa
Nuel's s.an interval in the spiral organ (of Corti) between the outer pillar cells on one side and the phalangeal cells and hair cells on the other.
parapharyngeal s.pharyngomaxillary s
Parona's s.a s. between the pronator quadratus deep and the overlying flexor tendons of the forearm which is continuous through the carpal tunnel with the medial central palmar space.
parotid s.a deep hollow on the side at the sides of the face flanking the posterior aspect of the ramus of the mandible with its attached muscles which is occupied by the parotid gland; it is lined with fascial laminae (the parotid sheath) derived from the investing layer of deep cervical fascia; the structures bounding the s. collectively constitute the parotid bed. Surgeons operating in the area take advantage of the fact that the anteroposterior dimensions of the parotid s. increase with protrusion of the mandible.parotid recess, recessus parotideus;
perforated s. See anterior perforated substance, posterior perforated substance.
perichoroid s.perichoroidal s
perichoroidal s.the interval between the choroid and the sclera filled by the loose meshes of the lamina fusca of sclera and the suprachoroid lamina.spatium perichoroideale [NA] , perichoroid s;
perilymphatic s.space between the bony and membranous portions of the labyrinth.spatium perilymphaticum [NA] , cisterna perilymphatica;
perineal s.'s See deep perineal s., superficial perineal s.
perinuclear s.cisterna caryothecae
peripharyngeal s.the space, filled with loose areolar tissue, around the pharynx; it is divided into two portions, lateral pharyngeal s. and retropharyngeal s.spatium peripharyngeum [NA] ;
periportal s. of Malla tissue s. between the limiting lamina and the portal canal in the liver.
perisinusoidal s.the potential extravascular s. between the liver sinusoids and liver parenchymal cells.Disse's s;
perivitelline s.the s. between the vitelline membrane and the zona pellucida, appearing in an ovum immediately following fertilization.
personal s.a term used in the behavioral sciences to denote the physical area immediately surrounding an individual who is in proximity to one or more others, whether known or unknown, and which serves as a body buffer zone in such interpersonal transactions.
pharyngeal s.the area occupied by the pharynx (naso-, oro-, and laryngopharnynx). Not to be confused with the retropharyngeal s.
pharyngomaxillary s.the s. limited by the lateral wall of the pharynx, the cervical vertebrae, and the medial pterygoid muscle.parapharyngeal s;
physiologic dead s. (V_D) the sum of anatomic and alveolar dead s.; the dead s. calculated when the carbon dioxide pressure in systemic arterial blood is used instead of that of alveolar gas in Bohr's equation; it is a virtual or apparent volume that takes into account the impairment of gas exchange because of uneven distributions of lung ventilation and perfusion.
plantar s.one of four areas between fascial layers in the foot, where pus may be confined when the foot is infected.
pleural s.pleural cavity
pneumatic s.any one of the paranasal sinuses.
Poiseuille's s.still layer
popliteal s.popliteal fossa
postpharyngeal s.retropharyngeal s
Proust's s.rectovesical pouch
Prussak's s.superior recess of tympanic membrane
pterygomandibular s.the area between the mandibular ramus and the pterygoid process of the sphenoid bone.
quadrangular s.musculotendinous formation providing passageway for the axillary nerve, posterior humeral circumflex artery and accompanying veins as they run from the axilla to the superior posterior arm; as the neurovascular structures enter the formation anteriorly, it is bounded superiorly by the shoulder joint, medially by the lateral border of subscapularis, laterally by the surgical neck of the humerus, and inferiorly by the tendon of latissimus dorsi; as the vessels exit the formation posteriorly, it is bounded superiorly by the teres minor, medially by the long head of the triceps, laterally by the lateral head of the triceps and inferiorly by the teres major muscle or tendon; as they emerge, most of the neurovascular structures run on the deep surface of the deltoid muscle, which they supply.quadrilateral s;
quadrilateral s.quadrangular s
Reinke's s.the loose connective tissue in the superficial layer of the lamina propria of the vocal fold. Edema of this s. produces hoarseness in chronic smokers or in hypothyroidism.
respiratory dead s.that part of the respiratory tract or of a single breath which fails to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide with pulmonary capillary blood; a nonspecific term which fails to distinguish between anatomical dead s. and physiologic dead s.
retroadductor s.potential s. between the adductor pollicis and first dorsal interosseous muscles.
retroinguinal s.a triangular s. between the peritoneum and the transversalis fascia, at the lower angle of which is the inguinal ligament; it contains the lower portion of the external iliac artery.Bogros' s., spatium retroinguinale;
retromylohyoid s.the sulcus at the posterior end of the mylohyoid line.
retroperitoneal s.the space between the parietal peritoneum and the muscles and bones of the posterior abdominal wall.spatium retroperitoneale [NA] , retroperitoneum;
retropharyngeal s.that part of the peripharyngeal s. located posterior to the pharynx.spatium retropharyngeum [NA] , postpharyngeal s;
retropubic s.the area of loose connective tissue between the bladder with its related fascia and the pubis and anterior abdominal wall.spatium retropubicum [NA] , cavum retzii, Retzius' cavity, Retzius' s;
retrosternal s.on lateral chest radiographs, the region dorsal to the sternum and ventral to the ascending aorta.anterior clear s;
Retzius' s.retropubic s
Schwalbe's s.'sintervaginal s. of optic nerve
subarachnoid s.the s. between the arachnoidea and pia mater, traversed by delicate fibrous trabeculae and filled with cerebrospinal fluid. Since the pia mater immediately adheres to the surface of the brain and spinal cord, the s. is greatly widened wherever the brain surface exhibits a deep depression (for example, between the cerebellum and medulla); such widenings are called cisternae. The large blood vessels supplying the brain and spinal cord lie in the subarachnoid s.cavum subarachnoideum [NA] , subarachnoid cavity;
subchorial s.the part of the placenta adjacently beneath the chorionic plate; it joins with irregular channels to form the marginal lakes.subchorial lake;
subdural s.originally thought to be a narrow fluid-filled interval between the dural and arachnoid; now known to be an artificial s. created by the separation of the arachnoid from the dura as the result of trauma or some ongoing pathologic process; in the healthy state, the arachnoid is attached to the dura and a naturally occurring subdural s. is not present.spatium subdurale [NA] , cavum subdurale, subdural cavity, subdural cleavage, subdural cleft;
subgingival s.gingival sulcus
superficial perineal s.the superficial compartment of the perineum; the space bounded above by the perineal membrane (inferior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm) and below by the superficial perineal (Colles') fascia; it contains the root structure of the penis or clitoris and associated musculature, plus the superficial transverse perineal muscle and, in the female only, the greater vestibular glands.spatium perinei superficiale [NA] , Colles' s., superficial perineal pouch;
suprahepatic s.'ssubphrenic recesses, under recess
suprasternal s.a narrow interval between the deep and superficial layers of the cervical fascia above the manubrium of the sternum through which pass the anterior jugular veins.Burns' s;
Tarin's s.interpeduncular cistern
Tenon's s.episcleral s
thenar s. See central palmar s.
Traube's semilunar s.a crescentic s. about 12 cm wide, bounded medially by the left border of the sternum, above by an oblique line from the sixth costal cartilage to the lower border of the eighth or ninth rib in the mid-axillary line and below by the costal margin; the percussion tone here is normally tympanitic, because of the underlying stomach, but is modified by pulmonary emphysema, a pleural effusion, or an enlarged spleen.
Trautmann's triangular s.the area of the temporal bone bounded by the sigmoid sinus, the superior petrosal sinus, and a tangent to the posterior semicircular canal.
vertebral epidural s. See dura mater of spinal cord.
Virchow-Robin s.a tunnel-like extension of the subarachnoid s. surrounding blood vessels that pass into the brain or spinal cord from the subarachnoid s.; the lining of the channel is composed of pia and glial feet of astrocytes; a continuation of the s. around capillaries and nerve cells probably does not occur.His' perivascular s;
Waldeyer's s.Waldeyer's sheath
Westberg's s.the s. surrounding the origin of the aorta which is invested with the pericardium.
zonular s.'sthe spaces between the fibers of the ciliary zonule at the equator of the lens of the eye.spatia zonularia [NA] , Petit's canals;

spagyric spagyric (spa-jir´ik)

Relating to the paracelsian or alchemical system of medicine, which stressed the treatment of disease by various types of chemical substances. [G. spao, to tear open, + ageiro, to collect]

spagyrist spagyrist (spaj´I-rist)

A physician of the 16th century, a follower of the teachings of Paracelsus who believed in the essential importance of chemical or alchemical knowledge in the understanding and treatment of disease.

spall spall (spawl)

1. A fragment. 2. To break up into fragments.

Spallanzani Spallanzani

Lazaro, Italian priest and scientist, 1729-1799. See S.'s law.

spallation spallation (spaw-la´shun)

1. fragmentation 2. Nuclear reaction in which nuclei, on being bombarded by high energy particles, liberate a number of protons and alpha particles. [M.E. spalle, fragment]

span span

The amount, distance, or length between two points; the full extent or reach of anything.
memory s.the maximum number of items recalled after a single presentation (auditory or visual).

spannungs-P spannungs-P (spahn´nungz)

Prominent prolonged and high voltage P waves recorded in electrocardiograms (usually largest in lead II) of patients with hypertrophy of the right or both atria, particularly in those with congenital heart disease. See also P-congenitale. [Ger. Spannung, tightening; stretching or straining, + P wave]

sparganoma sparganoma (spar-ga-no´ma)

A localized mass resulting from sparganosis.

sparganosis sparganosis (spar-ga-no´sis)

Infection with the plerocercoid or sparganum of a pseudophyllidean tapeworm, usually in a dermal sore resulting from application of infected flesh as a poultice; infection may also occur from ingestion of uncooked frog, snake, mammal, or bird intermediate or transport host bearing the spargana, but not from fish with Diphyllobothrium larvae, since s. is an infection with nonhuman pseudophyllidean tapeworms, usually species of Spirometra. S. may also develop from ingestion of water containing procercoid-infected Cyclops.
ocular s.infestation of the orbits with the sparganum of Spirometra mansoni; characterized by redness and edema of the eyelids, lacrimation, and blepharoptosis; acquired by application of infected raw frog flesh against the eye as a poultice.

sparganum sparganum (spar´ga-num)

Originally described as a genus, but now restricted to the plerocercoid stage of certain tapeworms. [G. sparganon, a swathing band, fr. spargo, to swathe]

sparteine sparteine (spar´te-en, -te-in)

1-Sparteine;an alkaloid obtained from scoparius, Cytisus scoparius and Lupinus luteus; s. sulfate was used as an oxytocic drug.lupinidine;

spasm spasm (spazm)

A sudden involuntary contraction of one or more muscle groups; includes cramps, contractures.muscle s., spasmus; [G. spasmos]
s. of accommodationexcessive contraction of the ciliary muscle.
affect s.'srarely used term for spasmodic attacks of laughing, weeping, and screaming, accompanied by marked tachypnea.
anorectal s.proctalgia fugax
Bell's s.facial tic
cadaveric s.rigor mortis occurring irregularly in the different muscles, causing movements of the limbs.
canine s.risus caninus
carpopedal s.s. of the feet and hands observed in hyperventilation, calcium deprivation, and tetany: flexion of the hands at the wrists and of the fingers at the metacarpophalangeal joints and extension of the fingers at the phalangeal joints; the feet are dorsiflexed at the ankles and the toes plantar flexed.carpopedal contraction;
clonic s.alternate involuntary contraction and relaxation of a muscle.
cynic s.risus caninus
dancing s.saltatory s
diffuse esophageal s.abnormal contraction of the muscular wall of the esophagus causing pain and dysphagia, often in response to regurgitation of acid gastric contents.
epidemic transient diaphragmatic s.epidemic pleurodynia
esophageal s.a disorder of the motility of the esophagus characterized by pain or forceful eructations after swallowing food. Esophageal muscle contractions are of excessive force and duration. Chest pain can be confused with symptoms of cardiac or other origin.
facial s.facial tic
functional s.occupational neurosis
habit s.tic
histrionic s.facial tic
infantile s.brief (1 to 3 seconds) muscular s.'s in infants with West's syndrome, which often appear as nodding or salaam s.'s.salaam convulsions;
intention s.a spasmodic contraction of the muscles occurring when a voluntary movement is attempted.
masticatory s.involuntary convulsive muscular contraction affecting the muscles of mastication.
mimic s.facial tic
mobile s.a tonic s. occurring in spastic infantile hemiplegia on attempted movement.
muscle s.spasm
nictitating s.involuntary spasmodic winking.spasmus nictitans, winking s;
nodding s. 1. in infants, a drop of the head on the chest due to loss of tone in the neck muscles as in epilepsia nutans, or to tonic spasm of anterior neck muscles as in West's syndrome; 2. in adults, a nodding of the head from clonic s.'s of the sternomastoid muscles.salaam attack, salaam s., spasmus nutans (1) ;
occupational s., professional s.obsolete term for occupational dystonia.
phonic s.dysphonia spastica
progressive torsion s.dystonia musculorum deformans
retrocollic s.torticollis in which the s. affects the posterior neck muscles.retrocollis;
rotatory s.spasmodic torticollis
salaam s.nodding s
saltatory s.a spasmodic affection of the muscles of the lower extremities.Bamberger's disease (1) , dancing s., Gowers disease (1) ;
sewing s.seamstress's cramp
synclonic s.clonic s. of two or more muscles.
tailor's s.tailor's cramp
tonic s.a continuous involuntary muscular contraction.
tonoclonic s.convulsive contraction of muscles.
tooth s.'sinfantile convulsions associated with teething.
torsion s.dystonia
vasomotor s.spasmodic contraction of the smaller arteries.
winking s.nictitating s

spasmo- spasmo-

Spasm. [G. spasmos]

spasmodic spasmodic (spaz-mod´ik)

Relating to or marked by spasm. [G. spasmodes, convulsive, fr. spasmos, + eidos, form]

spasmogen spasmogen (spaz´mo-jen)

A substance causing contraction of smooth muscle; e.g., histamine.

spasmogenic spasmogenic (spaz-mo-jen´ik)

Causing spasms. [spasmo- + G. -gen, producing]

spasmology spasmology (spaz-mol´o-je)

Study of the nature, causation, and means of relief of spasms. [spasmo- + G. logos, study]

spasmolygmus spasmolygmus (spaz-mo-lig´mus)

1. Spasmodic sobbing. 2. Spasmodic hiccup. [spasmo- + G. lygmos, a sobbing, hiccup, fr. lyzo, to hiccup, sob]

spasmolysis spasmolysis (spaz-mol´i-sis)

The arrest of a spasm or convulsion. [spasmo- + G. lysis, dissolution]

spasmolytic spasmolytic (spaz´mo-lit´ik)

1. Relating to spasmolysis. 2. Denoting a chemical agent that relieves smooth muscle spasms.

spasmophilia spasmophilia (spaz-mo-fil´e-a)

latent tetany [spasmo- + G. phileo, to love]

spasmophilic spasmophilic (spaz-mo-fil´ik)

Relating to spasmophilia.

spasmus spasmus (spaz´mus)

spasm [L. fr. G. spasmos, spasm]
s. cani´nusrisus caninus
s. coordina´tuscompulsive movements, such as imitative or mimic tics, festination, etc.
s. glot´tidislaryngismus stridulus
s. nic´titansnictitating spasm
s. nu´tans 1. nodding spasm 2. a fine nystagmus, sometimes rotary, sometimes monocular, associated with head-nodding movements.

spastic spastic (spas´tik)

1. hypertonic (1) 2. Relating to spasm or to spasticity. [L. spasticus, fr. G. spastikos, drawing in]

spasticity spasticity (spas-tis´i-te)

A state of increased muscular tone with exaggeration of the tendon reflexes.
clasp-knife s.initial increased resistance to stretch of the extensor muscles of a joint that give way rather suddenly allowing the joint then to be easily flexed; the rigidity is due to an exaggeration of the stretch reflex. See also lengthening reaction.clasp-knife effect, clasp-knife rigidity;

spatia spatia (spa´she-a)

Plural of spatium. [L.]

spatial spatial (spa´shal)

Relating to space or a space.

spatium spatium, pl. spatia (spa´she-um, -she-a) [NA]

space [L.]
spa´tia an´guli iridocornea´lis [NA] spaces of iridocorneal angle, under space
s. episclera´le [NA] episcleral space
s. intercosta´le [NA] intercostal space
s. interfascia´leepiscleral space
s. interglobula´re, pl. spa´tia interglobula´ria [NA] interglobular space
spa´tia interos´sea metacar´pi [NA] interosseous metacarpal spaces, under space
spa´tia interos´sea metatar´si [NA] interosseous metatarsal spaces, under space
s. intervagina´le bulb´i oc´uliepiscleral space
spa´tia intervagina´lia ner´vi op´tici [NA] intervaginal space of optic nerve
s. lateropharyn´geum [NA] lateral pharyngeal space See also retropharyngeal space.
s. perichoroidea´le [NA] perichoroidal space
s. perilymphat´icum [NA] perilymphatic space
s. perine´i profun´dum [NA] deep perineal space
s. perine´i superficia´le [NA] superficial perineal space
s. peripharyn´geum [NA] peripharyngeal space
s. retroinguina´leretroinguinal space
s. retroperitonea´le [NA] retroperitoneal space
s. retropharyn´geum [NA] retropharyngeal space See also lateral pharyngeal space.
s. retropu´bicum [NA] retropubic space
s. subdura´le [NA] subdural space
spa´tia zonula´ria [NA] zonular spaces, under space

spatula spatula (spach´u-la)

A flat blade, like a knife blade but without a sharp edge, used in pharmacy for spreading plasters and ointments and as an aid to mixing ingredients with a mortar and pestle. [L. dim. of spatha, a broad, flat wooden instrument, fr. G. spathe]
Roux s.a very small nickeled steel s. used to transfer bits of infected material, such as diphtheritic membrane, to culture tubes.

spatulate spatulate (spach´u-lat)

1. Shaped like a spatula. 2. To manipulate or mix with a spatula. 3. To incise the cut end of a tubular structure longitudinally and splay it open, to allow creation of an elliptical anastomosis of greater circumference than would be possible with conventional transverse or oblique (bevelled) end-to-end anastomoses.spatulated;

spatulated spatulated (spach´u-lat-ed)

spatulate

spatulation spatulation (spach´u-la´shun)

Manipulation of material with a spatula.

Spatz Spatz

Hugo, German neurologist and psychiatrist, 1888-1969. See Hallervorden-S. disease, syndrome.

spavin spavin

A disease of the tarsal joints of the horse. [M.E. spavayne, swelling fr. O. Fr. esparvain]
blood s.a distention of the veins in the vicinity of the tarsus in a horse, due to pressure from the swelling of bog s. impeding the return flow of blood.
bog s.a chronic synovitis of the tibiotarsal joint in the horse resulting in distention of the joint capsule with fluid; it usually causes little or no lameness.
bone s.a rarefying osteitis involving the bones of the tarsus of the horse, usually those on the medial surface, resulting in exostoses and ankylosis.

spavined spavined (spav´ind)

Affected with spavin.

spay spay (spa)

To remove the ovaries of an animal. [Gael. spoth, castrate, or G. spadon, eunuch]

SPCA SPCA

Abbreviation for serum prothrombin conversion accelerator.

spearmint spearmint (sper´mint)

The leaves and flowering tops of Mentha viridis (green garden or lamb mint) or M. cardiaca (family Labiatae); a carminative and flavoring agent.
s. oilthe volatile oil, distilled with steam from the fresh overground parts of the flowering plant of Mentha viridis or M. cardiaca, a flavoring agent.

specialist specialist (spesh´a-list)

One who devotes professional attention to a particular specialty or subject area.

specialization specialization (spesh´a-li-za´shun)

1. Professional attention limited to a particular specialty or subject area for study, research, and/or treatment. 2. differentiation (1)

specialize specialize (spesh´a-lIz)

To engage in specialization (1).

specialty specialty (spesh´al-te)

The particular subject area or branch of medical science to which one devotes professional attention. [L. specialitas fr. specialis, special]

speciation speciation (spe-she-a´shun)

The evolutionary process by which diverse species of animals or plants are formed from a common ancestral stock.

species species, pl. species (spe´shez)

1. A biological division between the genus and a variety or the individual; a group of organisms that generally bear a close resemblance to one another in the more essential features of their organization, and breed effectively producing fertile progeny. 2. A class of pharmaceutical preparations consisting of a mixture of dried plants, not pulverized, but in sufficiently fine division to be conveniently used in the making of extemporaneous decoctions or infusions, as a tea. [L. appearance, form, kind, fr. specio, to look at]
type s.the name of the single s. or of one of the s. of a genus or subgenus when the name of the genus or subgenus was originally validly published.

species-specific species-specific

Characteristic of a given species; serum that is produced by the injection of immunogens into an animal, and that acts only upon the cells, protein, etc., of a member of the same species as that from which the original antigen was obtained.

specific specific (spe-sif´ik)

1. Relating to a species. See also specific epithet. 2. Relating to an individual infectious disease, one caused by a special microorganism. 3. A remedy having a definite therapeutic action in relation to a particular disease or symptom, as quinine in relation to malaria. [L. specificus fr. species + facio, to make]

specificity specificity (spes-i-fis´i-te)

1. The condition or state of being specific, of having a fixed relation to a single cause or to a definite result; manifested in the relation of a disease to its pathogenic microorganism, of a reaction to a certain chemical union, or of an antibody to its antigen or the reverse. 2. In clinical pathology and medical screening, the proportion of individuals with negative test results for the disease that the test is intended to reveal, i.e., true negative results as a proportion of the total of true negative and false-positive results. Cf. sensitivity (2) .
analytical s.freedom from interference by any element or compound other than the analyte.
diagnostic s.the probability (P) that, given the absence of disease (D), a normal test result (T) excludes disease; i.e., P(T/D).
relative s.the s. of a medical screening test as determined by comparison with the same type of test (e.g., s. of a new serological test relative to s. of an established serological test).
substrate s.the ability of an enzyme to recognize and bind its substrates, typically measured by the V_max/K_m or k_cat/K_m ratios.

specific optical rotation ([a]) specific optical rotation ([a])

See under rotation.

specillum specillum, pl. specilla (spe-sil´um, -la)

A probe or small sound. [L. a probe, fr. specio, to look at]

specimen specimen (spes´I-men)

A small part, or sample, of any substance or material obtained for testing. [L. fr. specio, to look at]
cytologic s.a s. obtainable by a variety of methods from many areas of the body, including the female genital tract, respiratory tract, urinary tract, alimentary tract, and body cavities; used for cytologic examination and diagnosis (e.g., cytologic smears, filter preparations, centrifuged buttons).

SPECT SPECT

Abbreviation for single photon emission computed tomography.

spectacles spectacles (spek´tI-klz)

Lenses set in a frame that holds them in front of the eyes, used to correct errors of refraction or to protect the eyes. The parts of the s. are the lenses; the bridge between the lenses, resting on the nose; the rims or frames, encircling the lenses; the sides or temples that pass on either side of the head to the ears; the bows, the curved extremities of the temples; the shoulders, short bars attached to the rims or the lenses and jointed with the sides.eyeglasses, glasses (1) ; [L. specto, pp. -atus, to watch, observe]
bifocal s.s. with bifocal lenses. See lens.
clerical s.half-glass s
divers' s.strongly convex lenses for clear vision underwater.
divided s.Franklin s
Franklin s.an early form of bifocal s. in which the lower half of the lens is for near vision, the upper half for distant vision.divided s;
half-glass s.s., used for reading, in which the upper portion of the lenses are removed.clerical s., pantoscopic s., pulpit s;
hemianopic s.s. with a prism or mirror to allow the individual with homonymous hemianopia to see objects in his blind half field.
lid crutch s.s. with little offsets of metal with smooth edges which engage above the upper eyelid and keep it raised above the pupil in cases of paralytic blepharoptosis.Masselon's s;
Masselon's s.lid crutch s
orthoscopic s.convex lenses with base-in prisms for close work.
pantoscopic s.half-glass s
photochromic s.s. with lenses that darken on exposure to ultraviolet light.
protective s.s. which protect against ultraviolet or infrared rays or against mechanical injuries.safety s;
pulpit s.half-glass s
safety s.protective s
stenopeic s., stenopaic s. (sten-o-pa´ik) 1. opaque disks with narrow slits in the center allowing only a minimum amount of light to enter; used as a protection against snow blindness; 2. s. having opaque disks with multiple perforations used to aid vision in incipient cataract and in discrete opacities of the cornea; occasionally used as a substitute for corrective lenses or sunglasses.
telescopic s.magnifying s. obtained by using a convex objective lens and a concave eyepiece separated by the difference in their focal lengths.

spectinomycin hydrochloride spectinomycin hydrochloride (spek´ti-no-mI´sin)

Actinospectacin decahydro-4a,7,9-trihydroxy-2-methyl-6,8-bis(methylamino)-4H-pyrano [2,3-b] [1,4]benzodioxin-4-one dihydrochloride;an antibiotic antibacterial agent.

spectra spectra (spek´tra)

Plural of spectrum. [L.]

spectral spectral (spek´tral)

Relating to a spectrum.

spectrin spectrin (spek´trin)

A filamentous contractile protein that together with actin and other cytoskeleton proteins forms a network that gives the red blood cell membrane its shape and flexibility; a defect or deficiency of s. is associated with hereditary spherocytosis and hereditary elliptocytosis; the principal component of the membrane skeleton of red cells. It comprises two units, an alpha unit of molecular weight 240,000 [MIM*182860] and a beta unit of molecular weight 225,000 [MIM*182870].

spectro- spectro-

A spectrum. [L. spectrum, an image]

spectrochemistry spectrochemistry (spek´tro-kem´is-tre)

The study of chemical substances and their identification by means of spectroscopy, i.e., by light emitted or absorbed.

spectrocolorimeter spectrocolorimeter (spek´tro-kol-er-im´e-ter)

A colorimeter using a source of light from a selected portion of the spectrum, i.e., of a selected wavelength.

spectrofluorometer spectrofluorometer (spek-tro-flur-om´e-ter)

An instrument for measuring the intensity and quality of fluorescence.

spectrogram spectrogram (spek´tro-gram)

A graphic representation of a spectrum. [spectro- + G. gramma, something written]

spectrograph spectrograph (spek´tro-graf)

An instrument used in spectography.
mass s.an instrument that subjects charged and accelerated ions (atomic or molecular) to a magnetic field that imparts a curved path that differs for each mass-to-charge ratio, thus separating individual species; used in detecting and assaying isotopic ratios and in molecular structure determinations.

spectrography spectrography (spek-trog´ra-fe)

The procedure of photographing or tracing a spectrum. [spectro- + G. grapho, to write]

spectrometer spectrometer (spek-trom´e-ter)

An instrument for determining the wavelength or energy of light or other electromagnetic emission. [spectro- + G. metron, measure]

spectrometry spectrometry (spek-trom´e-tre)

The procedure of observing and measuring the wavelengths of light or other electromagnetic emissions.
clinical s.biospectrometry

spectrophobia spectrophobia (spek-tro-fo´be-a)

Morbid fear of mirrors or of one's mirrored image. [spectro- + G. phobos, fear]

spectrophotofluorimetry spectrophotofluorimetry (spek´tro-fo´to-flur-im´e-tre)

Measurement of the intensity and quality of fluorescence by means of a spectrophotometer.

spectrophotometer spectrophotometer (spek´tro-fo-tom´e-ter)

An instrument for measuring the intensity of light of a definite wavelength transmitted by a substance or a solution, giving a quantitative measure of the amount of material in the solution absorbing the light; a colorimeter with a choice of wavelength and photometric measurement. [spectro- + photometer]

spectrophotometry spectrophotometry (spek´tro-fo-tom´e-tre)

Analysis by means of a spectrophotometer.
atomic absorption s.determination of concentration by the ability of atoms to absorb radiant energy of specific wavelengths.
flame emission s.determination of the concentration of an element by measurement of light emitted when the element is excited by energy in the form of heat.

spectropolarimeter spectropolarimeter (spek´tro-po-lar-im´e-ter)

An instrument for measuring the rotation of the plane of polarized light of specific wavelength upon passage through a solution or translucent solid. [spectro- + polarimeter]

spectroscope spectroscope (spek´tro-skop)

An instrument for resolving light from any luminous body into its spectrum, and for the analysis of the spectrum so formed. It consists of a prism that refracts the light or a grating for diffraction of the light, an arrangement for rendering the rays parallel, and a telescope that magnifies the spectrum. [spectro- + G. skopeo, to view]
direct vision s.a s. consisting of a single tube containing a series of prisms; one end of the tube is placed in as close contact as possible with the substance to be examined while the observer places his eye at the opposite end; it can be used to make a spectroscopic examination of the blood in vivo, as in the ear lobe or web of the thumb.

spectroscopic spectroscopic (spek-tro-skop´ik)

Relating to or performed by means of a spectroscope.

spectroscopy spectroscopy (spek-tros´ko-pe)

Observation and study of spectra of absorbed or emitted light by means of a spectroscope.
clinical s.biospectroscopy
infrared s.the study of the specific absorption in the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum; used in the study of the chemical bonds within molecules.
magnetic resonance s.detection and measurement of the resonant spectra of molecular species in a tissue or sample.

spectrum spectrum, pl. spectraspectrums (spek´trum, -a, -umz)

1. The range of colors presented when white light is resolved into its constituent colors by being passed through a prism or through a diffraction grating: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet, arranged in increasing frequency of vibration or decreasing wavelength. 2. Figuratively, the range of pathogenic microorganisms against which an antibiotic or other antibacterial agent is active. 3. The plot of intensity vs. wavelength of light emitted or absorbed by a substance, usually characteristic of the substance and used in qualitative and quantitative analysis. 4. The range of wavelengths presented when a beam of radiant energy is subjected to dispersion and focused. [L. an image, fr. specio, to look at]
absorption s.the s. observed after light has passed through, and been partially absorbed by a solution or translucent substance; many molecular groupings have characteristic light absorption patterns, which can be used for detection and quantitative assay.
antimicrobial s. See spectrum (2) .
broad s.a term indicating a broad range of activity of an antibiotic against a wide variety of microorganisms.
chromatic s.the continuum of colors that white light forms on passing through a prism or diffraction grating.color s;
color s.chromatic s
continuous s.a s. in which there are no absorption bands or lines.
excitation s.fluorescence produced over a range of wavelengths of the exciting light.
fluorescence s.fluorescence evoked over a range of wavelengths when the excitation wavelength is at a maximum.
fortification s.the zigzag banding of light, resembling the walls of fortified medieval towns, that marks the margin of the scintillating scotoma of migraine.fortification figures, telehopsias;
frequency s.the range of frequencies in a signal, used to describe the resolving power of an imaging system in radiology.
infrared s.the part of the invisible s. of wave length just longer than that of visible red light.thermal s;
invisible s.the radiation lying on either side of visible light, i.e., infrared and ultraviolet light.
Raman s.the characteristic array of light produced by the Raman effect.
thermal s.infrared s
toxin s.a figure in the form of a s. used by Ehrlich to represent the neutralizing power of antitoxin in the presence of toxin, toxone, etc.
ultraviolet s.the electromagnetic s. beyond the violet end of the visible s.
visible s.that part of electromagnetic radiation that is visible to the human eye; it extends from extreme red, 7606 Å (760.6 nm), to extreme violet, 3934 Å (393.4 nm).
wide s. See spectrum (3) .

speculum speculum, pl. specula (spek´yu-lum, -la)

An instrument for enlarging the opening of any canal or cavity in order to facilitate inspection of its interior. [L. a mirror, fr. specio, to look at]
bivalve s.a s. with two adjustable blades.
Cooke's s.a three-pronged s. for rectal examinations and operations.
duckbill s.a bivalve s., the blades of which are broad and flattened, resembling a duck's bill, used in inspection of the vagina and cervix.
eye s.an instrument for keeping the eyelids apart during inspection of or operation on the eye.blepharostat;
Kelly's rectal s.a tubular s. with obturator for rectal examination.
Pedersen's s.a narrow flat s. used in vaginas with a narrow introitus.
stop-s.a dilating s., as a s. of the eyelids, which is provided with a catch to prevent its being opened too wide.

Spee Spee

Ferdinand Graf von, German embryologist, 1855-1937. See curve of S.

speech speech

Talk; the use of the voice in conveying ideas. [A.S. spaec]
alaryngeal s.a form of s. achieved after laryngectomy by using either an external vibratory source or the pharyngoesophageal segment as an internal vibratory source. Tracheoesophageal s. may be produced after laryngectomy by surgically diverting exhaled air to the pharynx by a permanently constructed tracheoesophageal fistula.
cerebellar s.an explosive type of utterance, with slurring of words.
clipped s.scamping s
echo s.echolalia
esophageal s.a technique for speaking following total laryngectomy; consists of swallowing air and regurgitating it, producing a vibration in the hypopharynx.
explosive s.loud, sudden s. related to injury of the nervous system.logospasm (2) ;
helium s.the peculiar high-pitched, often unintelligible speech sounds produced when one breathes a mixture of up to 80 per cent helium and 20 per cent oxygen.
mirror s.a reversal of the order of syllables in a word, analogous to mirror writing.
scamping s.a form of lalling in which consonants or syllables that are difficult to pronounce are omitted.clipped s;
scanning s.measured or metered, often slow s.
slurring s.slovenly articulation of the more difficult letter sounds.
spastic s.labored s. related to increased tone of muscles.
staccato s.an abrupt utterance, each syllable being enunciated separately; noted especially in multiple sclerosis.syllabic s;
subvocal s.slight movements of the muscles of s. related to thinking but producing no sound.
syllabic s.staccato s
tracheoesophageal s.a form of alaryngeal s. obtained by a surgical technique which creates a shunt between trachea and esophagus, allowing pulmonary air to generate upper esophageal and pharyngeal mucosal vibrations as a substitute for vocal cord vibrations when the larynx is surgically removed.

speed speed (sped)

The magnitude of velocity without regard to direction. Cf. velocity.

spelencephaly spelencephaly (spe-len-sef´a-le)

porencephaly [spelaion, cave, + enkephalos, brain]

Spens Spens

Thomas, Scottish physician, 1764-1842. See S.'s syndrome.

sperm sperm [NA]

1. spermatozoon 2. semen (1) [G. sperma, seed]

sperma- sperma-, spermato-, spermo-

Semen, spermatozoa. [G. sperma, seed]

spermaceti spermaceti (sper-ma-set´e)

A peculiar fatty, waxy substance, chiefly cetin (cetyl palmitate), obtained from the head of the sperm whale, Physeter macrocephalus; used to impart firmness to ointment bases.cetaceum; [sperma- + G. ketos, whale]

spermagglutination spermagglutination (sperm´a-glu-ti-na´shun)

Agglutination of spermatozoa.

sperm-aster sperm-aster (sperm´as-ter)

Cytocentrum with astral rays in the cytoplasm of an inseminated ovum; it is brought in by the penetrating spermatozoon and evolves into the mitotic spindle of the first cleavage division. [sperm + G. aster, a star (aster)]

spermatic spermatic (sper-mat´ik)

Relating to the sperm or semen.

spermatid spermatid (sper´ma-tid)

A cell in a late stage of the development of the spermatozoon; it is a haploid cell derived from the secondary spermatocyte and evolves by spermiogenesis into a spermatozoon.nematoblast; [spermat- + -id (2)]

spermatin spermatin (sper´ma-tin)

Name proposed for an albuminoid in the seminal fluid.

spermato- spermato-

See sperma-.

spermatoblast spermatoblast (sper´ma-to-blast)

spermatogonium [spermato- + G. blastos, germ]

spermatocele spermatocele (sper´ma-to-sel)

Cyst of the epididymis containing spermatozoa.spermatocyst; [spermato- + G. kele, tumor]

spermatocidal spermatocidal (sper´ma-to-sI´dal)

Destructive to spermatozoa.spermicidal;

spermatocide spermatocide (sper´ma-to-sId)

An agent destructive to spermatozoa.spermicide; [spermato- + L. caedo, to kill]

spermatocyst spermatocyst

spermatocele

spermatocytal spermatocytal (sper-ma-to-sI´tal)

Relating to spermatocytes.

spermatocyte spermatocyte (sper´ma-to-sIt)

Parent cell of a spermatid, derived by mitotic division from a spermatogonium. [spermato- + G. kytos, cell]
primary s.the s. derived by a growth phase from a spermatogonium, and that undergoes the first division of meiosis.
secondary s.the s. derived from a primary s. by the first meiotic division; each secondary s. produces two spermatids by the second meiotic division.

spermatocytogenesis spermatocytogenesis (sper´ma-to-sI´to-jen´e-sis)

spermatogenesis

spermatogenesis spermatogenesis (sper´ma-to-jen´e-sis)

The entire process by which spermatogonial stem cells divide and differentiate into spermatozoa. See also spermiogenesis.spermatocytogenesis, spermatogeny; [spermato- + G. genesis, origin]

spermatogenetic spermatogenetic (sper´ma-to-je-net´ik)

spermatogenic

spermatogenic spermatogenic (sper´ma-to-jen´ik)

Relating to spermatogenesis; sperm-producing.spermatogenetic, spermatogenous, spermatopoietic (1) ;

spermatogenous spermatogenous (sper-ma-toj´e-nus)

spermatogenic

spermatogeny spermatogeny (sper-ma-toj´e-ne)

spermatogenesis

spermatogone spermatogone (sper´ma-to-gon)

spermatogonium

spermatogonium spermatogonium (sper´ma-to-go´ne-um)

The primitive sperm cell derived by mitotic division from the germ cell; increasing several times in size, it becomes a primary spermatocyte. See also spermatid.spermatoblast, spermatogone; [spermato- + G. gone, generation]

spermatoid spermatoid (sper´ma-toid)

1. Resembling a sperm, a sperm tail, or semen. 2. A male or flagellated form of the malarial microparasite. [spermato + G. eidos, form]

spermatology spermatology (sper-ma-tol´o-je)

The branch of histology, physiology, and embryology concerned with sperm and/or seminal secretion. [spermato- + G. logos, study]

spermatolysin spermatolysin (sper-ma-tol´i-sin)

A specific lysin (antibody) formed in response to the repeated injection of spermatozoa.

spermatolysis spermatolysis (sper-ma-tol´i-sis)

Destruction, with dissolution, of the spermatozoa.spermolysis; [spermato- + G. lysis, dissolution]

spermatolytic spermatolytic (sper´ma-to-lit´ik)

Relating to spermatolysis.

spermatophobia spermatophobia (sper´ma-to-fo´be-a)

Morbid fear of spermatorrhea or loss of semen. [spermato- + G. phobos, fear]

spermatophore spermatophore (sper´ma-to-for)

A capsule containing spermatozoa; found in a number of invertebrates. [spermato- + G. phoros, bearing]

spermatopoietic spermatopoietic (sper´ma-to-poy-et´ik)

1. spermatogenic 2. Secreting semen. [spermato- + G. poieo, to make]

spermatorrhea spermatorrhea (sper´ma-to-re´a)

An involuntary discharge of semen, without orgasm. [spermato- + G. rhoia, a flow]

spermatoxin spermatoxin (sper-ma-tok´sin)

A cytotoxic antibody specific for spermatozoa.spermotoxin;

spermatozoa spermatozoa (sper´ma-to-zo´a)

Plural of spermatozoon.

spermatozoal spermatozoal, spermatozoan (sper´ma-to-zo´al, -zo´an)

Relating to spermatozoa.

spermatozoon spermatozoon, pl. spermatozoa (sper´ma-to-zo´on, -zo´a)

The male gamete or sex cell that contains the genetic information to be transmitted by the male, exhibits autokinesia, and is able to effect zygosis with an ovum. The human s. is composed of a head and a tail, the tail being divisible into a neck, a middle piece, a principal piece, and an end piece; the head, 4 to 6 mum in length, is a broadly oval, flattened body containing the nucleus; the tail is about 55 mum in length.sperm (1) [NA] , sperm cell; [G. sperma, seed, + zoon, animal]

spermaturia spermaturia (sper-ma-tu´re-a)

semenuria

spermia spermia (sper´me-a)

Plural of spermium.

spermicidal spermicidal (sper-mi-sI´dal)

spermatocidal

spermicide spermicide (sper´mi-sId)

spermatocide

spermidine spermidine (sper´mi-den)

NH₂(CH₂)₄NH(CH₂)₃NH₂; N-(3-Aminopropyl)butanediamine;a polyamine found with spermine in a wide variety of organisms and tissues; found in human sperm; important in cell and tissue growth.

spermiduct spermiduct (sper´mi-dukt)

1. ductus deferens 2. ejaculatory duct

spermine spermine (sper´men)

NH₂(CH₂)₃NH(CH₂)₄NH(CH₂)₃NH₂; N,N´-bis(3-aminopropyl)-1,4-butanediamine;an essential growth factor in some bacteria; associated with nucleic acids in some viruses; found in human sperm; important in cell and tissue growth.gerontine, musculamine, neuridine;

spermiogenesis spermiogenesis (sper´me-o-jen´e-sis)

That segment of spermatogenesis during which immature spermatids become spermatozoa. [sperm- + G. genesis, origin]

spermism spermism (sper´mizm)

The belief by preformationists that the male sex cell (sperm) contains a miniature preformed body called the homunculus.

spermist spermist

A preformationist who believed in the concept of spermism.

spermium spermium, pl. spermia (sper´me-um, -a)

H.W.G. Waldeyer's term for the mature male germ cell or spermatozoon.

spermo- spermo-

See sperma-.

spermolith spermolith (sper´mo-lith)

A concretion in the ductus deferens. [spermo- + G. lithos, stone]

spermolysis spermolysis (sper-mol´i-sis)

spermatolysis

spermotoxin spermotoxin (sper-mo-tok´sin)

spermatoxin

SPF SPF

Abbreviation for sun protection factor.

sp. gr. sp. gr.

Abbreviation for specific gravity.

sph. sph.

Abbreviation for spherical, or spherical lens.

sphacelate sphacelate (sfas´e-lat)

To become gangrenous or necrotic. [G. sphakelos, gangrene]

sphacelation sphacelation (sfas-e-la´shun)

1. The process of becoming gangrenous or necrotic. 2. Gangrene or necrosis. [G. sphakelos, gangrene]

sphacelism sphacelism (sfas´e-lizm)

The condition manifested by a sphacelus.

sphaceloderma sphaceloderma (sfas´e-lo-der´ma)

Gangrene of the skin. [G. sphakelos, gangrene, + derma, skin]

sphacelous sphacelous (sfas´e-lus)

Sloughing, gangrenous, or necrotic.

sphacelus sphacelus (sfas´e-lus)

A mass of sloughing, gangrenous, or necrotic matter. [G. sphakelos, gangrene]

sphenethmoid sphenethmoid (sfe-neth´moyd)

sphenoethmoid

sphenion sphenion (sfe´ne-on)

The tip of the sphenoidal angle of the parietal bone; a craniometric point. [Mod. L. fr. G. sphen, wedge, + dim. -ion]

spheno- spheno-

Wedge, wedge-shaped; the sphenoid bone. [G. sphen, wedge]

sphenobasilar sphenobasilar (sfe´no-bas´i-lar)

Relating to the sphenoid bone and the basilar process of the occipital bone.spheno-occipital, sphenoccipital;

sphenoccipital sphenoccipital (sfe´nok-sip´i-tal)

sphenobasilar

sphenocephaly sphenocephaly (sfe´no-sef´a-le)

Condition characterized by a deformation of the skull giving it a wedge-shaped appearance. [spheno- + G. kephale, head]

sphenoethmoid sphenoethmoid (sfe-no-eth´moyd)

Relating to the sphenoid and ethmoid bones.sphenethmoid;

sphenofrontal sphenofrontal (sfe´no-fron´tal)

Relating to the sphenoid and frontal bones.

sphenoid sphenoid (sfe´noyd)

1. sphenoidal 2. sphenoid bone [G. sphenoeides, fr. sphen, wedge, + eidos, resemblance]

sphenoidal sphenoidal (sfe-noy´dal)

1. Relating to the sphenoid bone. 2. Wedge-shaped.sphenoid (1) ;

sphenoidale sphenoidale (sfe-noy-da´le)

The point of greatest convexity between the anterior contour of the sella turcica and the jugum sphenoidale.

sphenoiditis sphenoiditis (sfe-noy-dI´tis)

1. Inflammation of the sphenoid sinus. 2. Necrosis of the sphenoid bone. [sphenoid + G. -itis, inflammation]

sphenoidostomy sphenoidostomy (sfe-noy-dos´to-me)

An operative opening made in the anterior wall of the sphenoid sinus. [sphenoid + G. stoma, mouth]

sphenoidotomy sphenoidotomy (sfe´noy-dot´o-me)

Any operation on the sphenoid bone or sinus. [sphenoid + G. tome, a cutting]

sphenomalar sphenomalar (sfe´no-ma´lar)

sphenozygomatic

sphenomaxillary sphenomaxillary (sfe´no-mak´si-lar-e)

Relating to the sphenoid bone and the maxilla.

spheno-occipital spheno-occipital (sfe´no-ok-sip´i-tal)

sphenobasilar

sphenopalatine sphenopalatine (sfe-no-pal´a-tIn)

Relating to the sphenoid and the palatine bones.

sphenoparietal sphenoparietal (sfe´no-pa-rI´a-tal)

Relating to the sphenoid and the parietal bones.

sphenopetrosal sphenopetrosal (sfe´no-pe-tro´sal)

Relating to the sphenoid bone and the petrous portion of the temporal bone.

sphenorbital sphenorbital (sfe-nor´bi-tal)

Denoting the portions of the sphenoid bone contributing to the orbits.

sphenosalpingostaphylinus sphenosalpingostaphylinus (sfe´no-sal-ping´go-staf-i-lI´nus)

See tensor veli palati muscle. [L.]

sphenosquamosal sphenosquamosal (sfe´no-skwa-mo´sal)

squamosphenoid

sphenotemporal sphenotemporal (sfe´no-tem´po-ral)

Relating to the sphenoid and the temporal bones.

sphenotic sphenotic (sfe-no´tik)

Relating to the sphenoid bone and the bony case of the ear. [spheno- + G. ous, ear]

sphenoturbinal sphenoturbinal (sfe´no-ter´bi-nal)

Denoting the concha sphenoidalis.

sphenovomerine sphenovomerine (sfe´no-vo´mer-en, -In)

Relating to the sphenoid bone and the vomer.

sphenozygomatic sphenozygomatic (sfe´no-zI-go-mat´ik)

Relating to the sphenoid and the zygomatic bones.sphenomalar;

sphere sphere (sfer)

A ball or globular body. [G. sphaira]
attraction s.astrosphere
Morgagni's s.'sMorgagni's globules, under globule

spheresthesia spheresthesia (sfer-es-the´ze-a)

Rarely used term for globus hystericus. [G. sphaira, sphere, + aisthesis, sensation]

spherical (sph.) spherical (sph.) (sfer´i-kal)

Pertaining to, or shaped like, a sphere.

sphero- sphero-

Spherical, a sphere. [G. sphaira, globe]

spherocylinder spherocylinder (sfer´o-sil´in-der)

spherocylindrical lens

spherocyte spherocyte (sfer´o-sIt)

A small, spherical red blood cell. [sphero- + G. kytos, cell]

spherocytosis spherocytosis (sfer´o-sI-to´sis)

Presence of sphere-shaped red blood cells in the blood. [spherocyte + G. -osis, condition]
hereditary s. [MIM*182900] a congenital defect of spectrin [MIM*182860] the main component of the erythrocyte cell membrane, which becomes abnormally permeable to sodium, resulting in thickened and almost spherical erythrocytes that are fragile and susceptible to spontaneous hemolysis, with decreased survival in the circulation; results in chronic anemia with reticulocytosis, episodes of mild jaundice due to hemolysis, and acute crises with gallstones, fever, and abdominal pain; symptomatology is highly variable; autosomal dominant inheritance. However, as with elliptocytosis, there is an autosomal recessive form [MIM*270970].chronic acholuric jaundice, chronic familial icterus, chronic familial jaundice, congenital hemolytic icterus, congenital hemolytic jaundice, globe cell anemia, icterohemolytic anemia, spherocytic anemia;

spheroid spheroid, spheroidal (sfer´oyd, sfir-; sfe-royd´al)

Shaped like a sphere. [L. spheroideus]

spherometer spherometer (sfer-om´e-ter)

An instrument to determine the curvature of a sphere or a spherical lens. See Geneva lens measure. [sphero- + G. metron, measure]

spherophakia spherophakia (sfer-o-fa´ke-a)

A congenital bilateral aberration in which the lenses are small, spherical, and subject to subluxation; may occur as an independent anomaly or may be associated with the Weill-Marchesani syndrome. [sphero- + G. phakos, lens]

spheroplast spheroplast (sfer´o-plast)

A bacterial cell from which the rigid cell wall has been incompletely removed. The bacterium loses its characteristic shape and becomes round. [sphero- + G. plastos, formed]

spheroprism spheroprism (sfer´o-prizm)

A spherical lens decentered to produce a prismatic effect, or a combined spherical lens and prism.

spherospermia spherospermia (sfer´o-sper´me-a)

Spheroid spermatozoa lacking an elongated tail, in contrast to the threadlike, tailed sperm of humans and other mammals (nematospermia). [sphero- + G. sperma, seed]

spherule spherule (sfer´ul)

1. A small spherical structure. 2. A sporangial-like structure filled with endospores at maturity, produced within tissue and in vitro by Coccidioides immitis. [LL. sphaerula, dim. of L. sphaera, sphere, ball]

sphincter sphincter (sfingk´ter)

A muscle that encircles a duct, tube or orifice in such a way that its contraction constricts the lumen or orifice; it is the closing component of a pylorus (the outer component is the s. dilator).musculus sphincter [NA] , sphincter muscle; [G. sphinkter, a band or lace]
anatomical s.an accumulation of muscular circular fibers or specially arranged oblique fibers the function of which is to reduce partially or totally the lumen of a tube, the orifice of an organ, or the cavity of a viscus; the closing component of a pylorus.
s. angula´ris, angular s.thickening of the circular muscular layer forming a proposed intermediate s. at the level of the angular notch of the stomach. While the thickening of the circular muscle may indicate the commencement of the pyloric antrum, true functional sphincteric activity distinct from the other peristaltic contractions of the stomach is not observed although some of these may in fact temporarily close off the antrum from the remainder of the stomach lumen.antral s., midgastric transverse s., s. antri, s. intermedius, s. of antrum, s. of gastric antrum;
s. a´ni, anal s. See external anal s., internal anal s.
s. a´ni ter´tiusthe third s. of the anorectum, a physiological s. at the sigmoidorectal junction.
annular s.a short thickening of circular muscular fibers, similar to a ring; a ring-shaped s. as opposed to a segmental s.
antral s.s. angularis
s. an´tris. angularis
s. of antrums. angularis
artificial s.a s. produced by surgical procedures to reduce speed of flow in the digestive system or to maintain continence of the intestine.
basal s.the thickening of the circular muscular coat at the base of the ileal papilla at the terminal ileum.sphincteroid tract of ileum;
bicanalicular s.a s. encircling two canals, such as the terminal portions of the common bile duct and the main pancreatic duct.
Boyden's s.s. of common bile duct
canalicular s.a s. located somewhere along the course of an organ, a tube, or a duct, as opposed to ostial s.
choledochal s.s. of common bile duct
colic s.one of the physiological s.'s of the colon.
s. of common bile ductsmooth muscle sphincter of the common bile duct immediately proximal to the hepatopancreatic ampulla; it is this sphincter that controls the flow of bile in the duodenum.musculus sphincter ductus choledochi [NA] , Boyden's s., choledochal s., sphincter muscle of common bile duct;
s. constric´tor car´diaeinferior esophageal s
duodenal s.one of the physiological s.'s described in the duodenum.
duodenojejunal s.the s. supposedly present at the duodenojejunal flexure.
external anal s.a fusiform ring of striated muscular fibers surrounding the anus, attached posteriorly to the coccyx and anteriorly to the central tendon of the perineum; it is subdivided, often indistinctly, into a subcutaneous part, a superficial part and a deep part for descriptive purposes.musculus sphincter ani externus [NA] , external sphincter muscle of anus;
external urethral s.s. urethrae
extrinsic s.a s. provided by circular muscular fibers extraneous to the organ.
first duodenal s.the s. supposedly located at the level of the aboral extremity of the duodenal bulb.
functional s.physiological s
s. of gastric antrums. angularis
Glisson's s.s. of hepatopancreatic ampulla
s. of hepatic flexure of colonphysiological s. at the level of the right colic flexure.
hepatopancreatic s.s. of hepatopancreatic ampulla
s. of hepatopancreatic ampullathe smooth muscle sphincter of the hepatopancreatic ampulla within the duodenal papilla.musculus sphincter ampullae hepatopancreaticae [NA] , Glisson's s., hepatopancreatic s., Oddi's s;
Hyrtl's s.a band, generally incomplete, of circular muscular fibers in the rectum about 10 cm above the anus (upper rectal ampulla). See Nélaton's s.
ileal s.a thickening of circular musculature at the free margin of the ileal papilla.ileocecocolic s., marginal s., operculum ilei, Varolius' s;
ileocecocolic s.ileal s
iliopelvic s.midsigmoid s
inferior esophageal s.a s. supposedly present at the esophagogastric junction; this is in fact an extrinsic sphincter formed by the surrounding musculature of the esophageal hiagus of the right crus of the diaphragm; causes a normally-occuring constriction at the esophagogastric junction observable with a barium swallow.s. constrictor cardiae;
s. intermediuss. angularis
internal anal s.a smooth muscle ring, formed by an increase of the circular fibers of the rectum, situated at the upper end of the anal canal, internal to the outer voluntary external anal sphincter. This sphincter is maximally-contracted when the rectal ampulla is "at rest" - empty or relaxed to accommodate a distending fecal mass. It is inhibited with filling of the ampulla, increased distension and peristalsis.musculus sphincter ani internus [NA] , internal sphincter muscle of anus;
internal urethral s.s. vesicae
intrinsic s.a thickening of the circular fibers of the muscular coat of an organ.
lower esophageal s. (LES) musculature of the gastroesophageal junction that is tonically active except during swallowing.
macroscopic s.a s. visible to the naked eye.
marginal s.ileal s
mediocolic s.a physiological s. located midway in the ascending colon.
microscopic s.a s. visible only under the microscope.
midgastric transverse s.s. angularis
midsigmoid s.the physiological s. midway in the sigmoid colon.iliopelvic s;
myovascular s.a s. having a muscular and a vascular (usually venous) component. See myovenous s.
myovenous s.a s. having a muscular and a venous component, e.g., at the pharyngoesophageal junction and anal canal.
Nélaton's s. See transverse rectal folds, under fold.Nélaton's fibers;
O'Beirne's s.rectosigmoid s
s. oc´uliorbicularis oculi muscle
Oddi's s.s. of hepatopancreatic ampulla
s. o´risorbicularis oris muscle
ostial s.a thickening of circular muscular fibers at the level of an orifice.
palatopharyngeal s.a constant band of the superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle which sweeps posteriorly from the anterolateral part of the superior surface of the palatine aponeurosis. It creates a visible ridge when the superior constrictor is contracted, meeting the elevated soft palate to seal off the pharyngeal isthmus during swallowing.pharyngeal ridge, s. of the pharyngeal isthmus, velopharyngeal s;
pancreatic s.s. of pancreatic duct
s. of pancreatic ductsmooth muscle sphincter of the main pancreatic duct immediately proximal to the hepatoduodenal, ampulla.musculus sphincter ductus pancreatici, pancreatic s., sphincter muscle of pancreatic duct;
pathologic s.a thickening of circular musculature caused by disease.
pelvirectal s.rectosigmoid s
s. of the pharyngeal isthmuspalatopharyngeal s
physiological s.a section of a tubular structure that acts as if it has a band of circular muscle to constrict it, although no such specialized structure can be found on morphological examination.functional s., radiological s;
postpyloric s.the duodenal portion of the s. or closing mechanism of the gastroduodenal pylorus.
prepapillary s.a s. of duodenum described in the location oral to the major duodenal papilla.
preprostate urethral s.s. vesicae
prepyloric s.a band of circular muscular fibers in the wall of the stomach near the gastroduodenal pylorus.
proximal urethral s.s. vesicae
s. pupil´laea ring of smooth muscle fibers surrounding the pupillary border of the iris.musculus sphincter pupillae [NA] , sphincter muscle of pupil;
pyloric s.a thickening of the circular layer of the gastric musculature encircling the gastroduodenal junction.musculus sphincter pylori [NA] , sphincter muscle of pylorus;
radiological s.physiological s
rectosigmoid s.a circular band of muscular fibers at the recto sigmoid junction.O'Beirne's s., O'Beirne's valve, pelvirectal s;
segmental s.a s. of a segment of an organ, a tube, or a canal, and longer than an annular s.
smooth muscular s.lissosphincter
striated muscular s.rhabdosphincter
superior esophageal s.cricopharyngeus muscle See inferior constrictor muscle of pharynx.
s. of third portion of duodenuma physiological s. supposedly located at the horizontal (inferior) portion of the duodenum.
unicanalicular s.a s. limited to one visceral canal or tube.
s. ure´thraeorigin, ramus of pubis; insertion, with fellow in median raphe behind and in front of urethra; action, constricts membranous urethra; nerve supply, pudendal.musculus sphincter urethrae [NA] , external urethral s., Guthrie's muscle, musculus compressor urethrae, musculus constrictor urethrae, musculus sphincter urethrae membranaceae, sphincter muscle of urethra, Wilson's muscle (1) ;
s. vagi´nae 1. bulbocavernosus muscle 2. deep transverse perineal muscle
Varolius' s.ileal s
velopharyngeal s.palatopharyngeal s
s. vesi´caethe complete collar of smooth muscle cells of the neck of the urinary bladder which extend distally to surround the preprostatic sportion of the male urethra. There is not a comparable structure in the neck of the femoral bladder; the internal urethral s. may exist to prevent reflux of semen into bladder.annulus urethralis, internal urethral s., musculus sphincter vesicae, preprostate urethral s., proximal urethral s., sphincter muscle of urinary bladder;
s. vesi´cae biliaristhe s. of the gallbladder, at the transition between the neck of the gallbladder and the cystic duct.

sphincteral sphincteral (sfingk´ter-al)

Relating to a sphincter.sphincterial, sphincteric;

sphincteralgia sphincteralgia (sfingk-ter-al´je-a)

Pain in the sphincter ani muscles. [sphincter + G. algos, pain]

sphincterectomy sphincterectomy (sfingk-ter-ek´to-me)

1. Excision of a portion of the pupillary border of the iris. 2. Dissecting away any sphincter muscle. [sphincter + G. ektome, excision]

sphincterial sphincterial, sphincteric (sfingk-ter´e-al, -ter-ik)

sphincteral

sphincterismus sphincterismus (sfingk-ter-iz´mus)

Spasmodic contraction of the sphincter ani muscles.

sphincteritis sphincteritis (sfingk´ter-I´tis)

Inflammation of any sphincter.

sphincteroid sphincteroid (sfingk´ter-oyd)

Denoting similarity to a musculus sphincter. [sphincter + G. eidos, resemblance]

sphincterolysis sphincterolysis (sfingk-ter-ol´i-sis)

An operation for freeing the iris from the cornea in anterior synechia involving only the pupillary border. [sphincter, + G. lysis, loosening]

sphincteroplasty sphincteroplasty (sfingk´ter-o-plas-te)

Plastic surgery of any sphincter muscle. [sphincter + G. plastos, formed]

sphincteroscope sphincteroscope (sfingk´ter-o-skop)

A speculum to facilitate inspection of the internal sphincter ani muscle. [sphincter + G. skopeo, to view]

sphincteroscopy sphincteroscopy (sfingk´ter-os´ko-pe)

Visual examination of a sphincter.

sphincterotome sphincterotome (sfingk´ter-o-tom)

An instrument for incising a sphincter.

sphincterotomy sphincterotomy (sfingk-te-rot´o-me)

Incision or division of a sphincter muscle. [sphincter + G. tome, incision]
external s.transurethral incision of external urethral sphincter.
transduodenal s.division of Oddi's sphincter; an operation to open the lower end of the common duct to remove impacted stones or to relieve spasm or stricture of the terminal bile and pancreatic ducts.

sphinganine sphinganine (sfing´ga-nen)

Dihydrosphingosine; 2D- or d-erythro-2- or (2S,3R)-2-amino-1,3-octadecanediol;a constituent of the sphingolipids.

(4E)-sphingenine (4E)-sphingenine (sfing´gen-en)

sphingosine

sphingol sphingol (sfing´gol)

sphingosine

sphingolipid sphingolipid (sfing´go-lip-id)

Any lipid containing a long-chain base like that of sphingosine (e.g., ceramides, cerebrosides, gangliosides, sphingomyelins); a constituent of nerve tissue.

sphingolipidosis sphingolipidosis (sfing´go-lip-i-do´sis)

Collective designation for a variety of diseases characterized by abnormal sphingolipid metabolism, e.g., gangliosidosis, Gaucher's disease, Niemann-Pick disease.sphingolipodystrophy;
cerebral s.any one of a group of inherited diseases characterized by failure to thrive, hypertonicity, progressive spastic paralysis, loss of vision and occurrence of blindness, usually with macular degeneration and optic atrophy, convulsions, and mental deterioration; associated with abnormal storage of sphingomyelin and related lipids in the brain. Four types are recognized as clinically and enzymatically distinct: 1) infantile type (Tay-Sachs disease, G_M2 gangliosidosis) due to a deficiency of hexosaminidase A; 2) early juvenile type (Jansky-Bielschowsky or Bielschowsky's disease); 3) late juvenile type (Spielmeyer-Vogt disease; Spielmeyer-Sjögren disease; Batten-Mayou disease; ceroid lipofuscinosis); and 4) adult type (Kufs disease).cerebral lipidosis;

sphingolipodystrophy sphingolipodystrophy (sfing´go-lip-o-dis´tro-fe)

sphingolipidosis

sphingomyelinase sphingomyelinase (sfing´go-mi´e-li-nas)

sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase

sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase (sfing´go-mI´e-lin)

An enzyme catalyzing hydrolysis of sphingomyelin to N-acylsphingosine (a ceramide) and phosphocholine; a deficiency of this enzyme is associated with type I Niemann-Pick disease.sphingomyelinase;

sphingomyelins sphingomyelins (sfing´go-mI´e-linz)

A group of phospholipids, found in brain, spinal cord, kidney, and egg yolk, containing 1-phosphocholine (choline O-phosphate) combined with a ceramide (a long-chain fatty acid linked to the nitrogen of a long-chain base, such as sphingosine).ceramide 1-phosphorylcholine, phosphosphingosides;

sphingosine sphingosine (sfing´go-sen)

CH₃(CH₂)₁₂CH=CHCH(O H)CH(NH₂)CH₂OH; (4E)-Sphingenine (2S,3R,4E)-2-amino-4-octa decene-1,3-diol;the principal long-chain base found in sphingolipids.(4E)-sphingenine, sphingol;

sphygm- sphygm-

See sphygmo-.

sphygmic sphygmic (sfig´mik)

Relating to the pulse.

sphygmo- sphygmo-, sphygm-

Pulse. [G. sphygmos]

sphygmocardiograph sphygmocardiograph (sfig´mo-kar´de-o-graf)

A polygraph recording both the heartbeat and the radial pulse.sphygmocardioscope; [sphygmo- + G. kardia, heart, + grapho, to write]

sphygmocardioscope sphygmocardioscope (sfig´mo-kar´de-o-skop)

sphygmocardiograph [sphygmo- + G. skopeo, to view]

sphygmochronograph sphygmochronograph (sfig´mo-kron´o-graf)

A modified sphygmograph that represents graphically the time relations between the beat of the heart and the pulse; one recording the character of the pulse as well as its rapidity. [sphygmo- + G. chronos, time, + grapho, to write]

sphygmogram sphygmogram (sfig´mo-gram)

The graphic curve made by a sphygmograph.pulse curve; [sphygmo- + G. gramma, something written]

sphygmograph sphygmograph (sfig´mo-graf)

An instrument consisting of a lever, the short end of which rests on the radial artery at the wrist, its long end being provided with a stylet which records on a moving ribbon of smoked paper the excursions of the pulse. [sphygmo- + G. grapho, to write]

sphygmographic sphygmographic (sfig-mo-graf´ik)

Relating to or made by a sphygmograph; denoting the s. tracing, or sphygmogram.

sphygmography sphygmography (sfig-mog´ra-fe)

Use of the sphygmograph in recording the character of the pulse.

sphygmoid sphygmoid (sfig´moyd)

Pulselike; resembling the pulse. [sphygmo- + G. eidos, resemblance]

sphygmomanometer sphygmomanometer (sfig´mo-ma-nom´e-ter)

An instrument for measuring arterial blood pressure consisting of an inflatable cuff, inflating bulb, and a guage showing the blood pressure.sphygmometer; [sphygmo- + G. manos, thin, scanty, + metron, measure]
Mosso's s.an apparatus for measuring the blood pressure in the digital arteries.
Riva-Rocci s.the original blood pressure apparatus first used to noninvasively measure arterial pressure.
Rogers' s.an s. with an aneroid barometer gauge.

sphygmomanometry sphygmomanometry (sfig´mo-ma-nom´e-tre)

Determination of the blood pressure by means of a sphygmomanometer.

sphygmometer sphygmometer (sfig-mom´e-ter)

sphygmomanometer

sphygmometroscope sphygmometroscope (sfig-mo-met´ro-skop)

An instrument for auscultating the pulse, used especially in the auscultatory method of reading the blood pressure, particularly the diastolic pressure. [sphygmo- + G. metron, measure, + skopeo, to view]

sphygmo-oscillometer sphygmo-oscillometer (sfig´mo-os´i-lom´e-ter)

An instrument resembling an aneroid sphygmomanometer used in the measurement of the systolic and diastolic blood pressure. [sphygmo- + L. oscillo, to swing, + G. metron, measure]

sphygmopalpation sphygmopalpation (sfig´mo-pal-pa´shun)

Feeling the pulse. [sphygmo- + L. palpatio, palpation]

sphygmophone sphygmophone (sfig´mo-fon)

An instrument by which a sound is produced with each beat of the pulse. [sphygmo- + G. phone, sound]

sphygmoscope sphygmoscope (sfig´mo-skop)

An instrument by which the pulse beats are made visible by causing fluid to rise in a glass tube, by means of a mirror projecting a beam of light, or simply by a moving lever as in the sphygmograph. [sphygmo- + G. skopeo, to view]
Bishop's s.an instrument for measuring the blood pressure, with special reference to diastolic pressure; the tube is filled with a solution of cadmium borotungstate, and the scale is the reverse of that of a mercurial manometer, the pressure being made directly by the weight of the liquid and not by compressed air.

sphygmoscopy sphygmoscopy (sfig-mos´ko-pe)

Examination of the pulse. [sphygmo- + G. skopeo, to view]

sphygmosystole sphygmosystole (sfig-mo-sis´to-le)

Obsolete term for that segment of the pulse wave corresponding to the cardiac systole. [sphygmo- + G. systole, a contracting]

sphygmotonograph sphygmotonograph (sfig-mo-to´no-graf)

An instrument for recording graphically both the pulse and the blood pressure. [sphygmo- + G. tonos, tension, + grapho, to write]

sphygmotonometer sphygmotonometer (sfig-mo-to-nom´e-ter)

An instrument, like the sphygmotonograph, for determining the degree of blood pressure. [sphygmo- + G. tonos, tension, + metron, measure]

sphygmoviscosimetry sphygmoviscosimetry (sfig-mo-vis-ko-sim´e-tre)

Measurement of the pressure and the viscosity of the blood.

spica spica, pl. spicae (spI´ka, spI´ke)

See bandage. [L. a point, an ear of grain]

spicula spicula (spik´yu-la)

Plural of spiculum. [L.]

spicular spicular (spik´yu-lar)

Relating to or having spicules.

spicule spicule (spik´yul)

A small needle-shaped body. [L. spiculum, dim. of spica, or spicum, a point]

spiculum spiculum, pl. spicula (spik´yu-lum, -la)

A spicule or small spike. [L.]

spider spider (spI´der)

1. An arthropod of the order Araneida (subclass Arachnida) characterized by four pairs of legs, a cephalothorax, a globose smooth abdomen, and a complex of web-spinning spinnerets. Among the venomous s.'s found in the New World are the black widow s., Latrodectus mactans; red-legged widow s., Latrodectus bishopi; pruning s., or Peruvian tarantula, Glyptocranium gasteracanthoides; Chilean brown s., Loxosceles laeta; Peruvian brown s., Loxosceles rufiper; brown recluse s. of North America, Loxosceles reclusus. 2. spider angioma 3. An obstructive growth in the teat of a cow. [O. E. spinnan, to spin]
arterial s.spider angioma
vascular s.spider angioma

spider-burst spider-burst (spI´der-berst)

Radiating dull red capillary lines on the skin of the leg, usually without any visible or palpable varicose veins, but nevertheless due to deep-seated venous dilation; sometimes referred to as skyrocket capillary ectasis. [spiderweb + sunburst]

Spiegelberg Spiegelberg

Otto, German gynecologist, 1830-1881. See S.'s criteria, under criterion.

Spieghel Spieghel

Adrian van der. See Spigelius.

Spiegler Spiegler

Eduard, Austrian dermatologist, 1860-1908. See S.-Fendt pseudolymphoma, sarcoid.

Spielmeyer Spielmeyer

Walter, Munich neurologist, 1879-1935. See S.'s acute swelling; S.-Stock disease; S.-Vogt disease.

spigelian spigelian (spI-je´le-an)

Relating to or described by Spigelius.

Spigelius Spigelius

Adrian (van der Spieghel), Flemish anatomist in Padua, 1578-1625. See spigelian hernia; S.'s line, lobe.

spike spike

1. A brief electrical event of 3 to 25 msec that gives the appearance in the electroencephalogram of a rising and falling vertical line. 2. In electrophoresis, a sharply angled upward deflection on a densitometric tracing.
ponto-geniculo-occipital s.EEG spikes during REM sleep that arise in the pons and pass to the lateral geniculate body and occipital cortex.

spill spill

An overflow; a scattering of fluid or finely divided matter.
cellular s.a dissemination of cells through the lymph or blood, thereby resulting in metastases or implantation of foreign tissue in any part or organ.

Spiller Spiller

William G., U. S. neurologist, 1864-1940. See Frazier-S. operation.

spillway spillway

A groove or channel through which food may pass from the occlusal surfaces of teeth during the masticatory process.sluiceway;

spiloma spiloma (spI-lo´ma)

nevus [G. spilos, spot, + -oma, tumor]

spiloplaxia spiloplaxia (spI-lo-plak´se-a)

A red spot observed in leprosy or pellagra. [G. spilos, spot, + plax, a plaque, plate]

spilus spilus (spI´lus)

nevus spilus [Mod. L. fr. G. spilos, a spot]

spin- spin-

See spino-.

spina spina, gen and pl. spinae (spI´na, -ne)

1. [NA] vertebral column 2. vertebral column [L. a thorn, the backbone, spine]
s. angula´rissphenoidal spine
s. bif´idaembryologic failure of fusion of one or more vertebral arches; subtypes of spina bifida are based upon degree and pattern of deformity associated with neuroectoderm involvement.hydrocele spinalis, schistorrhachis;
s. bif´ida aper´tas. bifida cystica
s. bif´ida cys´ticas. bifida associated with a meningeal cyst (meningocele) or a cyst containing both meninges and spinal cord (meningomyelocele) or only spinal cord (myelocele).s. bifida aperta, s. bifida manifesta;
s. bif´ida manifes´tas. bifida cystica
s. bif´ida occul´tas. bifida in which there is a spinal defect, but no protrusion of the cord or its membrane, although there is often some abnormality in their development.
s. dorsa´lisvertebral column
s. fronta´liss, nasalis ossis frontalis.
s. hel´icis [NA] spine of helix
s. ili´aca ante´rior infe´rior [NA] anterior inferior iliac spine
s. ili´aca ante´rior supe´rior [NA] anterior superior iliac spine
s. ili´aca poste´rior infe´rior [NA] posterior inferior iliac spine
s. ili´aca poste´rior supe´rior [NA] posterior superior iliac spine
s. ischiad´ica [NA] ischial spine
s. mea´tussuprameatal spine
s. menta´lis [NA] mental spine
s. nasa´lis ante´rior [NA] anterior nasal spine
s. nasa´lis os´sis fronta´lis [NA] nasal spine of frontal bone
s. nasa´lis poste´rior [NA] posterior nasal spine
s. os´sis sphenoida´lis [NA] sphenoidal spine
spi´nae palati´nae [NA] palatine spines, under spine
s. pe´disobsolete term for a hard or soft corn.
s. peronea´lisperoneal trochlea of calcaneus
s. pu´bispubic tubercle
s. scap´ulae [NA] spine of scapula
s. supramea´tica [NA] suprameatal spine
s. trochlea´ris [NA] trochlear spine
s. tympan´ica ma´jor [NA] greater tympanic spine
s. tympan´ica mi´nor [NA] lesser tympanic spine
s. vento´saa condition occasionally seen in tuberculosis or tuberculous dactylitis, in which there is absorption of bone bordering the medulla, with a new deposit under the periosteum, resulting in a change that is suggestive of bone being inflated with gas.

spinacene spinacene (spin´a-sen)

Obsolete term for squalene.

spinal spinal (spI´nal)

1. Relating to any spine or spinous process. 2. Relating to the vertebral column.rachial, rachidial, rachidian, spinalis; [L. spinalis]

spinalis spinalis (spI-na´lis)

spinal [L.]

spinant spinant (spI´nant)

An agent increasing the reflex irritability of the spinal cord.

spinate spinate (spI´nat)

Spined; having spines.

spindle spindle (spin´dl)

In anatomy and pathology, any fusiform cell or structure. [A.S.]
aortic s.a fusiform dilation of the aorta immediately beyond the isthmus.His' s;
central s.a central group of microtubules (continuous fibers) that course uninterrupted, between the asters, in contrast to the microtubules attached to the individual chromosomes (s. fibers).
cleavage s.the s. formed during the cleavage of a zygote or its blastomeres.
His' s.aortic s
Krukenberg's s.a vertical fusiform area of melanin pigmentation on the posterior surface of the central cornea.
Kühne's s.neuromuscular s
mitotic s.the fusiform figure characteristic of a dividing cell; it consists of microtubules (s. fibers), some of which become attached to each chromosome at its centromere and appear to be involved in chromosomal movement; other microtubules (continuous fibers) pass from pole to pole.nuclear s;
muscle s.neuromuscular s
neuromuscular s.a fusiform end organ in skeletal muscle in which afferent and a few efferent nerve fibers terminate; it contains from 3 to 10 striated muscle fibers (intrafusal fibers) that are much smaller than the ordinary muscle fibers, are separated from them by a capsule that encloses the organ, and are innervated by the thin axon of a gamma motoneuron (gamma motor fiber); the sensory endings that occur on the intrafusal fibers are either annulospiral or flower spray endings; this sensory end organ is particularly sensitive to passive stretch of the muscle in which it is enclosed.Kühne's s., muscle s;
neurotendinous s.Golgi tendon organ
nuclear s.mitotic s
sleep s.the electroencephalographic record of 14-per-second bursts of wave frequency seen on EEG examination.

spine spine (spIn)

1. A short, sharp, thornlike process of bone; a spinous process. 2. vertebral column 3. The bar or stay in a horse's hoof. [L. spina]
alar s.sphenoidal s
angular s.sphenoidal s
anterior inferior iliac s.spine on the anterior border of the ilium between the anterior superior iliac s. and the acetabulum; site of origin for the direct head of the rectus femoris muscle.spina iliaca anterior inferior [NA] ;
anterior nasal s. (ANS) a pointed projection at the anterior extremity of the intermaxillary suture; the tip, as seen on a lateral cephalometric radiograph, is used as a cephalometric landmark.spina nasalis anterior [NA] ;
anterior superior iliac s.the anterior extremity of the iliac crest, which provides attachment for the inguinal ligament and the sartorius muscle.spina iliaca anterior superior [NA] ;
bamboo s.in radiology, the appearance of the thoracic or lumbar spine with ankylosing spondylitis.
cleft s. See spina bifida.
dendritic s.'svariably long excrescences of nerve cell dendrites, varying in shape from small knobs to thornlike or filamentous processes, usually more numerous on distal dendrite arborizations than on the proximal part of dendritic trunks; they are a preferential site of synaptic axodendritic contact; sparse or absent in some types of nerve cells (motor neurons, the large cells of the globus pallidus, stellate cells of the cerebral cortex), exceedingly numerous in others such as the pyramidal cells of the cerebral cortex and the Purkinje cells of the cerebellar cortex.dendritic thorns, gemmule (2) ;
dorsal s.vertebral column
greater tympanic s.the anterior edge of the tympanic notch (of Rivinus).spina tympanica major [NA] ;
s. of helixan anteriorly directed spine at the extremity of the crus of the helix of the auricle.spina helicis [NA] , apophysis helicis;
hemal s.the middle point on the underside of the hemal arch of the typical vertebra; considered by some to be represented by the sternum in humans.
Henle's s.suprameatal s
iliac s. See anterior inferior iliac s., anterior superior iliac s., posterior inferior iliac s., posterior superior iliac s.
ischiadic s.ischial s
ischial s.a pointed process from the posterior border of the ischium on a level with the lower border of the acetabulum; gives attachment to the sacrospinous ligament; the pudendal nerve passes dorsal to the ischial s., which is palpable per vagina or rectum, and thus is used as a target for the needle-tip in administering a pudendal nerve block.spina ischiadica [NA] , ischiadic s., sciatic s;
lesser tympanic s.the posterior edge of the tympanic notch (of Rivinus).spina tympanica minor [NA] ;
meatal s.suprameatal s
mental s.a slight projection, sometimes two, in the middle line of the posterior surface of the body of the mandible, giving attachment to the geniohyoid muscle (below) and the genioglossus (above).spina mentalis [NA] , genial tubercle;
nasal s. of frontal bonea projection from the center of the nasal part of the frontal bone, which lies between and articulates with the nasal bones and the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid.spina nasalis ossis frontalis [NA] ;
neural s.the middle point of the neural arch of the typical vertebra, represented by the spinous process.
palatine s.'sthe longitudinal ridges along the palatine grooves on the inferior surface of the palatine process of the maxilla.spinae palatinae [NA] ;
penis s.'sepithelial excrescences on the glans of the p. of the guinea pig and cat; they are under the influence of the male hormone.penis thorns;
poker s.stiff s. resulting from widespread joint immobility or overwhelming muscle spasm as might be evoked by an osteomyelitis of a vertebra or a rheumatoid spondylitis.
posterior inferior iliac s.spine at the inferior end of the posterior border of the ilium between the posterior superior iliac s. and the greater sciatic notch; it forms the upper margin of the latter.spina iliaca posterior inferior [NA] ;
posterior nasal s.the sharp posterior extremity of the nasal crest of the hard palate.spina nasalis posterior [NA] , posterior palatine s;
posterior palatine s.posterior nasal s
posterior superior iliac s.the posterior extremity of the iliac crest, the uppermost point of attachment of the sacrotuberous and posterior sacroiliac ligaments; a readily apparent dimple occurs in the skin overlying the posterior superior iliac s. which is clinically useful as an indication of the level of the S-2 vertebra, the level of the inferior limit of the subarachnoid space.spina iliaca posterior superior [NA] ;
pubic s.pubic tubercle
s. of scapulathe prominent triangular ridge on the dorsal aspect of the scapula, providing attachment for the trapezius and deltoid muscles and separating the supra- and infraspinous fossae.spina scapulae [NA] ;
sciatic s.ischial s
sphenoidal s.a posterior and downward projection from the greater wing of the sphenoid bone on either side, located posterolateral to the foramen spinosum, so-named for its proximity to the sphenoidal s.; gives attachment to the sphenomandibular ligament.processus spinosus [NA] , spina ossis sphenoidalis [NA] , alar s., angular s., spina angularis, spinous process (2) ;
Spix's s.lingula of mandible
suprameatal s.small bony prominence anterior to the supramastoid pit at the posterosuperior margin of the bony external acoustic meatus.spina suprameatica [NA] , Henle's s., meatal s., spina meatus;
thoracic s.the thoracic region of the vertebral column; the thoracic vertebrae as a whole; that part of the vertebral column which enters into the formation of the thorax.
trochlear s.a spicule of bone arising from the edge of the trochlear fovea, giving attachment to the pulley of the superior oblique muscle of the eyeball.spina trochlearis [NA] ;

Spinelli Spinelli

Pier G., Italian gynecologist, 1862-1929. See S. operation.

spinifugal spinifugal (spI-nif´yu-gal)

Obsolete term for conducting in a direction away from the spinal cord; denoting the efferent fibers of the spinal nerves. [spine + L. fugio, to flee]

spinipetal spinipetal (spI-nip´e-tal)

Obsolete term for conducting in a direction toward the spinal cord; denoting the afferent fibers of the spinal nerves. [spine + L. peto, to seek]

spinnbarkeit spinnbarkeit (spin´bahr-kIt)

The stringy, elastic character of cervical mucus during the ovulatory period; in contrast to other times in the menstrual cycle, cervical secretions at midcycle are clear, abundant, and of low viscosity. [Ger. Spinnbarkeit, visxosity, ability to form a thread]

spino- spino-, spin-

1. The spine. 2. Spinous. [L. spina]

spinobulbar spinobulbar (spI´no-bul´bar)

bulbospinal

spinocerebellum spinocerebellum (spI´no-sar-e-bel´um)

paleocerebellum

spinocollicular spinocollicular (spI´no-col-ik´yu-lar)

spinotectal

spinocostalis spinocostalis (spI´no-kos-ta´lis)

The superior and inferior serratus posterior muscles regarded as one. [L.]

spinogalvanization spinogalvanization (spI´no-gal-van-i-za´shun)

Application of the constant electrical current to the spinal cord.

spinoglenoid spinoglenoid (spI´no-gle´noyd)

Relating to the spine and the glenoid cavity of the scapula.

spinomuscular spinomuscular (spI´no-mus´kyu-lar)

Relating to the spinal cord and the muscles supplied by the spinal nerves.

spinoneural spinoneural (spI-no-nu´ral)

Relating to the spinal cord and the nerves given off from it.

spinose spinose (spI´nos)

spinous

spinotectal spinotectal (spI-no-tek´tal)

Passing upward from the spinal cord to the tectum.spinocollicular;

spinotransversarius spinotransversarius (spI´no-trans-ver-sar´e-us)

The splenius and obliquus capitis major muscles regarded as one.

spinous spinous (spI´nus)

Relating to, shaped like, or having a spine or spines.spinose;

spintharicon spintharicon (spin-thar´i-kon)

A spark chamber device used to record the distribution of low energy emissions from radiopharmaceuticals administered internally, especially for thyroid scans using iodine-125. [G. spinther, spark]

spinthariscope spinthariscope (spin-thar´i-skop)

scintillation counter [G. spinther, spark, + skopeo, to view]

spiperone spiperone (spip´e-ron)

8-[3-(p-Fluorobenzoyl)propyl]-1-phenyl-1,3,8-triazaspiro[4.5]decan-4- one; an antipsychotic.

spir- spir-

See spiro-.

spiracle spiracle (spI´ra-kl, spir-)

An aperture for breathing in arthropods and in sharks and related fishes. [L. spiraculum, fr. spiro, to breathe]

spiradenitis spiradenitis (spI´rad-e-nI´tis)

hidradenitis [L. spiro, to breathe or perspire, + G. aden, gland, + -itis, inflammation]

spiradenoma spiradenoma (spI-rad-e-no´ma)

A benign tumor of sweat glands. [G. speira, coil, + adenoma]
eccrine s.a typically painful benign skin tumor composed of two cell types derived from the secretory part of eccrine sweat glands.

spiral spiral (spI´ral)

1. Coiled; winding around a center like a watch spring; winding and ascending like a wire spring. 2. A structure in the shape of a coil. [Mediev. L. spiralis, fr. G. speira, a coil]
Curschmann's s.'sspirally twisted masses of mucus occurring in the sputum in bronchial asthma.
s. of Tillauxan imaginary line connecting the insertions of the recti muscles of the eye.

spiramycin spiramycin (spir-a-mI´sin)

An antibiotic substance (almost identical to leucomycin) produced by Streptomyces ambofaciens; an antimicrobial agent.

spirem spirem, spireme (spI´rem, spI´rem)

Term formerly applied to the first stage of mitosis (prophase) when extended chromosome filaments have the appearance of a loose ball of yarn, on the incorrect supposition that the filaments were continuous and later broke apart to form individual chromosomes. [G. speirema, a coil 1]

spirilla spirilla (spI-ril´a)

Plural of spirillum.

Spirillaceae Spirillaceae (spI-ri-la´se-e)

A family of usually motile, aerobic to facultatively anaerobic bacteria (order Pseudomonadales) containing Gram-negative, rod-shaped cells which are curved or spirally twisted. Motile cells contain a single polar flagellum or a tuft of polar flagella. These organisms are primarily water forms, although some are parasitic or pathogenic on humans and other higher animals. The type genus is Spirillum. [see Spirillum]

spirillar spirillar (spI-ril´ar)

S-shaped; referring to a bacterial cell with an S shape.

spirillicidal spirillicidal (spI-ril-i-sI´dal)

Destructive to spirilla or spirochetes. [spirilla + L. caedo, to kill]

spirillosis spirillosis (spI´ri-lo´sis)

Any disease caused by the presence of spirilla in the blood or tissues.

Spirillum Spirillum (spI-ril´um)

A genus of large (1.4 to 1.7 mum in diameter), rigid, helical, Gram-negative bacteria (family Spirillaceae) which are motile by means of bipolar fascicles of flagella. These freshwater organisms are obligately microaerophilic and chemoorganotrophic, possessing a strictly respiratory metabolism; they neither oxidize nor ferment carbohydrates. The type species is S. volutans. [Mod. L. dim. of L. spira, coil, fr. G. speira]
S. mi´nusa species of uncertain taxonomic classification that causes a form of rat-bite fever (sodoku). This species has never been cultured.
S. volu´tansa species found in fresh water; it is the type species of S.

spirillum spirillum, pl. spirilla (spI-ril´um, -a)

A member of the genus Spirillum.
Obermeier's s.Borrelia recurrentis
Vincent's s.the s. or spirochete found in association with Vincent's bacillus. Fusobacterium nucleatum is frequently the only bacillus isolated.

spirit spirit (spir´it)

1. An alcoholic liquor stronger than wine, obtained by distillation. 2. Any distilled liquid. 3. An alcoholic or hydroalcoholic solution of volatile substances; some s.'s are used as flavoring agents, others have medicinal value.spiritus; [L. spiritus, a breathing, life soul, fr. spiro, to breathe]
ardent s.'sbrandy, whiskey, and other forms of distilled alcoholic liquors.
aromatic ammonia s.a hydroalcoholic solution containing approximately 2% ammonia and 4% ammonium carbonate and the aromatics: lemon oil, lavender oil, and myristica oil. Used mainly by inhalation to produce reflex stimulation in persons who have fainted or are at risk of syncope.sal volatile, smelling salts;
industrial methylated s., methylated s.denatured alcohol
neutral s.'ss.'s distilled from suitable raw materials, are 95% ethanol (v/v) that is, at least 190 proof when distilled. Used for blending with straight whiskey and for making gin, cordials, liqueurs, and vodka. See also alcohol.
proof s.dilute alcohol, specific gravity 0.920, containing 49.5% by weight (57.27% by volume) of C₂H₅OH at 15.56°C. Originally in Great Britain it was the weakest alcohol that would permit ignition of gunpowder moistened with it. British proof s. has a specific gravity of 0.9198 and contains 49.2% C₂H₅OH by weight, or 57.1% by volume at the temperature of 10.56°C.
pyroligneous s., pyroxylic s.methyl alcohol
rectified s.alcohol (2)
vital s.'sin the galenical teachings, a vital essence or principle supposed to be generated from the air or pneuma in the left ventricle of the heart; carried in the blood to the brain, it was converted to animal s.'s which then flowed along the nerves to all parts of the body.
wine s.alcohol (2)
wood s.methyl alcohol

spirituous spirituous (spir´i-chu-us)

Containing alcohol in large amount, denoting liquors.

spiritus spiritus, gen and pl. spiritus (spir´i-tus)

spirit [L.]

spiro- spiro-, spir-

1. Coil, coil-shaped. [G. speira] 2. Breathing. [L. spiro, to breathe]

Spirocerca lupi Spirocerca lupi (spi-ro-ser´ka lu´pI)

The esophageal worm of dogs and other carnivores, a red spiruroid nematode that occurs in nodules in the wall of the esophagus, stomach, and aorta of dogs, foxes, and wolves; intermediate hosts are various coprophagic beetles. Clinical symptoms occur only in very heavy infections, which are associated with esophageal carcinomata in dogs and with hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy. [L., fr. G. speira, coil, + G. kerkos, tail; L. lupus, wolf]

Spirochaeta Spirochaeta (spI´ro-ke´ta)

A genus of motile bacteria (order Spirochaetales) containing presumably Gram-negative, flexible, undulating, spiral-shaped rods which may or may not possess flagelliform, tapering ends. The protoplast is spirally wound around an axial filament. No obvious periplast membrane or cross-striations occur. These organisms are motile by means of a creeping motion over the surfaces of supporting objects. They are not parasitic but are found free-living in fresh or sea water slime; they are commonly found in sewage and foul waters. At present the genus contains five species. The type species is S. plicatilis. [Mod. L. fr. G. speira, a coil, + chaite, hair]
S. obermei´eriBorrelia recurrentis
S. plicat´ilisa very large species (sometimes as long as 200 mum) of bacteria; it is nonparasitic, so far as known; it is the type species of the genus S.

Spirochaetaceae Spirochaetaceae (spI-ro-ke-ta´se-e)

A family of bacteria (order Spirochaetales) consisting of coarse, spiral cells, 30 to 50 mum in length and possessing definite protoplasmic structures. These organisms occur in stagnant, fresh, or salt water and in the intestinal tracts of bivalve molluscs. The type genus is Spirochaeta. [see Spirochaeta]

Spirochaetales Spirochaetales (spI-ro-ke-ta´lez)

An order of bacteria containing slender, flexuous cells, 6 to 500 mum in length, in the form of spirals with at least one complete turn. Some species may have an axial filament, a lateral crista, or ridge, or transverse striations. All of these organisms are motile, whirling or spinning about the long axis, thus driving the organism forward or backward. Free-living, saprophytic, and parasitic forms occur. The type family is Spirochaetaceae.

spirochetal spirochetal (spI-ro-ke´tal)

Relating to spirochetes, especially to infection with such organisms.

spirochete spirochete (spI´ro-ket)

A vernacular term used to refer to any member of the genus Spirochaeta.

spirochetemia spirochetemia (spI´ro-ke-te´me-a)

Presence of spirochetes in the blood. [spirochete + G. haima, blood]

spirocheticide spirocheticide (spI-ro-ke´tI-sId)

An agent destructive to spirochetes. [spirochete + L. caedo, to kill]

spirochetolysis spirochetolysis (spI´ro-ke-tol´i-sis)

Destruction of spirochetes, as by chemotherapy or by specific antibodies. [spirochete + G. lysis, a loosening]

spirochetosis spirochetosis (spI´ro-ke-to´sis)

Any disease caused by a spirochete.
avian s.a highly fatal bacterial disease of chickens, turkeys, pheasants, and other birds caused by Borrelia anserina and transmitted chiefly by the fowl tick, Argas persicus.
bronchopulmonary s.hemorrhagic bronchitis

spirochetotic spirochetotic (spI´ro-ke-tot´ik)

Relating to or marked by spirochetosis.

spirogram spirogram (spI´ro-gram)

The tracing made by the spirograph.

spirograph spirograph (spI´ro-graf)

A device for representing graphically the depth and rapidity of respiratory movements. [L. spiro, to breathe, + G. grapho, to write]

spiro-index spiro-index (spI´ro-in-deks)

Vital capacity divided by the height of the individual.

spirometer spirometer (spI-rom´e-ter)

A gasometer used for measuring respiratory gases; usually understood to consist of a counterbalanced cylindrical bell sealed by dipping into a circular trough of water. In physiology, a gasometer is more commonly used for vessels of large capacity (e.g., 100 liters), while a s. is more commonly used for small vessels (e.g., 10 liters). [L. spiro, to breathe, + G. metron, measure]
chain-compensated s.a Tissot s. in which compensation for change in bell buoyancy is accomplished automatically by a suspending chain of correct mass per unit length.
Krogh s.a water-sealed s. in which the bell is a large, shallow, rectangular box rotating slightly around a horizontal axis extending along one edge, with an arm extending beyond that axis to a counterbalancing weight; comparable to a wedge s.
Tissot s.a very large water-sealed s. designed for accumulating expired gas over a long period of time; the counterbalancing of the bell (almost frictionless) is compensated for the bell's change in buoyancy as it emerges from the water, keeping the contained gas precisely at ambient atmospheric pressure.
wedge s.a waterless s. constructed of two large rectangular plates with edges connected by accordion-pleated rubber so that large changes in volume are accommodated by small changes in the acute angle of the wedge-shaped interior, sensed by an electrical transducer; designed for rapid response by reducing the acceleration of the moving parts.

Spirometra Spirometra (spI-ro-me´tra)

A genus of pseudophyllid tapeworms. [G. speira, coil, + metra, womb (uterus)]
S. manso´nia species of pseudophyllid tapeworms of wild and feral cats, the larval form of which (sparganum) may survive in human tissues; it has been commonly found in humans in the Orient, but is also reported from widely scattered areas elsewhere; infection of humans with the sparganum occurs from active migration of the larva from freshly split infected frogs used as a poultice for wounds, sore eyes (as in ocular sparganosis), bruises, or ulcerations; it is also likely that humans may be infected with sparganum larvae from eating any vertebrate harboring these plerocercoids.Diphyllobothrium linguloides, Diphyllobothrium mansoni;
S. mansonoi´desa species of pseudophyllid tapeworms from North America, whose larva (sparganum) may be a cause of sparganosis of man in Florida and the Gulf States.Diphyllobothrium mansonoides;

spirometry spirometry (spI-rom´e-tre)

Making pulmonary measurements with a spirometer.

spironolactone spironolactone (spI´ro-no-lak´ton)

3-(3-Oco-7a-acetylthio-17beta-hydroxy-4-androsten-17a-yl)propionic acid-a-lactone;a diuretic agent that blocks the renal tubular actions of aldosterone. It increases the urinary excretion of sodium and chloride, decreases the excretion of potassium and ammonium, and reduces the titratable acidity of the urine; most effectively used to potentiate the natriuretic action and reduce the potassium excretion produced by other diuretics.

spiroscope spiroscope (spI´ro-skop)

A device for measuring the air capacity of the lungs. [L. spiro, to breathe, + G. skopeo, to view]

spirostan spirostan (spI´ro-stan)

A 16,22:22,26-diepoxycholestane.

spiruroid spiruroid (spI´ru-royd)

Common name for a member of the superfamily Spiruroidea.

Spiruroidea Spiruroidea (SpI-ru-roy´de-a)

A superfamily of arthropod-borne nematode parasites of the alimentary tract, respiratory system, or orbital, nasal, or oral cavities of vertebrates. They are common and frequently pathogenic parasites of domestic mammals and birds, producing ulcerations from penetration of the anterior end of these spiny worms through the alimentary lining; includes the families Acuariidae, Gnathostomatidae, Rictulariidae, Seuratidae, Physalopteridae, Spiruridae, and Thelaziidae. [G. speiroeides, spiral]

spissitude spissitude (spis´i-tud)

The state of being inspissated; the condition of a fluid thickened almost to a solid by evaporation or inspissation. [L. spissitudo, fr. spissus, thick]

spitting spitting

expectoration (2)

spittle spittle (spit´l)

saliva [A.S. spatl]

Spitz Spitz

20th century U.S. pathologist. See S. nevus.

Spitzer Spitzer

Alexander, Austrian anatomist, 1868-1943. See S.'s theory.

Spitzka Spitzka

Edward C., U.S. neurologist, 1852-1914. See S.'s nucleus, marginal tract, marginal zone; column of S.-Lissauer.

Spix Spix

Johann B., German anatomist, 1781-1826. See S.'s spine.

SPL SPL

Abbreviation for sound pressure level.

splanchn- splanchn-

See splanchno-.

splanchnapophysial splanchnapophysial, splanchnapophyseal (splangk´na-po-fiz´e-al)

Relating to a splanchnapophysis.

splanchnapophysis splanchnapophysis (splangk´na-pof´i-sis)

An apophysis of the typical vertebra, on the side opposite to the neural apophysis, or any bony process, giving attachment to a viscus or part of the alimentary tract. [splanchn- + G. apophysis, offshoot]

splanchnectopia splanchnectopia (splangk-nek-to´pe-a)

Displacement of any of the viscera. [splanchn- + G. ektopos, out of place]

splanchnemphraxis splanchnemphraxis (splangk-nem-frak´sis)

Obsolete term for intestinal obstruction. [splanchn- + G. emphraxis, a stoppage]

splanchnesthesia splanchnesthesia (splangk-nes-the´ze-a)

visceral sense [splanch- + G. aisthesis, sensation]

splanchnic splanchnic (splangk´nik)

visceral

splanchnicectomy splanchnicectomy (splangk-ni-sek´to-me)

Resection of the splanchnic nerves and usually of the celiac ganglion as well. [splanchni- + G. ektome, excision]

splanchnicotomy splanchnicotomy (splangk-ni-kot´o-me)

Section of a splanchnic nerve or nerves, a surgical procedure formerly used in the treatment of hypertension. [splanchni- + G. tome, incision]

splanchno- splanchno-, splanchn-, splanchni-

The viscera. See also viscero-. [G. splanchnon, viscus]

splanchnocele splanchnocele (splangk´no-sel)

1. The primitive body cavity or celom in the embryo. [G. koilos, hollow] 2. Hernia of any of the abdominal viscera. [G. kele, hernia]

splanchnocranium splanchnocranium (splangk-no-kra´ne-um)

viscerocranium

splanchnodiastasis splanchnodiastasis (splangk´no-dI-as´ta-sis)

Obsolete term for splanchnectopia. [splanchno- + G. diastasis, separation]

splanchnography splanchnography (splangk-nog´ra-fe)

A treatise on or description of the viscera. [splanchno- + G. grapho, to write]

splanchnolith splanchnolith (splangk´no-lith)

An intestinal calculus. [splanchno- + G. lithos, stone]

splanchnologia splanchnologia (splangk´no-lo´je-a) [NA]

splanchnology, splanchnology

splanchnology splanchnology (splangk-nol´o-je)

The branch of medical science dealing with the viscera.splanchnologia [NA] ; [splanchno- + G. logos, study]

splanchnomegaly splanchnomegaly (splangk-no-meg´a-le)

visceromegaly [splanchno- + G. megas, large]

splanchnomicria splanchnomicria (splangk-no-mik´re-a)

Condition in which the splanchnic organs are of smaller than normal size. [splanchno- + G. mikros, small]

splanchnopathy splanchnopathy (splangk-nop´a-the)

Any disease of the abdominal viscera. [splanchno- + G. pathos, disease]

splanchnopleural splanchnopleural (splangk-no-plur´al)

splanchnopleuric

splanchnopleure splanchnopleure (splangk´no-plur)

The embryonic layer formed by association of the visceral layer of the lateral plate mesoderm with the endoderm. [splanchno- + G. pleura, side]

splanchnopleuric splanchnopleuric (splangk-no-plur´ik)

Relating to the splanchnopleure.splanchnopleural;

splanchnoptosis splanchnoptosis, splanchnoptosia (splangk´no-to´sis, -to´se-a)

visceroptosis [splanchno- + G. ptosis a falling]

splanchnosclerosis splanchnosclerosis (splangk´no-skle-ro´sis)

Hardening, through connective tissue overgrowth, of any of the viscera. [splanchno- + G. sklerosis, hardening]

splanchnoskeletal splanchnoskeletal (splangk-no-skel´e-tal)

visceroskeletal

splanchnoskeleton splanchnoskeleton (splangk-no-skel´e-ton)

visceroskeleton (2)

splanchnosomatic splanchnosomatic (splangk´no-so-mat´ik)

viscerosomatic [splanchno- + G. soma, body]

splanchnotomy splanchnotomy (splangk-not´o-me)

Dissection of the viscera by incision. [splanchno- + G. tome, incision]

splanchnotribe splanchnotribe (splangk´no-trIb)

An instrument resembling a large angiotribe used for occluding the intestine temporarily, prior to resection. [splanchno- + G. tribo, to rub, bruise]

splay splay (spla)

1. To lay open the end of a tubular structure by making a longitudinal incision to increase its potential diameter. See also spatulate. 2. The rounding of the corner on the graph relating rate of renal tubular secretion or reabsorption of a substance to its arterial plasma concentration, due primarily to the fact that some nephrons reach their tubular maximum before others do.

spleen spleen (splen)

A large vascular lymphatic organ lying in the upper part of the abdominal cavity on the left side, between the stomach and diaphragm, composed of white and red pulp; the white consists of lymphatic nodules and diffuse lymphatic tissue; the red consists of venous sinusoids between which are splenic cords; the stroma of both red and white pulp is reticular fibers and cells. A framework of fibroelastic trabeculae extending from the capsule subdivides the structure into poorly defined lobules. It is a blood-forming organ in early life and later a storage organ for red corpuscles and platelets; because of the large number of macrophages, it also acts as a blood filter, both identifying and destroying effete erythrocytes.splen [NA] , lien [NA] ; [G. splen]
accessory s.one of the small globular masses of splenic tissue occasionally found in the region of the spleen, in one of the peritoneal folds or elsewhere.splen accessorius [NA] , lien accessorius, lien succenturiatus, lienculus, lienunculus, spleneolus, spleniculus, splenule, splenulus, splenunculus;
diffuse waxy s.a condition of amyloid degeneration of the s., affecting chiefly the extrasinusoidal tissue spaces of the pulp.
floating s.a s. that is palpable because of excessive mobility from a relaxed or lengthened pedicle rather than because of enlargement.lien mobilis, movable s;
lardaceous s.waxy s
movable s.floating s
sago s.amyloidosis in the s. affecting chiefly the malpighian bodies.
sugar-coated s.hyaloserositis involving the s.
waxy s.amyloidosis of the s.lardaceous s;

splen splen [NA]

spleen [G. splen, spleen]
s. accessorius [NA] accessory spleen

splen- splen-

See spleno-.

splenalgia splenalgia (sple-nal´je-a)

A rarely used term for a painful condition of the spleen.splenodynia; [splen- + G. algos, pain]

splenauxe splenauxe (sple-nawk´se)

splenomegaly [splen- + G. auxe, increase]

Splendore Splendore

A., 20th century Italian physician. See S.-Hoeppli phenomenon; Lutz-S.-Almeida disease.

splenectomy splenectomy (sple-nek´to-me)

Removal of the spleen. [splen- + G. ektome, excision]

splenectopia splenectopia, splenectopy (splen´ek-to´pe-a, sple-nek´to-pe)

1. Displacement of the spleen, as in a floating spleen. 2. The presence of rests of splenic tissue, usually in the region of the spleen. [splen- + G. ektopos, out of place]

splenelcosis splenelcosis (splen-el-ko´sis)

Abscess of the spleen. [splen- + G. helkosis, ulceration]

splenemphraxis splenemphraxis (splen-em-frak´sis)

Congestion of the spleen. [splen- + G. emphraxis, stoppage]

spleneolus spleneolus (sple-ne´o-lus)

accessory spleen [Mod. L. dim. of G. splen]

splenetic splenetic (sple-net´ik)

1. splenic 2. Fretfully surly.

splenial splenial (sple´ne-al)

1. Relating to the splenium. 2. Relating to a splenius muscle. [G. splenion, bandage]

splenic splenic (splen´ik)

Relating to the spleen.lienal, splenetic (1) ;

spleniculus spleniculus (splen-ik´yu-lus)

accessory spleen [Mod. L.]

spleniform spleniform (splen´i-form, sple´ni-)

splenoid

spleniserrate spleniserrate (splen´i-ser´at)

Relating to the splenius and serratus muscles.

splenitis splenitis (sple-nI´tis)

Inflammation of the spleen. [splen- + G. -itis, inflammation]

splenium splenium, pl. splenia (sple´ne-um, -a)

1. A compress or bandage. 2. [NA] A structure resembling a bandaged part. [Mod. L. fr. G. splenion, bandage]
s. cor´poris callo´si [NA] s. of corpus callosumtuber corporis callosi;
s. of corpus callosumthe thickened posterior extremity of the corpus callosum.s. corporis callosi [NA] ;

splenius splenius (sple´ne-us)

See splenius muscle of head, splenius muscle of neck. [Mod. L. fr. G. splenion, a bandage]

spleno- spleno-, splen-

The spleen. [G. splen]

splenocele splenocele (sple´no-sel)

1. splenoma 2. A splenic hernia. [spleno- + G. kele, tumor, hernia]

splenocleisis splenocleisis (sple-no-klI´sis)

Inducing the formation of new fibrous tissue on the surface of the spleen by friction or wrapping with gauze. [spleno- + G. kleisis, closure]

splenocolic splenocolic (sple´no-kol´ik)

Relating to the spleen and the colon; denoting a ligament or fold of peritoneum passing between the two viscera.

splenodynia splenodynia (sple´no-din´e-a)

splenalgia [spleno- + G. odyne, pain]

splenohepatomegaly splenohepatomegaly, splenohepatomegalia (sple´no-hep´a-to-meg´a-le, -me-ga´e-a)

Enlargement of both spleen and liver. [spleno- + G. hepar, liver, + megas, large]

splenoid splenoid (sple´noyd)

Resembling the spleen.spleniform; [spleno- + G. eidos, resemblance]

splenolymphatic splenolymphatic (sple´no-lim-fat´ik)

Relating to the spleen and the lymph nodes.

splenoma splenoma (sple-no´ma)

General nonspecific term for an enlarged spleen.splenocele (1) , splenoncus; [spleno- + G. -oma, tumor]

splenomalacia splenomalacia (sple´no-ma-la´she-a)

Softening of the spleen. [spleno- + G. malakia, softness]

splenomedullary splenomedullary (sple-no-med´u-lar-e)

splenomyelogenous [spleno- + L. medulla, marrow]

splenomegaly splenomegaly, splenomegalia (sple-no-meg´a-le, -me-ga´le-a)

Enlargement of the spleen.megalosplenia, splenauxe; [spleno- + G. megas (megal-), large]
congestive s.enlargement of the spleen due to passive congestion; sometimes used as a synonym for Banti's syndrome.
Egyptian s.term sometimes used as a synonym for schistosomiasis mansoni, although hepatomegaly and fibrosis are more consistently found than is an enlarged spleen.
hemolytic s.s. associated with congenital hemolytic jaundice.
hyperreactive malarious s.a syndrome characterized by persistent splenomegaly, exceptionally high serum IgM and malaria antibody levels, and hepatic sinusoidal lymphocytosis; believed to be a disturbance in the T-lymphocyte control of the humoral response to recurrent malaria.tropical splenomegaly syndrome;
Niemann's s.enlargement of spleen occurring in Niemann-Pick disease.
tropical s.visceral leishmaniasis

splenomyelogenous splenomyelogenous (sple´no-mI-e-loj´e-nus)

Originating in the spleen and bone marrow, denoting a form of leukemia.lienomedullary, lienomyelogenous, splenomedullary; [spleno- + G. myelos, marrow, + -gen, producing]

splenomyelomalacia splenomyelomalacia (sple´no-mI´e-lo-ma-la´she-a)

Pathologic softening of the spleen and bone marrow. [spleno- + G. myelos, marrow, + malakia, softness]

splenoncus splenoncus (sple-nong´kus)

splenoma [spleno- + G. onkos, mass]

splenonephric splenonephric (sple´no-nef´rik)

splenorenal [spleno- + G. nephros, kidney]

splenopancreatic splenopancreatic (sple´no-pan-kre-at´ik)

Relating to the spleen and the pancreas.lienopancreatic;

splenopathy splenopathy (sple-nop´a-the)

Any disease of the spleen. [spleno- + G. pathos, suffering]

splenopexy splenopexy, splenopexia (sple´no-pek-se, sple-no-pek´se-a)

Suturing in place an ectopic or floating spleen.splenorrhaphy (2) ; [spleno- + G. pexis, fixation]

splenophrenic splenophrenic (sple´no-fren´ik)

Relating to the spleen and the diaphragm; denoting a ligament or fold of peritoneum extending between the two structures. [spleno- + G. phren, diaphragm]

splenoportogram splenoportogram (sple-no-por´to-gram)

Radiographic record of the splenic and portal veins and their collaterals following direct injection of water-soluble contrast materials into the spleen.

splenoportography splenoportography (sple´no-por-tog´ra-fe)

Introduction of radiopaque material into the spleen to obtain an x-ray visualization of the portal vessel of the portal circulation.splenic portal venography; [spleno- + portography]

splenoptosis splenoptosis, splenoptosia (sple-nop-to´sis, -to´se-a)

Downward displacement of the spleen, as in a floating spleen. [spleno- + G. ptosis, falling]

splenorenal splenorenal (sple´no-re´nal)

Relating to the spleen and the kidney; denoting a ligament or fold of peritoneum extending between the two structures.lienorenal, splenonephric;

splenorrhagia splenorrhagia (sple´no-ra´je-a)

Hemorrhage from a ruptured spleen. [spleno- + G. rhegnymi, to burst forth]

splenorrhaphy splenorrhaphy (sple-nor´a-fe)

1. Suturing a ruptured spleen. 2. splenopexy [spleno- + G. rhaphe, suture]

splenosis splenosis (sple-no´sis)

Implantation and subsequent growth of splenic tissue within the abdomen as a result of splenic rupture or iatrogenic injury.

splenotomy splenotomy (sple-not´o-me)

1. Anatomy or dissection of the spleen. 2. Surgical incision of the spleen. [spleno- + G. tome, incision]

splenotoxin splenotoxin (sple-no-tok´sin)

A cytotoxin specific for cells of the spleen. [spleno- + G. toxikon, poison]

splenule splenule (splen´yul)

accessory spleen [Mod. L. splenulus]

splenulus splenulus, pl. splenuli (splen´yu-lus, -lI)

accessory spleen [Mod. L. dim. of L. splen, spleen]

splenunculus splenunculus, pl. splenunculi (sple-nung´kyu-lus, -lI)

accessory spleen [Mod. L. dim. of L. splen, spleen]

spliceosome spliceosome (splI´se-o-som)

A specialized structure that participates in the removal of introns and resplicing of remaining exons of mRNA; in addition to the mRNA primary transcript, at least four small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) and some proteins are involved. [splice + -some]

splicing splicing (splIs´ing)

1. Attachment of one DNA molecule to another.gene splicing; 2. Removal of introns from mRNA precursors and the reattachment or annealing of exons.RNA splicing;

splint splint

1. An appliance for preventing movement of a joint or for the fixation of displaced or movable parts. 2. The s. bone, or fibula. [Middle Dutch splinte]
acid etch cemented s.a s. of heavy wire which is cemented to the labial surfaces of teeth with any of the acid etch cement techniques; used to stabilize traumatically displaced or periodontally diseased teeth.
active s.dynamic s
air s.a plastic s. inflated by air used to immobilize part or all of an extremity.inflatable s;
airplane s.a complicated s. that holds the arm in abduction at about shoulder level with the forearm midway in flexion, generally with an axillary strut for support.
anchor s.a s. used for fracture of the jaw, with wires around teeth and a rod to hold it in place.
Anderson s.a skeletal traction s. with pins inserted into proximal and distal ends of a fracture; reduction is obtained by an external plate attached to the pins.
backboard s.a board s. with slots for fixation by straps; shorter ones are used for neck injuries, longer ones for back injuries.
Balkan s.Balkan frame
cap s.a plastic or metallic fracture appliance designed to cover the crowns of the teeth and usually cemented to them.
coaptation s.a short s. designed to prevent overriding of the ends of a fractured bone, usually supplemented by a longer s. to fix the entire limb.
contact s.a slotted plate, held by screws, used in the treatment of fracture of long bones.
Cramer wire s.ladder s
Denis Browne s.a light aluminum s. applied to the lateral aspect of the leg and foot; used for clubfoot.
dynamic s.a s. utilizing springs or elastic bands that aids in movements initiated by the patient by controlling the plane and range of motion.active s., functional s. (1) ;
Essig s.a stainless steel wire passed labially and lingually around a segment of the dental arch and held in position by individual ligature wires around the contact areas of the teeth; used to stabilize fractured or repositioned teeth and the involved alveolar bone.
Frejka pillow s.a pillow s. used for abduction and flexion of the femurs in treatment of congenital hip dysplasia or dislocation in infants.
functional s. 1. dynamic s 2. the joining of two or more teeth into a rigid unit by means of fixed restorations that cover all or part of the abutment teeth.
Gunning s.a prosthesis fabricated from models of endentulous maxillary and mandibular arches in order to aid in reduction and fixation of a fracture.
Hodgen s.a suspension leg s. for fractures of the middle or lower end of the femur; it provides support for traction.
inflatable s.air s
interdental s.a s. for a fractured jaw, consisting of two metal or acrylic resin bands wired to the teeth of the upper and lower jaws, respectively, and then fastened together to keep the jaws immovable.
Kingsley s.a winged maxillary s. used to apply traction to reduce maxillary fractures as well as immobilize them by having the wings attached to a head appliance by elastics.reverse Kingsley s;
labial s.an appliance of plastic, metal, or in combination, made to conform to the outer aspect of the dental arch and used in the management of jaw and facial injuries.
ladder s.a flexible s. consisting of two stout parallel wires with finer cross wires.Cramer wire s;
lingual s.one similar to the labial s., but conforming to the inner aspect of the dental arch.
Liston's s.a long s. extending from the axilla to the sole of the foot.
plaster s.a s. constructed of bandages impregnated with plaster of Paris.
reverse Kingsley s.Kingsley s
Stader s.a s. used primarily in veterinary medicine; with metal pins through the proximal and distal segments of a long bone fracture, the fixation of the pins is maintained by the apparatus which is external to the limb.
surgical s.general term for a device used to maintain tissues in a new position following surgery.
Taylor's s.Taylor's back brace
Thomas s.a long leg s. extending from a ring at the hip to beyond the foot, allowing traction to a fractured leg, for emergencies and transportation.
Tobruk s.a Thomas s., applied and held in plaster with plaster of Paris dressings; a s. first used during World War II to immobolize the limb during hazardous conditions such as transport from small to large boats. [port of Tobruk, Libya]
wire s.a device to stabilize teeth loosened by accident or by a periodontal condition in the maxilla or mandible; a device to reduce and stabilize maxillary or mandibular fractures by applying it to both jaws and connecting it by intermaxillary wires or rubber bands.

splinting splinting

1. Application of a splint or treatment using a splint. 2. In dentistry, the joining of two or more teeth into a rigid unit by means of fixed or removable restorations or appliances. 3. Stiffening of a body part to avoid pain caused by movement of the part, as from a fracture.

splints splints

Exostoses occurring along the course of the small metacarpal and metatarsal bones of the horse. [see splint]

splitting splitting

In chemistry, the cleavage of a covalent bond, fragmenting the molecule involved.

spm spm

Abbreviation for a gene that leads to suppression and mutation of mutants that are unstable.

spodogenous spodogenous (spo-doj´e-nus)

Caused by waste material. [G. spodos, ashes, + -gen, producing]

spodogram spodogram (spo´do-gram)

The pattern of ash residue formed by microincineration of a minute tissue specimen, usually a thin section. [G. spodos, ashes, + gramma, a drawing]

spodography spodography (spo-dog´-ra-fe)

microincineration [G. spodos, ashes, + grapho, to write]

spodophorous spodophorous (spo-dof´o-rus)

Removing or carrying off waste materials from the body. [G. spodos, ashes, + phoros, bearing]

spoke-shave spoke-shave (spok´ shav)

ring-knife

spondaic spondaic (spon-da´ik)

Relating to spondee.

spondee spondee (spon´de)

A bisyllabic word with generally equivalent stress on each of the two syllables; used in the testing of speech hearing. [Fr.]

spondyl- spondyl-

See spondylo-.

spondylalgia spondylalgia (spon-di-lal´je-a)

Pain in the spine. [spondyl- + G. algos, pain]

spondylarthritis spondylarthritis (spon´dil-ar-thrI´tis)

Inflammation of the intervertebral articulations. [spondyl- + G. arthron, joint, + -itis, inflammation]

spondylarthrocace spondylarthrocace (spon-dil-ar-throk´a-se)

1. tuberculous spondylitis 2. Rust's disease [spondyl- + G. arthron, joint, + kake, badness]

spondylitic spondylitic (spon-di-lit´ik)

Relating to spondylitis.

spondylitis spondylitis (spon-di-lI´tis)

Inflammation of one or more of the vertebrae. [spondyl- + G. -itis, inflammation]
ankylosing s.arthritis of the spine, resembling rheumatoid arthritis, that may progress to bony ankylosis with lipping of vertebral margins; the disease is more common in the male often with the rheumatoid factor absent and the HLA antigen present. There is a striking association with the B27 tissue type and the strong familial aggregation suggest an important genetic factor, perhaps inherited as an autosomal dominant [MIM*106300]; the mechanism, however, remains obscure.Marie-Strümpell disease, rheumatoid s., Strümpell-Marie disease;
s. defor´mansarthritis and osteitis deformans involving the spinal column; marked by nodular deposits at the edges of the intervertebral disks with ossification of the ligaments and bony ankylosis of the intervertebral articulations, it results in a rounded kyphosis with rigidity.Bechterew's disease, poker back, Strümpell's disease (1) ;
Kümmell's s.late posttraumatic collapse of a vertebral body.
rheumatoid s.ankylosing s
tuberculous s.tuberculous infection of the spine associated with a sharp angulation of the spine at the point of disease.Pott's disease, spondylarthrocace (1) , spondylocace (1) , trachelocyrtosis, trachelokyphosis;

spondylo- spondylo-, spondyl-

The vertabrae. [G. spondylos, vertebra]

spondylocace spondylocace (spon-di-lok´a-se)

1. tuberculous spondylitis 2. Rust's disease [spondylo- + G. kake, badness]

spondylolisthesis spondylolisthesis (spon´di-lo-lis-the´sis)

Forward movement of the body of one of the lower lumbar vertebrae on the vertebra below it, or upon the sacrum.sacrolisthesis, spondyloptosis; [spondylo- + G. olisthesis, a slipping and falling]

spondylolisthetic spondylolisthetic (spon´di-lo-lis-thet´ik)

Relating to or marked by spondylolisthesis.

spondylolysis spondylolysis (spon-di-lol´i-sis)

Degeneration or deficient development of the articulating part of a vertebra. [spondylo- + G. lysis, loosening]

spondylomalacia spondylomalacia (spon´di-lo-ma-la´she-a)

Softening of vertebrae with multiple collapsed vertebral bodies. [spondylo- + G. malakia, softness]

spondylopathy spondylopathy (spon-di-lop´a-the)

Any disease of the vertebrae or spinal column.rachiopathy; [spondylo- + G. pathos, suffering]

spondyloptosis spondyloptosis (spon´di-lo-to´sis)

spondylolisthesis [spondylo- + G. ptosis, a falling]

spondylopyosis spondylopyosis (spon´di-lo-pI-o´sis)

Suppurative inflammation of one or more of the vertebral bodies. [spondylo- + G. pyosis, suppuration]

spondyloschisis spondyloschisis (spon-di-los´ki-sis)

Embryologic failure of fusion of vertebral arch. See spina bifida. [spondylo- + G. schisis, fissure]

spondylosis spondylosis (spon-di-lo´sis)

Ankylosis of the vertebra; often applied nonspecifically to any lesion of the spine of a degenerative nature. [G. spondylos, vertebra]
cervical s.s. affecting the cervical vertebrae, intervertebral discs, and surrounding soft tissue.
hyperostotic s.diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis

spondylosyndesis spondylosyndesis (spon´di-lo-sin-de´sis)

spinal fusion [spondylo- + G. syndesis, binding together]

spondylothoracic spondylothoracic (spon´di-lo-tho-ras´ik)

Relating to the vertebra and the thorax.

spondylotomy spondylotomy (spon-di-lot´o-me)

laminectomy [spondylo- + G. tome, incision]

spondylous spondylous (spon´di-lus)

Relating to a vertebra.

sponge sponge (spunj)

1. Absorbent material, such as gauze or prepared cotton, used to absorb fluids. 2. A member of the phylum Porifera, the cellular endoskeleton of which is a source of commercial s.'s.spongia; [G. spongia]
absorbable gelatin s.a sterile, absorbable, water-insoluble gelatin base s., used to control capillary bleeding in surgical operations; it is left in situ and is absorbed in from 4 to 6 weeks.
Bernays' s.a compressed disk of aseptic cotton that swells when moistened; used in packing cavities.
bronchoscopic s.a small fold of gauze used on a long applicator to apply medication or remove secretions through a bronchoscope.
compressed s.a s. is impregnated with thin mucilage of acacia, wrapped with twine to the desired shape, and then dried; used to dilate sinuses, the os uteri, etc. by absorbing moisture after insertion.sponge tent;
contraceptive s.a resilient, hydrophilic s. of polyurethane foam impregnated with a spermicide; contraception is achieved by action of the spermicide.

spongia spongia (spun´je-a)

sponge [G.]

spongiform spongiform (spun´ji-form)

spongy

spongio- spongio-

Sponge, sponglike, spongy. [G. spongia]

spongioblast spongioblast (spun´je-o-blast)

A neuroepithelial, filiform ependyma cell extending across the entire thickness of the wall of the brain or spinal cord, i.e., from the internal to the external limiting membrane; become neuroglial and ependymal cells. See also glioblast. [spongio- + G. blastos, germ]

spongioblastoma spongioblastoma (spun´je-o-blas-to´ma)

1. A glioma consisting of cells (elongated, spindle-shaped, and sometimes pleomorphic, with one or two fibrillary processes) that resemble the embryonic spongioblasts, occurring normally around the neural canal of the human embryo; it grows relatively slowly, usually originating in the brainstem, optic chiasm, or infundibulum, and infiltrates adjacent structures or causes compression of the third and fourth ventricle. S.'s were formerly subclassified as s. polare and s. unipolare. 2. Obsolete term for glioblastoma multiforme. [spongioblast + G. -oma tumor]

spongiocyte spongiocyte (spun´je-o-sIt)

1. A neuroglial cell. 2. A cell in the zona fasciculata of the adrenal containing many droplets of lipid material which, after staining with hematoxylin and eosin, show pronounced vacuolization. [spongio- + G. kytos, cell]

spongioid spongioid (spun´je-oyd)

spongy [spongio- + G. eidos, resemblance]

spongiose spongiose (spun´je-os)

Resembling or characteristic of a sponge. [L. spongiosus]

spongiosis spongiosis (spun-je-o´sis)

Inflammatory intercellular edema of the epidermis.

spongiositis spongiositis (spun-je-o-sI´tis)

Inflammation of the corpus spongiosum, or corpus cavernosum urethrae.

spongy spongy (spun´je)

Of spongelike texture or appearance.spongiform, spongioid;

spontaneous spontaneous (spon-ta´ne-us)

Without apparent cause; said of disease processes or remissions. [L. spontaneus, voluntary, capricious]

spoon spoon (spun)

An instrument with a handle and a small bowl- or cup-shaped extremity. [A.S. spon, chip]
cataract s.a small concave instrument for removing a cataractous lens.
Daviel's s.a small oval-shaped instrument for removing the remains of a cataract after discission.
sharp s.an instrument with a small cup-shaped extremity having sharpened edges, used for scraping skin lesions.
Volkmann's s.a sharp s. for scraping away carious bone or other diseased tissue.

spor- spor-

See sporo-.

sporadic sporadic (spo-rad´ik)

1. Denoting a temporal pattern of disease occurence in an animal or human population in which the disease occurs only rarely and without regularity. See endemic, epidemic, enzootic, epizootic. 2. In the genetic context denotes a singleton or sport. Several quite different and disparate phenomena are covered by this term, including a new mutation; occult nonpaternity; the chance outcome for a recessive trait in two carrier parents with a small family; extreme variability in the expression of a gene; an environmental phenocopy; a multilocal genocopy, etc. No useful properties can be predicated of all members of this class; and the term is notionally useless. 3. Occurring irregularly, haphazardly. [G. sporadikos, scattered]

sporadin sporadin (spor´a-din)

Gamont stage of a gregarine parasite after it has lost its epimerite or mucron.

sporangiophore sporangiophore (spo-ran´je-o-for)

In fungi, a specialized hypha that bears a sporangium at its tip. [sporangium + G. phoros, bearing]

sporangium sporangium (spo-ran´je-um)

A saclike structure (a cell) within a fungus, in which asexual spores are borne by progressive cleavage. [L. fr. G. sporos, seed, + angeion, vessel]

spore spore (spor)

1. The asexual or sexual reproductive body of fungi or sporozoan protozoa. 2. A cell of a plant lower in organization than the seed-bearing spermatophytic plants. 3. A resistant form of certain species of bacteria. 4. The highly modified reproductive body of certain protozoa, as in the phyla Microspora and Myxozoa. [G. sporos, seed]
black s.a degenerating malarial or other blood parasite in the body of the mosquito.

sporicidal sporicidal (spor-i-sI´dal)

Lethal to spores. [spori- + L. caedo, to kill]

sporicide sporicide (spor´i-sId)

An agent that kills spores.

sporidium sporidium, pl. sporidia (spo-rid´e-um, -a)

A protozoan spore; an embryonic protozoan organism. [Mod. L. dim., fr. G. sporos, seed]

sporo- sporo-, spori-, spor-

Seed, spore. [G. sporos]

sporoagglutination sporoagglutination (spor´o-a-glu-ti-na´shun)

A diagnostic method in relation to the mycoses, based upon the fact that the blood of patients with diseases caused by fungi contains specific agglutinins that cause clumping of the spores of these organisms.

sporoblast sporoblast (spor´o-blast)

An early stage in the development of a sporocyst prior to differentiation of the sporozoites. See also oocyst, sporocyst (2) , pansporoblast.zygotomere; [sporo- + G. blastos, germ]

sporocyst sporocyst (spor´o-sist)

1. A larval form of digenetic trematode (fluke) that develops in the body of its molluscan intermediate host, usually a snail; the s. forms a simple saclike structure with germinal cells that bud off internally and develop into other larval types that continue this process of larval multiplication (considered to be a form of polyembryony). See also miracidium, redia, cercaria. 2. A secondary cyst that develops within the oocyst of Coccidia, a group of sporozoans that includes many of the most important disease agents of domestic animals and fowl; the s. develops from a sporoblast and produces within itself one or several sporozoites, the infective agents for infection and multiplication in the next host. [sporo- + G. kystis, bladder]

Sporocystinea Sporocystinea (spor´o-sis-tin´e-a)

In older classification schemes, a suborder of Coccidia in which the sporoblasts develop sporocysts. [sporo + G. kystis, bladder]

sporodochium sporodochium (spo-ro-do´ke-um)

In fungi, a cushion-shaped stroma covered with conidiophores.

sporogenesis sporogenesis (spor-o-jen´e-sis)

sporogony [sporo- + G. genesis, production]

sporogenous sporogenous (spo-roj´e-nus)

Relating to or involved in sporogony.

sporogeny sporogeny (spo-roj´e-ne)

sporogony

sporogony sporogony (spo-rog´o-ne)

The formation of sporozoites in sporozoan protozoa, a process of asexual division within the sporoblast, which becomes the sporocyst within an oocyst; follows fusion of gametes (gametogony) and zygote (sporont) formation.sporogenesis, sporogeny; [sporo- + G. goneia, generation]

sporont sporont (spor´ont)

The zygote stage within the oocyst wall in the life cycle of coccidia; gives rise to sporoblasts, which form sporocysts, within which the infective sporozoites are produced. [sporo- + G. on (ont-), being]

sporophore sporophore (spor´o-for)

Any specialized hyphae in fungi that give rise to spores. [sporo- + G. phoros, bearing]

sporoplasm sporoplasm (spor´o-plazm)

The protoplasm of a spore. [sporo- + G. plasma, thing formed]

sporotheca sporotheca (spor´o-the´ka)

The envelope enclosing the minute needle-like spores of certain Sporozoea. [sporo- + G. theke, case]

Sporothrix Sporothrix (spor´o-thriks)

A genus of dimorphic imperfect fungi, including the species S. schenckii, an organism of worldwide distribution and the causative agent of sporotrichosis in man and animals, which grows in soil or vegetation, especially in thorny bushes, and is acquired by man when infected thorns are introduced into subcutaneous tissues; at 37°C it grows as a yeast and parasitizes tissues as a yeast. [Mod. L., fr. G. sporos, seed, + thrix, hair]

sporotrichosis sporotrichosis (spor´o-tri-ko´sis)

A chronic cutaneous mycosis spread by way of the lymphatics and caused by inoculation of Sporothrix schenckii, typically rare in tissue sections but rapidly growing in cultures. The disease may remain localized or may become generalized, involving bones, joints, lungs, and the central nervous system; lesions may be granulomatous or suppurative, ulcerative, or draining.Schenck's disease;

Sporotrichum Sporotrichum (spo-rot´ri-kum)

A genus of imperfect fungi (Hyphomycetes) that are usually common contaminants. [Mod. L. fr. G. sporos, seed, + thrix, hair]

sporozoan sporozoan (spor-o-zo´an)

1. An individual organism of the class Sporozoea.sporozoon; 2. Relating to the Sporozoea.

Sporozoasida Sporozoasida (spor´o-zo-as´i-da)

Sporozoea

Sporozoea Sporozoea (spor-o-zo´e-a)

A large class of protozoans (phylum Apicomplexa, subkingdom Protozoa) consisting of obligatory parasites with simple spores lacking polar filaments; cilia and flagella are absent (except for microgametes, found in some groups), and locomotion is by undulation, gliding, or body flexion; sexuality, when present, is by syngamy, forming oocysts with infective sporozoites from sporogony. The class includes the gregarines and coccidia, the latter including many agents of human and animal disease, such as the plasmodia of malaria.Sporozoasida, Telosporea; [Mod. L., fr. G. sporos, seed, + zoon, animal]

sporozoite sporozoite (spor-o-zo´It)

One of the minute elongated bodies resulting from the repeated division of the oocyst during sporogony. In the case of the malarial parasite, it is the form that is concentrated in the salivary glands and introduced into the blood by the bite of a mosquito; it enters the liver cells (exoerythrocytic cycle), whose progeny, the merozoites, infect the red blood cells to initiate clinical malaria.germinal rod, zoite, zygotoblast; [sporo- + G. zoon, animal]

sporozooid sporozooid (spor-o-zo´oyd)

Obsolete term for a falciform figure seen in certain cancerous tumors, formerly regarded by some as a sporozoan spore or sporozoite. [sporo- + G. zoon, animal, + eidos, resemblance]

sporozoon sporozoon (spor-o-zo´on)

sporozoan (1)

sport sport (sport)

An organism varying in whole or in part, without apparent reason, from others of its type; this variation may be transmitted to the descendants or the latter may revert to the original type. [M.E. disporte, fr. O.Fr. desport, diversion]

sporular sporular (spor´yu-lar)

Relating to a spore or sporule.

sporulation sporulation (spor´u-la´shun)

The process by which yeasts undergo meiosis, and the meiotic products are encased in spore coats.

sporule sporule (spor´ul)

A spore;a small spore. [Mod. L. sporula; dim. of G. sporos, seed]

spot spot

1. macula 2. To lose a slight amount of blood through the vagina.
acoustic s.'s See macula of utricle, macula of saccule.
Bitot's s.'ssmall, circumscribed, lusterless, grayish white, foamy, greasy, triangular deposits on the bulbar conjunctiva adjacent to the cornea in the area of the palpebral fissure of both eyes; occurs in vitamin A deficiency.
blind s. 1. physiologic scotoma 2. mental scotoma 3. optic disk
blood s.'shemorrhagic graafian follicles seen in ovaries of mice, caused by injection of urine of pregnant women; a positive result in the now obsolete Aschheim-Zondek test for pregnancy.
blue s. 1. macula cerulea 2. mongolian s
Brushfield's s.'slight-colored condensations of the surface of the mid-iris; seen in Down syndrome.
café au lait s.'sPigmented cutaneous lesions, ranging from light to dark brown, and due to an excess of melanosomes in the malpighian cells, rather than to an excess of melanocytes; café au lait s.'s are one of the major cutaneous manifestations of neurofibromatosis (von Recklinghausen disease) with type 1 (peripheral) neurofibromatosis, almost always 6 or more café-au-lait s.'s can be found with at least some exceeding 1.5 cm in diameter. These are often accompanied by freckle-like s.'s in the axilla.
cherry-red s.the ophthalmoscopic appearance of the normal choroid beneath the fovea centralis, appearing as a red s. surrounded by white retinal edema in central artery closure or lipid infiltration in sphingolipidosis.Tay's cherry-red s;
corneal s.macula corneae
cotton-wool s.'scotton-wool patches, under patch
De Morgan's s.'ssenile hemangioma
Elschnig's s.'sisolated choroidal bright yellow or red s.'s with black pigment flecks at their borders, seen ophthalmoscopically in advanced hypertensive retinopathy.
Filatov's s.'sKoplik's s.'s
flame s.'shemorrhagic areas occurring in the nerve fiber layer of the retina.
focal s.the site of bombardment by electrons and emission of x-rays from the anode of an x-ray tube. See also focal spot size.
Fordyce's s.'sa condition marked by the presence of numerous small, yellowish white bodies or granules on the inner surface and vermilion border of the lips; histologically the lesions are ectopic sebaceous glands.Fordyce's disease, Fordyce's granules, pseudocolloid of lips;
Fuchs' black s.an area of pigment proliferation in the macular region in degenerative myopia.
Graefe's s.'ssmall areas over the vertebrae or near the supraorbital foramen, pressure upon which causes relaxation of blepharofacial spasm.
hot s.a region in a gene in which there is a putatively high rate of mutation; of the size of the region concerned, the readiness with which the mutation could be detected, and the possibility that selection against mutants at that point is less than against mutants elsewhere, all call for caution in making such claims.
hypnogenic s.a pressure-sensitive point on the body of certain susceptible persons, which, when pressed, causes the induction of sleep.
Koplik's s.'ssmall red s.'s on the buccal mucous membrane, in the center of each of which may be seen, in a strong light, a minute bluish white speck; they occur early in measles (morbilli), before the skin eruption, and are regarded as a pathognomonic sign of the disease.Filatov's s.'s;
liver s.senile lentigo
Mariotte's blind s.optic disk
milk s.'s 1. white plaques of hyalinized fibrous tissue situated in the epicardium overlying the right ventricle of the heart where it is not covered by lung;soldier's patches; 2. white macroscopic areas in the omentum, due to accumulation of macrophages and lymphocytes.tache laiteuse (1) ;
mongolian s.any of a number of dark bluish or mulberry-colored rounded or oval s.'s on the sacral region due to the ectopic presence of scattered melanocytes in the dermis. These congenital lesions are frequent in black, native American, and Asian children from 2 to 12 years, after which time they gradually recede; they do not disappear on pressure and are sometimes mistaken for bruises from child abuse.blue s. (2) , mongolian macula;
mulberry s.'sthe abdominal eruption in typhus fever.
rose s.'scharacteristic exanthema of typhoid fever; 10-20 small pink papules on the lower trunk lasting a few days and leaving hyperpigmentation.
Roth's s.'sa round white retina s. surrounded by hemorrhage in bacterial endocarditis, and in other retinal hemorrhagic conditions.
ruby s.'ssenile hemangioma
saccular s.macula of saccule
Soemmerring's s.macula retinae
spongy s.vascular zone
Tardieu's s.'sTardieu's ecchymoses, under ecchymosis
Tay's cherry-red s.cherry-red s
temperature s.one of a number of definitely arranged s.'s on the skin sensitive to heat and cold, but not to ordinary pressure or pain stimuli.
tendinous s.macula albida
Trousseau's s.meningitic streak
utricular s.macula of utricle
white s.macula albida
yellow s.macula retinae

spp. spp.

Plural of sp., abbreviation for species.

sprain sprain (spran)

1. An injury to a ligament when the joint is carried through a range of motion greater than normal, but without dislocation or fracture. 2. To cause a s. of a joint.stremma;

spray spray (spra)

A jet of liquid in fine drops, coarser than a vapor; it is produced by forcing the liquid from the minute opening of an atomizer, mixed with air.

spreader spreader (spred´er)

1. An instrument used to distribute a substance over a surface or area. 2. A device for spacing or parting structures.
gutta-percha s.an instrument used in dentistry for condensing gutta-percha laterally in a root canal.
rib s.an instrument for widening the space between ribs in intrathoracic operations.
root canal s.a tapered instrument utilized for condensing root filling materials laterally.

Sprengel Sprengel

Otto G.K., German surgeon, 1852-1915. See S.'s deformity.

sprout sprout (sprowt)

A structure resembling the s. of a plant.
syncytial s.syncytial knot

sprue sprue (spru)

1. Primary intestinal malabsorption with steatorrhea.cachexia aphthosa; 2. In dentistry, wax or metal used to form the aperture(s) for molten metal to flow into a mold to make a casting; also, the metal that later fills the s. hole(s). [D. spruw]
celiac s.celiac disease
nontropical s.s. occurring in persons away from the tropics; usually called celiac disease; due to gluten-induced enteropathy.
tropical s.s. occurring in the tropics, often associated with enteric infection and nutritional deficiency, and frequently complicated by folate deficiency with macrocytic anemia.tropical diarrhea;

sprue-former sprue-former (spru for´mer)

The base to which the sprue (2) is attached while the wax pattern is being invested in a refractory investment in a casting flask; it is sometimes referred to as a crucible-former.

spud spud (spud)

A triangular knife used for removing foreign bodies from the cornea.

Spumavirinae Spumavirinae (spu´ma-vir´i-ne)

A subfamily of viruses (family Retroviridae) that includes the foamy viruses (agents) of primates and other mammals; in common with other retroviruses, they possess RNA-dependent DNA polymerases (reverse transcriptase). [L. spuma, foam]

Spumavirus Spumavirus (spu´ma-vI-rus)

A virus genus encompassing a poorly characterized group of retroviruses that cause vacuolation (foaming) of cultured cells; a member of the subfamily Spumaviridae.

spur spur (sper)

calcar [A.S. spora]
Fuchs' s.epithelial outgrowth of the dilator muscle of the pupil about midway in the breadth of the sphincter; part of the insertion of the dilator muscle onto the iris sphincter.
Grunert's s.epithelial outgrowth of the dilator muscle of the pupil at the junction of the iris and the ciliary body; part of the origin of the iris dilator muscle.
Michel's s.epithelial outgrowth of the dilator muscle of the pupil at the peripheral border of the sphincter; part of the insertion of the dilator muscle onto the iris sphincter.
Morand's s.calcar avis
scleral s.a ridge of the sclera at the internal scleral sulcus from which ciliary muscle fibers take origin.scleral roll;
vascular s.partial septum between vessels (arteries and veins) at the level of fusion or branching at acute angle. See also calcar (1) .

spurious spurious (spu´re-us)

False; not genuine. [L. spurius]

sputum sputum, pl. sputa (spu´tum, -ta)

1. Expectorated matter, especially mucus or mucopurulent matter expectorated in diseases of the air passages. See also expectoration (1) . 2. An individual mass of such matter. [L. sputum, fr. spuo, pp. sputus, to spit]
s. aerogeno´suma green expectoration seen occasionally in jaundice, due to staining of the s. by bile pigments.green s;
globular s.nummular s
green s.s. aerogenosum
nummular s.a thick, coherent mass expectorated in globular shape which does not run at the bottom of the cup but forms a discoid mass resembling a coin.globular s;
prune-juice s.a thin reddish expectoration, characteristic of necrosis of lung tissue, usually by infection; due to hemorrhage caused by destruction of the lung parenchyma; sometimes seen with lung tumors.prune-juice expectoration;
rusty s.a reddish brown, blood-stained expectoration characteristic of lobar pneumonococcal pneumonia.

SQ SQ

Abbreviation for subcutaneous.

squalene squalene (skwa´len)

A hexaisoprenoid (triterpenoid) hydrocarbon found in shark oil and in some plants; intermediate in the biosynthesis of cholesterol and other sterols and triterpenes.
s. epoxidasean enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of s. to s. 2,3-oxide in the endoplasmic reticulum; a required step in order for cyclization to occur, resulting in the synthesis of the first sterol, lanosterol, in steroidogenesis; uses NADPH.
s. synthasean enzyme that catalyzes the formation of s. from two molecules of farnesylpyrophosphate using NADPH and concomitant production of two molecules of pyrophosphate.

squama squama, pl. squamae (skwa´ma, skwa´me)

1. A thin plate of bone. 2. An epidermal scale.scale (2) , squame; [L. a scale]
frontal s.squamous part of occipital bone
s. fronta´lis [NA] squamous part of frontal bone
occipital s.
s. occipita´lis, occipital s. [NA] squamous part of occipital bone
temporal s.squamous part of temporal bone
s. tempora´lissquamous part of temporal bone

squamate squamate (skwa´mat)

squamous

squamatization squamatization (skwa´ma-ti-za´shun)

Transformation of other types of cells into squamous cells.

squame squame (skwam)

squama

squamo- squamo-

Squama, squamous. [L. squama, a scale]

squamocellular squamocellular (skwa-mo-sel´yu-lar)

Relating to or having squamous epithelium.

squamocolumnar squamocolumnar (skwa-mo-kol´um-nar)

Pertaining to the junction between a stratified squamous epithelial surface and one lined by columnar epithelium; e.g., the cardia of the stomach or anus.

squamofrontal squamofrontal (skwa´mo-fron´tal)

Relating to the squamous part of the frontal bone.

squamomastoid squamomastoid (skwa´mo-mas´toyd)

Relating to the squamous and petrous portions of the temporal bone.

squamo-occipital squamo-occipital (skwa´mo-ok-sip´i-tal)

Relating to the squamous portion of the occipital bone, developing partly in membrane and partly in cartilage.

squamoparietal squamoparietal (skwa´mo-pa-rI´e-tal)

Relating to the parietal bone and the squamous portion of the temporal bone.

squamopetrosal squamopetrosal (skwa´mo-pe-tro´sal)

petrosquamosal

squamosa squamosa, pl. squamosae (skwa-mo´sa, -se)

The squamous parts of the frontal, occipital, or temporal bone, especially the latter. [L. squamosus, scaly, fr. squama, scale]

squamosal squamosal (skwa-mo´sal)

Relating especially to the squamous part of the temporal bone.

squamosphenoid squamosphenoid (skwa´mo-sfe´noyd)

Relating to the sphenoid bone and the squamous part of the temporal bone.sphenosquamosal;

squamotemporal squamotemporal (skwa´mo-tem´po-ral)

Relating to the squamous part of the temporal bone.

squamotympanic squamotympanic (skwa´mo-tim-man´ik)

tympanosquamosal

squamous squamous (skwa´mus)

Relating to or covered with scales.scaly, squamate; [L. squamosus]

squamozygomatic squamozygomatic (skwa´mo-zI-go-mat´ik)

Relating to the squamous part of the temporal bone and the zygomatic process of the temporal bone.

squarrose squarrose, squarrous (skwar´os, skwar´us)

Obsolete term for squamous. [L. squarrosus]

squill squill (skwil)

The cut and dried fleshy inner scales of the bulb of the white variety of Urginea maritima (Mediterranean s.), or of U. indica (Indian s.) (family Liliaceae); the central portion of the bulb is excluded during its processing; s. contains cardiac glycosides (scillaren-A and scillaren-B) and scillaricide, a rodenticide.scilla; [L. squilla or scilla]

squint squint (skwint)

1. strabismus 2. To suffer from strabismus.
convergent s.esotropia
divergent s.exotropia
external s.exotropia
internal s.esotropia

85Sr ⁸⁵Sr

Abbreviation for strontium-85.

87mSr ^87mSr

Abbreviation for strontium-87m.

Sr Sr

Symbol for strontium.

89Sr ⁸⁹Sr

Symbol for strontium-89.

90Sr ⁹⁰Sr

Symbol for strontium-90.

SRF SRF

Abbreviation for somatotropin-releasing factor.

SRF-A SRF-A

Abbreviation for slow-reacting factor of anaphylaxis.

SRH SRH

Abbreviation for somatotropin-releasing hormone.

SRIF SRIF

Abbreviation for somatotropin release-inhibiting factor.

sRNA sRNA

Abbreviation for soluble RNA.ribonucleic acid

S romanum S romanum (ro-ma´num)

Archaic term for sigmoid colon.

SRP SRP

Abbreviation for signal recognition particle.

SRS SRS

Abbreviation for slow-reacting substance.

SRS-A SRS-A

Abbreviation for slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis.

ss ss

Abbreviation for single-stranded, steady state.

SSPE SSPE

Abbreviation for subacute sclerosing panencephalitis.

SSS SSS

Abbreviation for soluble specific substance.

stab stab

To pierce with a pointed instrument, as a knife or dagger. [Gael. stob]

stabilate stabilate (sta´bi-lat)

A sample of organisms preserved alive on a single occasion.

stabile stabile (sta´bIl, -bil)

Steady; fixed; denoting: 1) certain constituents of serum unaffected by ordinary degrees of heat; 2) an electrode held steadily on a part during the passage of an electric current. Cf. labile. [L. stabilis]

stabilimeter stabilimeter (sta-bi-lim´e-ter)

An instrument to measure the sway of the body when standing with feet together and usually with eyes closed. [L. stabilitas, firmness, + G. metron, measure]

stability stability (sta-bil´i-te)

The condition of being stable or resistant to change.
denture s.the quality of a denture to be firm, steady, constant, and resist change of position when functional forces are applied.stabilization (2) ;
detrusor s.a detrusor that accommodates increasing bladder volume without significant increase in detrusor pressure and without involuntary detrusor contraction.
dimensional s.the property of a material to retain its size and form.
endemic s.a situation in which all factors influencing disease occurrence are relatively stable, resulting in little fluctuation in disease incidence over time; changes in one or more of these factors (e.g., reduction in proportion of individuals with immunity from exposure to infectious agent) can lead to an unstable situation in which major disease outbreaks occur.enzootic s;
enzootic s.endemic s
suspension s.a very slow sedimentation rate.

stabilization stabilization (sta´bI-li-za´shun)

1. The accomplishment of a stable state. 2. denture stability

stabilizer stabilizer (sta´bI-lI-zer)

1. That which renders something else more stable. 2. An agent that retards the effect of an accelerator, thus preserving a chemical equilibrium. 3. A part possessing the quality of rigidity or creating rigidity when added to another part.
endodontic s.a pin implant passing through the apex of a tooth from its root canal and extending well into the underlying bone to provide immobilization of periodontally involved teeth.

stable stable (sta´bl)

Steady; not varying; resistant to change. See also stabile.

stachybotryotoxicosis stachybotryotoxicosis (stak-e-bot´re-o-tok-si-ko´sis)

A type of mycotoxicosis seen in horses and cattle following ingestion of hay and fodder overgrown by the fungus Stachybotrys atra; may also occur in persons exposed to hay either by inhalation or by absorbing the toxin through the skin, and is manifested by skin rash, pharyngitis, and mild leukopenia.

stachydrine stachydrine (stak´i-dren)

N-methylproline methylbetaine;the betaine of l-proline found in alfalfa, chrysanthemum, and citrus plants.

stachyose stachyose (stak´e-os)

A raffinosegalactopyranoside; a tetrasaccharide that yields d-glucose, d-fructose, and 2 mol of d-galactose upon hydrolysis; present in certain tubers and other plant tissues.

stactometer stactometer (stak-tom´e-ter)

stalagmometer [G. staktos, dropping, fr. stazo, to let fall by drops, + metron, measure]

Stader Stader

Otto, U.S. veterinary surgeon, *1894. See S. splint.

Staderini Staderini

Rutilio, 19th century Italian neuroanatomist. See S.'s nucleus.

stadiometer stadiometer (sta-de-om´e-ter)

An instrument for measuring standing or sitting height. [L. stadium, fr. G. stadion, a fixed length, + G. metron, measure]

stadium stadium, pl. stadia (sta´de-um, -de-a)

Obsolete term for a stage in the course of a disease, especially of an acute pyretic disease. [L. fr. G. stadion, a fixed standard length]

staff staff

1. A specific group of workers. 2. director (1) [A.S. staef]
attending s.physicians and surgeons who are members of a hospital s. and regularly attend their patients at the hospital; may also supervise and teach house s., fellows, and medical students.
consulting s.specialists affiliated with a hospital who serve in an advisory capacity to the attending s.
house s.physicians and surgeons in specialty training at a hospital who care for the patients under the direction and responsibility of the attending s.

staff of Aesculapius staff of Aesculapius

A rod with only one serpent encircling it and without wings; symbol of medicine and emblem of the American Medical Association, Royal Army Medical Corps (Britain), and Royal Canadian Medical Corps. See also caduceus. [L. Aesculapius, G. Asklepios, god of medicine]

Stafne Stafne

Edward C., U.S. oral pathologist, *1894. See S. bone cyst.

stage stage (staj)

1. A period in the course of a disease; a description of the extent of involvement of a disease process or the status of a patient with a specific disease, as of the distribution and extent of dissemination of a malignant neoplastic disease; also, the act of determining the s. of a disease, especially cancer. See also period. 2. The part of a microscope on which the microslide bears the object to be examined. 3. A particular step, phase, or position in a developmental process.For psychosexual stages, see entries under phase [M.E. thr. O. Fr. estage, standing-place, fr. L. sto, pp. status, to stand]
algid s.the s. of collapse in cholera.
Arneth s.'sa differential grouping of polymorphonuclear neutrophils in accordance with the number of lobes in their nuclei, i.e., cells with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 (or more) lobes are designated, respectively, as class I, II, and so on. See also Arneth formula.
bell s.third s. of tooth development, wherein the cells form the inner enamel epithelium, the stratum intermedium, the stellate reticulum, and the outer enamel epithelium; the enamel organ assumes a bell shape.
bud s.first s. of tooth development; development of the primordia of the enamel organs, the tooth buds.
cap s.second s. of tooth development wherein there is development of the inner and outer enamel epithelium.
cold s.the s. of chill in a malarial paroxysm.
defervescent s. See defervescence.
end s.the late, fully developed phase of a disease; e.g., in end-stage renal disease, a shrunken and scarred kidney that may result from a variety of chronic diseases that have become indistinguishable in their effect on the kidney.
eruptive s.the stage of an exanthematous illness in which the rash appears.
exoerythrocytic s.developmental s. of the malaria parasite (Plasmodium) in liver parenchyma cells of the vertebrate host before erythrocytes are invaded. The initial generation produces cryptozoites, the next generation metacryptozoites; reinfection of liver cells from blood cells apparently does not occur. Delayed development of the sporozoite (hypnozoite) of Plasmodium vivax and P. ovale appears to be responsible for malarial relapse that may occur with these disease agents.
genital s.referring to the psychic organization derived from, and characteristic of, the Freudian genital period of the infant's psychosocial organization. See genitality. See also anality, orality.
imperfect s.a mycological term used to describe the asexual life cycle phase of a fungus. See anamorph.
incubative s.incubation period (1) latent s., prodromal s., s. of invasion;
intuitive s.in psychology, a s. of development, usually occurring between 4 and 7 years of age, in which a child's thought processes are determined by the most prominent aspects of the stimuli to which he or she is exposed, rather than by some form of logical thought.
s. of invasionincubative s
s.'s of labor See labor.
latent s.incubative s
perfect s.a mycological term used to describe the sexual life cycle phase of a fungus in which spores are formed after nuclear fusion.teleomorph
preconceptual s.in psychology, the s. of development in an infant's life, prior to actual conceptual thinking, in which sensorimotor activity predominates.
prodromal s.incubative s
resting s.the quiescent s. of a cell or its nucleus in which no karyokinetic changes are taking place.vegetative s;
Tanner s.a s. of puberty in the Tanner growth chart, based on pubic hair growth, development of genitalia in boys, and breast development in girls.
trypanosome s. See trypomastigote.
tumor s.the extent of the spread of a malignant neoplasm from its site of origin. See also TNM staging.
vegetative s.resting s

stagger stagger (stag´er)

To walk unsteadily; to reel.

staggers staggers (stag´erz)

1. A form of decompression sickness in which vertigo, mental confusion, and muscular weakness are the chief symptoms. 2. A disease in sheep, marked by swaying and uncertain gait, caused by the presence of the larva of the tapeworm Multiceps multiceps in the brain, or by other cerebral lesions.gid;
blind s.subacute selenium poisoning in animals.
bracken s.a condition occurring in horses as a result of eating bracken; characterized by locomotor incoordination; due to thiamin deficiency (bracken contains thiaminase).

staging staging (staj´ing)

1. The determination or classification of distinct phases or periods in the course of a disease or pathological process. 2. The determination of the specific extent of a disease process in an individual patient.
Jewett and Strong s.s. of bladder carcinoma: O, noninvasive; A, with submucosal invasion; B, with muscle invasion; C, with invasion of perivascular fat; D, with lymph node metastasis.
TNM s.a system of clinicopathologic evaluation of tumors based on the extent of tumor involvement at the primary site (T, followed by a number indicating size and depth of invasion), and lymph node involvement (N) and metastasis (M) each followed by a number starting at 0 for no evident metastasis; numbers used depend on the organ involved and influence the prognosis and choice of treatment.

stagnation stagnation (stag-na´shun)

Retardation or cessation of flow of blood in the vessels, as in passive congestion; marked slowing or accumulation in any part of a normally circulating fluid. [L. stagnum, a pool]

Stahl Stahl

George E., German physician and chemist, 1660-1734. He promulgated the phlogiston theory. See phlogiston.

Stahl Stahl

Friedrich K., German physician, 1811-1873. See S.'s ear.

Stähli Stähli

Jean, Swiss ophthalmologist, *1890. See Hudson-S. line.

stain stain (stan)

1. To discolor. 2. To color; to dye. 3. A discoloration. 4. A dye used in histologic and bacteriologic technique. 5. A procedure in which a dye or combination of dyes and reagents is used to color the constituents of cells and tissues. For individual dyes or staining substances, see the specific names. [M.E. steinen]
Abbott's s. for sporesspores are stained blue with alkaline methylene blue; bodies of the bacilli become pink with eosin counterstain.
aceto-orcein s.a s. used for chromosomes in air-dried or squashed cytologic material.
acid s.a dye in which the anion is the colored component of the dye molecule, e.g., sodium eosinate (eosin).
Ag-AS s.silver-ammoniacal silver s
Albert's s.a s. for diphtheria bacilli and their metachromatic granules; contains toluidine blue, methyl green, glacial acetic acid, alcohol, and distilled water.
Altmann's anilin-acid fuchsin s.a mixture of picric acid, anilin, and acid fuchsin which stains mitochondria crimson against a yellow background.
auramine O fluorescent s.a rapid and accurate technique for Mycobacterium tuberculosis, using auramine O-phenol and a methylene blue counterstain.
basic s.a dye in which the cation is the colored component of the dye molecule that binds to anionic groups of nucleic acids (PO₄=) or acidic mucopolysaccharides (e.g., chondroitin sulfate).
basic fuchsin-methylene blue s.a s. for intact epoxy sections; semi-thick sections of plastic-embedded tissues have nuclei stained purple; collagen, elastic lamina, and connective tissue are stained blue; mitochondria, myelin, and lipid droplets are stained red; cytoplasm, smooth muscle cells, axoplasm, and chrondroblasts are stained pink.
Bauer's chromic acid leucofuchsin s.a s. for glycogen and fungi utilizing chromic acid as an oxidizing agent of polysaccharides, followed by Schiff's reagent; glycogen and fungi cell walls appear deep red.
Becker's s. for spirochetesa s. applied to thin films fixed in formaldehyde-acetic acid; preparations are treated successively with tannin, carbolic acid, and carbol fuchsin.
Bennhold's Congo red s.an amyloid s. useful for amyloid detection in pathologic tissue; gives red staining of amyloid; also induces green birefringence to amyloid under polarized light.
Berg's s.a method for staining spermatozoa, utilizing a carbol-fuchsin solution followed by dilute acetic acid and methylene blue; spermatozoa are stained a brilliant red and most other structures appear blue to purple.
Best's carmine s.a method for the demonstration of glycogen in tissues.
Bielschowsky's s.a method of treating tissues with silver nitrate to demonstrate reticular fibers, neurofibrils, axons, and dendrites.
Biondi-Heidenhain s.an obsolete s. for spirochetes, using acid fuchsin and orange G.
Birch-Hirschfeld s.an obsolete s. for demonstrating amyloid, using Bismarck brown and crystal violet; amyloid is usually stained a bright ruby red, whereas the cytoplasm of cells is not stained and nuclei are brown.
Bodian's copper-protargol s.a s. employing a silver proteinate complex (protargol) to demonstrate axis cylinders and neurofibrils.
Borrel's blue s.a s. for demonstrating spirochetes, treponemes, and Borrelia organisms, using silver oxide (prepared by means of mixing solutions of silver nitrate and sodium bicarbonate) and methylene blue.
Bowie's s.a s. for juxtaglomerular granules in which the kidney sections are stained in a mixture of Biebrich scarlet red and ethyl violet; juxtaglomerular granules and elastic fibers are stained a deep purple, erythrocytes are amber, and background tissue appears in shades of red.
Brown-Brenn s.a method for differential staining of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria in tissue sections; it utilizes a modified Gram s. of crystal violet, Gram's iodine, and basic fuchsin.
Cajal's astrocyte s.a method for demonstrating astrocytes by impregnation in a solution containing gold chloride and mercuric chloride.
carbol-thionin s.a s. useful for demonstrating typhoid bacilli in films and sections, and for Nissl substance.
C-banding s.a selective chromosome banding s. used in human cytogenetics, employing Giemsa s. after most of the DNA is denatured or extracted by treatment with alkali, acid, salt, or heat; only heterochromatic regions close to the centromeres and rich in satellite DNA stain, with the exception of the Y chromosome whose long arm usually stains throughout.centromere banding s;
centromere banding s.C-banding s
chromate s. for leada method in which tissues preserved in chromate-containing fixatives, such as Regaud's or Orth's fixatives, precipitate lead as yellow lead chromate crystals; formalin-fixed sections are treated with potassium chromate acidified with acetic acid.
chrome alum hematoxylin-phloxine s.a s. used to demonstrate pancreatic islet cells; alpha cells appear red, beta cells blue or unstained.
Ciaccio's s.a method for demonstrating complex insoluble intra-cellular lipids using fixation in a formalin-dichromate solution, embedding in paraffin, staining with Sudan III or IV, and examination in aqueous mountant.
contrast s.a dye used to color one portion of a tissue or cell which remained unaffected when the other part was stained by a dye of different color.differential s;
Da Fano's s.a silver s. that produces a blackening of Golgi elements after tissues are fixed in a mixture of nitrate and formalin.
Dane's s.a s. for prekeratin, keratin, and mucin which employs hemalum, phloxine, Alcian blue, and orange G; nuclei appear orange to brown, acid mucopolysaccharides pale blue, and keratins orange to red-orange.
DAPI s.a sensitive fluorescent probe for DNA, 4´6-diamidino-2-phenylindole. 2HCl, used in fluorescence microscopy to detect DNA in yeast mitochondria, chloroplasts, viruses, mycoplasma, and chromosomes; DNA is visualized in vitally stained living cells and after cells are fixed in formaldehyde.
diazo s. for argentaffin granulesin enterochromaffin cells, a variety of diazonium salts are used to blacken the cells.
Dieterle's s.s. used to demonstrate spirochetes and Leishman-Donovan bodies; employs silver nitrate and uranium nitrate.
differential s.contrast s
double s.a mixture of two dyes, each of which stains different portions of a tissue or cell.
Ehrlich's acid hematoxylin s.an alum type of hematoxylin s. used as a regressive staining method for nuclei, followed by differentiation to required staining intensity; the solution may be allowed to ripen naturally in sunlight or partially oxidized with sodium iodate.
Ehrlich's aniline crystal violet s.a s. for Gram-positive bacteria.
Ehrlich's triacid s.a differential leukocytic s. comprised of saturated solutions of orange G, acid fuchsin, and methyl green.
Ehrlich's triple s.a mixture of indulin, eosin Y, and aurantia.
Einarson's gallocyanin-chrome alum s.a method for staining both RNA and DNA a deep blue; with proper controls, nucleic acid content of stained cells and nuclei may be estimated by cytophotometry; also useful for Nissl substance.
Eranko's fluorescence s.exposure of frozen sections to formaldehyde which produces a strong yellow-green fluorescence from cells containing norepinephrine.
Feulgen s.a selective cytochemical reaction for DNA in which sections or cells are first hydrolyzed with hydrochloric acid to produce apurinic acid and then are stained with Schiff's reagent to produce magenta-stained nuclei; generally the concentration of DNA in nucleoli and mitochondria is too low to permit detection by this s. See also Kasten's fluorescent Feulgen s.
Field's rapid s.a s. to permit rapid positive diagnosis of malaria in endemic areas by using thick films; it employs methylene blue and azure B in a phosphate buffer, with the preparation counterstained by eosin in a phosphate buffer.
Fink-Heimer s.a method used for histologic demonstration of degenerating nerve fibers and terminals of the central nervous system (black on a yellow background).
Flemming's triple s.a s. comprised of safranin, methyl violet, and orange G.
fluorescence plus Giemsa s.a s. used to demonstrate sister chromatid exchange; cells are grown in 5-bromodeoxyuridine, followed by chromosome preparation, staining in Hoechst 33258, exposure to light, and staining in Giemsa; chromosomes exhibit a "harlequin" appearance.
fluorescent s.a s. or staining procedure using a fluorescent dye or substance that will combine selectively with certain tissue components and that will then fluoresce upon irradiation with ultraviolet or violet-blue light.
Fontana-Masson silver s.Masson-Fontana ammoniacal silver s
Fontana's s.a traditional method for silver-impregnation of treponemes and other spirochetal forms.
Foot's reticulin impregnation s.a silver s. in which reticulin stains black and collagen stains golden brown; sections are floated on the surface of solutions to avoid contamination with silver debris.
Fouchet's s.fouchet's reagent employed to demonstrate bile pigments; paraffin sections are used for conjugated bile pigments, frozen sections for unconjugated ones.
Fraser-Lendrum s. for fibrina multistaining procedure after Zenker's fixative in which fibrin, keratin, and some cytoplasmic granules appear red, erythrocytes appear orange, and collagen appears green.
Friedländer's s. for capsulesan obsolete s. employing gentian violet.
G-banding s.a unique chromosome staining technique, used in human cytogenetics to identify individual chromosomes, which produces characteristic bands; it utilizes acetic acid fixation, air drying, denaturing chromosomes mildly with proteolytic enzymes, salts, heat, detergents, or urea, and finally Giemsa s.; chromosome bands appear similar to those fluorochromed by Q-banding s.Giemsa chromosome banding s;
Giemsa s.compound of methylene blue-eosin and methylene blue used for demonstrating Negri bodies, Tunga species, spirochetes and protozoans, and differential staining of blood smears; also used for chromosomes, sometimes after hydrolyzing the cytologic preparation in hot hydrochloric acid, and for showing chromosome G bands; often used in glycerol-methanol buffer solution.
Giemsa chromosome banding s.G-banding s
Glenner-Lillie s. for pituitarya modification of Mann's methyl blue-eosin s. which changes the dye proportions, buffering the dye mixture, and staining at 60°C; basophils are stained blue to black, acidophils are dark red, chromophobe granules are gray to pink, and erythrocytes are orange; with modification, the method is also useful for enterochromaffin cells, goblet cells, Paneth cells, and pancreatic islet cells.
Golgi's s.any of several methods for staining nerve cells, nerve fibers, and neuroglia using fixation and hardening in formalin-osmic-dichromate combinations for various times, followed by impregnation in silver nitrate.
Gomori-Jones periodic acid-methenamine-silver s.a staining method using methenamine silver, periodic acid, gold chloride, hematoxylin, and eosin to delineate basement membrane, reticulin, collagen, and nuclei; used in renal histopathology. See also Rambourg's periodic acid-chromic methenamine-silver s.
Gomori's aldehyde fuchsin s.a s. used to demonstrate beta cells of the pancreas, storage form of thyrotrophic hormone in beta cells of the anterior pituitary, hypophyseal neurosecretory substance, mast cells, granules, elastic fibers, sulfated mucins, and gastric chief cells.
Gomori's chrome alum hematoxylin-phloxine s.a technique used to demonstrate cytoplasmic granules, after Bouin's or formalin-Zenker fixatives, using oxidized hematoxylin plus phloxine; in the pancreas, beta cells are blue, alpha and delta cells are red, and zymogen granules are red to unstained; in the pituitary, alpha cells are pink, beta cells and chromophobes are gray-blue, and nuclei are purple to blue.
Gomori's methenamine-silver s.'s (GMS) , GMS s.techniques for 1) argentaffin cells: a method using a methenamine-silver solution in combination with gold chloride, sodium thiosulphate, and safranin O; argentaffin granules appear brown-black against a green background; 2) urates: warm sections are treated directly with a hot methenamine-silver solution to produce a blackening of urates; 3) fungi: see Grocott-Gomori methenamine-silver s.; 4) melanin, which reduces silver nitrate.
Gomori's nonspecific acid phosphatase s.a method in which formalin-fixed frozen sections are incubated in a substrate containing sodium beta-glycerophosphate and lead nitrate at pH 5.0; the insoluble lead phosphate produced is treated with ammonium sulfide to give a black lead sulfide.
Gomori's nonspecific alkaline phosphatase s.a calcium-cobalt sulfide method using frozen sections or cold acetone- or formalin-fixed paraffin sections, plus sodium beta-glycerophosphate as a substrate at pH 9.0 to 9.5 with Mg⁺⁺ as activator; calcium ions precipitate the liberated phosphate, cobalt salt replaces the calcium phosphate, and ammonium sulfide converts the product to a black cobalt sulfide.
Gomori's one-step trichrome s.a connective tissue s. that uses hematoxylin and a dye mixture containing chromotrope 2R and light green or aniline blue; muscle fibers appear red, collagen is green (or blue if aniline blue is used), and nuclei are blue to black.
Gomori's silver impregnation s.a reliable method for reticulin, as an aid in the diagnosis of neoplasm and early cirrhosis of the liver; the staining solution employs silver nitrate, potassium hydroxide, and ammonia water carefully prepared to avoid having silver precipitate.
Goodpasture's s.a s. for Gram-negative bacteria, using aniline fuchsin.
Gordon and Sweet s.a s. for reticulin, using acidified potassium permanganate, oxalic acid, iron alum, silver nitrate, formaldehyde, gold chloride, and sodium thiosulfate.
Gram's s.a method for differential staining of bacteria; smears are fixed by flaming, stained in a solution of crystal violet, treated with iodine solution, rinsed, decolorized, and then counterstained with safranin O; Gram-positive organisms stain purple black and Gram-negative organisms stain pink; useful in bacterial taxonomy and identification, and also in indicating fundamental differences in cell wall structure.
green s.a deposit, produced by chromogenic bacteria, found on the cervicolabial portions of the teeth, usually in children. See also acquired pellicle.
Gridley's s.a silver staining method for reticulum.
Gridley's s. for fungia method for fixed tissue sections based on Bauer's chromic acid leucofuchsin s. with the addition of Gomori's aldehyde fuchsin s. and metanil yellow as counterstains; against a yellow background, hyphae, conidia, yeast capsules, elastin, and mucin appear in different shades of blue to purple.
Grocott-Gomori methenamine-silver s.a modification of Gomori's methenamine-silver s. for fungi in which sections are pretreated with chromic acid before addition of the methenamine-silver solution and then counterstained with light green to demonstrate black-brown fungi against a pale green background.
Hale's colloidal iron s.a s. used to distinguish acid mucopolysaccharides such as hyaluronic acid; may be combined with PAS to also visualize carbohydrate-containing proteins and glycoproteins.
Heidenhain's azan s.a technique using azocarmine B or G followed by aniline blue to stain nuclei and erythrocytes red, muscle orange, glia fibrils reddish, mucin blue, and collagen and reticulum dark blue. [azocarmine + aniline blue]
Heidenhain's iron hematoxylin s.an iron alum hematoxylin s. used for staining muscle striations and mitotic structures blue-black.
hematoxylin and eosin s.probably the most generally useful of all staining methods for tissues; nuclei are stained a deep blue-black with hematoxylin, and cytoplasm is stained pink after counterstaining with eosin, usually in water.
hematoxylin-malachite green-basic fuchsin s.a s. for epoxy resin-extracted sections; semi-thick sections have their plastic dissolved out and the residual tissue is stained sequentially with the various dyes; nuclei and astrocytes are purplish-pink and myelin, lipid droplets, nucleoli, and oligodendrocytes are bright blue-green.
hematoxylin-phloxine B s.a s. for intact epoxy sections; semi-thick sections of plastic-embedded tissues have the following structures stained blue to black; chromatin, nucleoli, basophilic cytoplasm, mitochondria, plasma and nuclear membranes, anisotropic myofibrils, mast cell granules, and elastic membranes of blood vessels; appearing pink to red are collagen fibrils, reticulum, goblet cell mucins, hyalin cartilage matrix, stereocilia, cytoplasm, and erythrocytes; fat droplets and perichondrocyte matrix are green.
Hirsch-Peiffer s.a s. used for cytologic demonstration staining of metachromatic leukodystrophy; excess sulfatides stain metachromatically (golden brown) with cresyl violet in acetic acid.
Hiss' s.a s. for demonstrating the capsules of microorganisms, using gentian violet or basic fuchsin followed by a copper sulphate wash.
Holmes' s.a silver nitrate staining method for nerve fibers.
Hortega's neuroglia s.one of several silver carbonate methods to demonstrate astrocytes, oligodendroglia, and microglia.
Hucker-Conn s.a crystal violet-ammonium oxalate mixture used in Gram's stain.
immunofluorescent s.s. resulting from combination of fluorescent antibody with antigen specific for the antibody portion of the fluorochrome conjugate.
India ink capsule s.a negative s. for crystal bacteria in which cells appear purple (Gram's crystal violet) and the capsules appear clear against a dark background.
intravital s.a s. which is taken up by living cells after parenteral administration, e.g., intravenously or subcutaneously.
iodine s.a s. to detect amyloid, cellulose, chitin, starch, carotenes, and glycogen, and to stain amebas by virtue of their glycogen; feces and other wet preparations are stained directly with Lugol's iodine solution; smears are treated with Schaudinn's fixative and then stained with alcoholic iodine, followed by Heidenhain's iron hematoxylin.
Jenner's s.a methylene blue eosinate similar to Wright's s. but differing in not using polychromed methylene blue; used for staining of blood smears.
Kasten's fluorescent Feulgen s.a fluorescent modification of the Feulgen s., utilizing any one of a variety of fluorescent basic dyes to which SO₂ is added; the brilliant fluorescence makes this method unusually sensitive and adaptable to cytofluorometric quantification of DNA.
Kasten's fluorescent PAS s.a fluorescent modification of the periodic acid Schiff s. for polysaccharides which uses one of Kasten's fluorescent Schiff reagents.
Kinyoun s.a method for demonstrating acid-fast microorganisms, using carbol fuchsin, acid alcohol, and methylene blue; acid-fast microorganisms appear red against a blue background.
Kleihauer's s.a combination of aniline blue and Biebrich scarlet red used for detection of fetal cells in the maternal blood.
Klinger-Ludwig acid-thionin s. for sex chromatina method using a preliminary acid treatment on buccal smears, prior to staining with buffered thionin, to differentiate Barr body.
Klüver-Barrera Luxol fast blue s.in combination with cresyl violet, a s. useful for demonstrating myelin and Nissl substance.
Kossa s.von Kossa s
Kronecker's s.a 5% sodium chloride s. rendered faintly alkaline with sodium carbonate, used in the examination of fresh tissues under the microscope.
Laquer's s. for alcoholic hyalina combination of Altmann's aniline-acid fuchsin s. with a Masson trichrome s. which, on a gray-brown background, stains alcoholic hyalin red, collagen green, and nuclei brown.
lead hydroxide s.a s. for electron microscopy; after aldehyde fixation, alkaline lead hydroxide preferentially stains RNA, but after OsO₄ fixation, it reacts largely with osmium in tissues to give a general s.; in addition to binding to cytomembranes, it also stains carbohydrates (e.g., glycogen).
Leishman's s.a polychromed eosin-methylene blue s. used in the examination of blood films.
Lendrum's phloxine-tartrazine s.a s. for demonstrating acidophilic inclusion bodies, which appear red on a yellow background; nuclei stain blue, but Negri bodies do not stain.
Lepehne-Pickworth s.a staining technique for hemoglobin and other heme-containing substances in cryostat or frozen sections, which utilizes the presence of tissue peroxidase to oxidize benzidine to a blue quinhydrone.
Levaditi s.a silver nitrate s. for blackening spirochetes in tissue sections.
Lillie's allochrome connective tissue s.a procedure using PAS, hematoxylin, picric acid, and methyl blue; used for distinction between basement membrane and reticulin, and for demonstration of arteriosclerotic lesions.
Lillie's azure-eosin s.a s. in which an azure eosinate solution is used to s. bacteria and rickettsiae in tissues.
Lillie's ferrous iron s.a method using potassium ferrocyanide in acetic acid which demonstrates melanins as a deep green color; lipofuscins and heme pigments are unreactive.
Lillie's sulfuric acid Nile blue s.a technique for showing fatty acids when present in high concentrations.
Lison-Dunn s.a technique using leuco patent blue V and hydrogen peroxidase to demonstrate hemoglobin peroxidase on time sections and smears.
Loeffler's s.a s. for flagella; the specimen is treated with a mixture of ferrous sulfate, tannic acid, and alcoholic fuchsin, then stained with aniline-water fuchsin or gentian violet made alkaline with sodium hydroxide solution.
Loeffler's caustic s.a s. for flagella, utilizing an aqueous solution of tannin and ferrous sulfate with the addition of an alcoholic fuchsin s.
Luna-Ishak s.a staining method using celestine blue and acid fuchsin in which bile canaliculi s. pink to red.
Macchiavello's s.a basic fuchsin-citric acid-methylene blue sequence in smears which produces red staining of rickettsiae and inclusion bodies, with nuclei staining blue.
MacNeal's tetrachrome blood s.a s. for blood smears comprised of a mixture of methylene blue, azure A, methylene violet, and eosin Y.
malarial pigment s.a s. using phloxine-toluidine blue O sequence; malarial pigment and nuclei are bluish, erythrocytes and cytoplasm are red to orange; found in phagocytic cells of the reticuloendothelial system.
Maldonado-San Jose s.a staining method for staining pancreatic islet cells, using a phloxine-azure B-hematoxylin sequence; alpha cells are purple, beta cells are violet-blue, delta cells are light blue, and exocrine cells are grayish blue with red secretion granules.
Mallory's s. for actinomycesa s. using alum hematoxylin, followed by eosin; immersion in Ehrlich's aniline crystal violet s., and Weigert's iodine solution; mycelia stain blue and clubs stain red.
Mallory's aniline blue s.Mallory's trichrome s
Mallory's collagen s.one of a number of staining methods using phosphomolybdic or phosphotungstic acid with an acid stain, such as aniline blue, or with hematoxylin for connective tissue staining.
Mallory's s. for hemofuchsinsections are stained sequentially in alum hematoxylin and basic fuchsin; the lipofuchsin-like pigment and ceroid stain bright red, nuclei stain blue, while melanin and hemosiderin appear unstained in their natural browns.
Mallory's iodine s.amyloid appears red-brown after Gram's iodine, then violet and blue after flooding with dilute sulfuric acid.
Mallory's phloxine s.a technique based on retention of phloxine by hyaline after overstaining and then decolorizing with lithium carbonate, used in combination with alum hematoxylin to give nuclear staining; hyaline appears red, older hyaline is pink to colorless, amyloid is pale pink, and nuclei are blue-black.
Mallory's phosphotungstic acid hematoxylin s.phosphotungstic acid hematoxylin
Mallory's trichrome s.a method especially suitable for studying connective tissue; sections are stained in acid fuchsin, aniline blue-orange G solution, and phosphotungstic acid; fibrils of collagen are blue, fibroglia, neuroglia, and muscle fibers are red, and fibrils of elastin are pink or yellow.Mallory's aniline blue s., Mallory's triple s;
Mallory's triple s.Mallory's trichrome s
Mann's methyl blue-eosin s.a s. useful for anterior pituitary and viral inclusion bodies; a mixture of the two dyes stains alpha cell granules red, beta cell granules dark blue, chromophobes gray to pink, colloid red, erythrocytes orange-red, and collagen fibers blue; this method is also useful for enterochromaffin, goblet, Paneth, and pancreatic islet cells; Negri bodies appear red while their nuclei and central granules are blue.
Marchi's s.a staining method in which the specimen is hardened for 8 to 10 days in a modified Müller's fixative, followed by immersion for 1 to 3 weeks in the same with the addition of osmic acid; fat and degenerating nerve fibers stain black.
Masson-Fontana ammoniacal silver s.a s. used to demonstrate melanin and argentaffin granules.Fontana-Masson silver s;
Masson's argentaffin s.a s. used to stain enterochromaffin granules brown-black.
Masson's trichrome s.original composition for multicolored tissue preparations included Ponceau de xylidine, acid fuchsin, iron alum hematoxylin, and either aniline blue or fast green FCF; chromatin stains black, cytoplasm is in shades of red, granules of eosinophils and mast cells are deep red, erythrocytes are black, elastic fibers are red, and collagen fibers and mucus are dark blue (aniline blue) or green (fast green FCF); modifications substitute other dyes, such as Biebrich scarlet red and wool green S.
Maximow's s. for bone marrowan alum-hematoxylin and azure II-eosin s. used to distinguish granulated leukocytes, mast cells, and cartilage.
Mayer's hemalum s.a progressive nuclear s. also used as a counterstain.
Mayer's mucicarmine s. See mucicarmine.
Mayer's mucihematein s. See mucihematein.
May-Grünwald s.a German equivalent of Jenner's s., used for blood staining and in cytology; often used in combination with Giemsa s.; valuable in demonstrating parasitic flagellates.
metachromatic s.a s., such as methylene blue, thionin, or azure A, that has the ability to produce different colors with various histological or cytological structures.
methyl green-pyronin s.a staining method useful for identification of plasma cells which are intensely pyroninophilic; a mixture of a green and a red dye that has the property of staining highly polymerized nucleic acid (DNA) green and low molecular weight nucleic acids (RNA) red. See Unna-Pappenheim s.
Mowry's colloidal iron s.a s. used for demonstrating acid mucopolysaccharides.
MSB trichrome s.a s. for fibrin using martius yellow, brilliant crystal scarlet 6R, and soluble blue; fibrin is selectively stained red and connective tissue appears blue.
multiple s.a mixture of several dyes each having an independent selective action on one or more portions of the tissue.
Nakanishi's s.a method for vital staining of bacteria in which a slide is treated with hot methylene blue solution until it acquires a sky-blue color, after which a drop of an emulsion of the bacteria is put on the cover glass and the latter laid on the slide; the bacteria are stained differentially, some parts more intensely than others.
Nauta's s.a s. for degenerating axons in which they stain with silver and appear as fragmented and swollen fibers.
negative s.s. forming an opaque or colored background against which the object to be demonstrated appears as a translucent or colorless area; in electron microscopy, an electron opaque material, such as phosphotungstic acid or sodium phosphotungstate, is used to give detail as to surface structure.
Neisser's s.a s. for the polar nuclei of the diphtheria bacillus which uses a mixture of methylene blue and crystal violet.
neutral s.a compound of an acid s. and a basic s., such as the eosinate of methylene blue, in which the anion and cation each contains a chromophore group.salt dye;
Nicolle's s. for capsuless. in a mixture of a saturated solution of gentian violet in alcohol-phenol.
ninhydrin-Schiff s. for proteinsproteins are revealed by using ninhydrin or alloxan to produce aldehydes from primary aliphatic amines by oxidative deamination; the aldehydes are shown by reaction with Schiff's reagent.
Nissl's s. 1. a method for staining nerve cells with basic fuchsin; 2. a method for staining aggregates of rough endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes in neuronal cell bodies and dendrites with basic dyes such as cresyl violet (or cresyl echt violet), thionine, toluidin blue O, or methylene blue.
Noble's s.a basic fuchsin-orange G staining technique for detection of viral inclusion bodies in fixed tissues.
nuclear s.a s. for cell nuclei, usually based on the binding of a basic dye to DNA or nucleohistone.
Orth's s.a lithium carmine s. for nerve cells and their processes.
Padykula-Herman s. for myosin ATPasea technique similar to that of Gomori's nonspecific alkaline phosphatase s., except that incubation is carried out with ATP as the substrate at pH 9.4 in the absence of Mg⁺⁺; enzyme activity is demonstrated as blackened deposits in the A band of striated muscle sarcomeres; control tissue sections lacking substrate and containing sulfhydryl inhibitors are necessary.
Paget-Eccleston s.an aldehyde-thionin-PAS-orange G staining technique modified to identify seven different cell types in the anterior pituitary gland.
panoptic s.a s. in which a Romanowsky-type s. is combined with another s.; such a combination improves the staining of cytoplasmic granules and other bodies.
Papanicolaou s.a multichromatic s. used principally on exfoliated cytologic specimens and based on aqueous hematoxylin with multiple counterstaining dyes in 95% ethyl alcohol, giving great transparency and delicacy of detail; important in cancer screening, especially of gynecologic smears.
Pappenheim's s.a method for differentiating tubercle and smegma bacilli; the preparation is stained with hot carbol-fuchsin solution, then treated with an alcoholic solution of rosolic acid and methylene blue to which glycerin is added; tubercle bacilli are stained bright red, but smegma bacilli are decolorized.
paracarmine s.a staining fluid consisting of a solution of calcium chloride and carminic acid in 75% alcohol.
PAS s.periodic acid-Schiff s
periodic acid-Schiff s. (PAS) a tissue-staining procedure in which 1,2-glycol groupings are first oxidized with periodic acid to aldehydes, which then react with the sulfite leucofuchsin reagent of Schiff, and become colored red-violet; strong staining occurs with polysaccharides, such as glycogen, and mucopolysaccharides of epithelial mucins, basement membranes, and connective tissue.PAS s;
Perls' Prussian blue s.a s. for ferric iron as in hemosiderins, using potassium ferrocyanide in acetic acid or dilute hydrochloric acid followed by a red counterstain such as safranin O or neutral red; various hemosiderins and most mineral irons give a blue-green reaction, while nuclei stain red.
peroxidase s.a method for demonstrating peroxidase granules in some neutrophils and in eosinophils; the enzyme promotes the oxidation of benzidine by hydrogen peroxide; tissues treated with horseradish peroxidase can also have the enzyme detected in the electron microscope.
phosphotungstic acid s.the first general s. used for electron microscopy; a selective s. for extracellular components such as elastin, collagen, and basement membrane mucopolysaccharides; it can be followed by uranyl acetate or lead.PTA s;
picrocarmine s.a red crystalline powder derived from a solution of carmine, ammonia, and picric acid which is evaporated, leaving the powder (soluble in water); it produces excellent staining of keratohyaline granules.
picro-Mallory trichrome s.a modification of Mallory's trichrome s. that involves the addition of picric acid.
picronigrosin s.a solution of nigrosin in picric acid, used for staining connective tissue.
plasma s., plasmatic s., plasmic s.a s. whose principal affinity is for the cytoplasm of cells.
plastic section s. 1. for electron microscopy, a s. (e.g., osmic acid, PTA, potassium permanganate) used on thin sections of plastic-embedded tissues, utilizing differential attachment of heavy atoms to various cellular and tissue structures so that electrons will be absorbed and scattered by these structures to produce an image; to achieve differential staining, the s. must penetrate nonwettable plastic embedments; 2. for light microscopy, a s. (e.g., alkaline toluidine blue, silver methenamine) used on plastic-embedded tissues to attain higher resolution and more detail than normally possible; semi-thick (0.5-1.5 mum) sections are particularly useful in renal pathology, especially in combination with the phase microscope.
port-wine s.nevus flammeus
positive s.direct binding of a dye with a tissue component to produce contrast; in electron microscopy, heavy metals like uranyl and lead salts are used to bind to selective cell constituents to produce increased density to the electron beam, i.e., contrast.
Prussian blue s.a s. employing acid potassium ferrocyanide to demonstrate iron, as in siderocytes.
PTA s.phosphotungstic acid s
Puchtler-Sweat s. for basement membranesa staining method using resorcin-fuchsin and nuclear fast red solutions after Carnoy's fixative; basement membranes are gray to black and nuclei pink to red.
Puchtler-Sweat s. for hemoglobin and hemosiderina complex staining method in which, on a yellow background, hemoglobin is stained red, hemosiderin blue to green and elastic fibers are pink.
Q-banding s.a fluorescent s. for chromosomes which produces specific banding patterns for each pair of homologous chromosomes; the acridine dye derivative, quinacrine hydrochloride, or other derivatives like quinacrine mustard dihydrochloride produces a green-yellow fluorescence at pH 4.5 in chromosome segments rich in constitutive heterochromatin with deoxyadenylate-deoxythymidilate (A-T) bases of DNA; centromeric regions of human chromosomes 3, 4, and 13 are specifically stained, as are satellites of some acrocentric chromosomes and the end of the long arm of the Y chromosome; banding patterns are similar to those obtained with G-banding stain; similar fluorescent s. results are seen with the antibiotics adriamycin and daunomycin, as well as the tertiary dyes butyl proflavine and dapi, and the bisbenzimidazole dye hoechst 33258.quinacrine chromosome banding s;
quinacrine chromosome banding s.Q-banding s
Rambourg's chromic acid-phosphotungstic acid s.a s. for glycoproteins, used with an electron microscope, with which ultrathin tissue sections reveal complex carbohydrates in the same locations as shown by Rambourg's periodic acid-chromic methenamine-silver s.
Rambourg's periodic acid-chromic methenamine-silver s.a s. for glycoproteins, used with an electron microscope, adapted from the Gomori-Jones periodic acid-methenamine-silver s.; it produces silver deposits in mature saccules of the Golgi apparatus, lysosomal vesicles, cell coat, and basement membranes.
R-banding s.a reverse Giemsa chromosome banding method that produces bands complementary to G-bands; induced by treatment with high temperature, low pH, or acridine orange staining; often used together with G-banding on human karyotype to determine whether there are deletions.
Romanowsky's blood s.prototype of the eosin-methylene blue s.'s for blood smears, using aqueous solutions made of a mixture of methylene blue (saturated) and eosin. Romanowsky-type s.'s depend for their action on compounds formed by interaction of methylene blue and eosin; most are of no value if water is present in the alcohol because neutral dyes become precipitated.
Roux's s.a double s. for diphtheria bacilli which employs crystal violet or dahlia and methyl green.
Schaeffer-Fulton s.a s. for bacterial spores using malachite green and safranin so that bacterial bodies are red to pink and spores are green.
Schmorl's ferric-ferricyanide reduction s.a s. to test for reducing substances in tissues, including melanin, argentaffin granules, thyroid colloid, keratin, keratohyalin, and lipofuscin pigments; ferricyanide is converted into ferrocyanide which is converted to insoluble Prussian blue in the presence of ferric ions.
Schmorl's picrothionin s.a s. for compact bone which employs thionin and picric acid solutions to produce blue to blue-black staining of bone canaliculi and cells; bone matrix is yellowish and cartilage ground substance is purple.
Schultz s.a s. for cholesterol; a relatively specific but insensitive histochemical test for cholesterol and cholesterol esters in which frozen sections of formalin-fixed tissues are oxidized in iron alum, hydrogen peroxide, or sodium iodate, then treated with sulfuric acid to give a blue-green to red color in a positive reaction; the presence of glycerol inhibits the reaction.
selective s.a s. that colors one portion of a tissue or cell exclusively or more deeply than the remaining portions.
silver s.any of a variety of s.'s (e.g., Bielschowsky's, Gomori's silver, impregnation s.'s) which employ alkaline silver nitrate solutions to stain connective tissue fibers (reticulin, collagen), calcium salt deposits, spirochaetes, neurological tissue, and nucleolar organizer regions.
silver-ammoniacal silver s.a s. for the acid protein component of nucleolar regions which are active or which were transcriptionally active in the preceding interphase; uses silver nitrate, ammoniacal silver, and formalin.Ag-AS s;
silver protein s.a silver proteinate complex used in staining nerve fibers, nerve endings, and flagellate protozoa; also used to demonstrate phagocytosis in living animals by the cells of the reticuloendothelial system.
Stirling's modification of Gram's s.a stable aniline-crystal violet s.
supravital s.a procedure in which living tissue is removed from the body and cells are placed in a nontoxic dye solution so that their vital processes may be studied.
Taenzer's s.an orcein solution used for staining elastic tissue.Unna-Taenzer s;
Takayama's s.a s. containing pyridine, sodium hydrate, and dextrose; used for identification of blood stains; a drop added to a suspected blood stain results in the formation of hemochromogen crystals.
telomeric R-banding s.a modified R-banding s. in which the telomeres become strongly stained and faint R-banding still occurs over the rest of the chromosomes; uses air-dried slides, aging for several days, and staining in hot phosphate-buffered Giemsa s.
thioflavine T s.a s. employed to detect amyloid, which induces specific yellow fluorescence; tissue sections are first put in alum-hematoxylin to quench nuclear fluorescence and then stained in thioflavine T.
Tizzoni's s.a s. used as a test for iron in tissue; the tissue is treated with a solution of potassium ferrocyanide and then with dilute hydrochloric acid; a blue coloration indicates the presence of iron.
Toison's s.a blood diluent and leukocyte stain containing methyl violet, sodium chloride, sodium sulfate, and glycerin; also used for erythrocyte counts.
trichrome s.staining combinations which usually contain three dyes of contrasting colors selected to stain connective tissue, muscle, cytoplasm, and nuclei in bright colors; generally, tissue sections are first dyed in iron hematoxylin before being treated with the other dyes.
trypsin G-banding s. See G-banding s.
Unna-Pappenheim s.a contrast s. consisting of a methyl green-pyronin solution; originally used for gonococci, but later used to detect RNA and DNA in tissue sections; RNA is stained red and DNA appears green; used to demonstrate plasma cells during chronic inflammation. See methyl green-pyronin s.
Unna's s. 1. an alkaline methylene blue s. for plasma cells; 2. a polychrome methylene blue s. with which mast cells are stained red (metachromatic).
Unna-Taenzer s.Taenzer's s
uranyl acetate s.a s. used in electron microscopy; uranyl acetate binds specifically to nucleic acids but selectively tends to be abolished by osmium fixation; proteins are well stained, but cytomembranes are poorly stained.
urate crystals s.a s. using silver methenamine to detect crystals, which polarize light in contrast with calcium crystals; useful in diagnosing gout and kidney infarcts resulting from uric acid build-up.
van Ermengen's s.a method for staining flagella which utilizes glacial acetic acid, osmic acid, tannic acid, silver nitrate, gallic acid, and potassium acetate.
van Gieson's s.a mixture of acid fuchsin in saturated picric acid solution, used in collagen staining.
Verhoeff's elastic tissue s.a s. for tissue sections in which a mixture of hematoxylin, ferric chloride, and Lugol's iodine solution is used; tissue may be counterstained, if desired, with eosin or van Gieson's s.; elastic fibers and nuclei appear blue-black to black while collagen and other components are shades of pink to red.
vital s.a s. applied to cells or parts of cells while they are still living.
von Kossa s.a s. for calcium in mineralized tissue, utilizing a silver nitrate solution followed by sodium thiosulfate; calcified bone but not osteoid is stained brown to black.Kossa s;
Wachstein-Meissel s. for calcium-magnesium-ATPasea method similar to that of Gomori's nonspecific acid phosphatase s., except that incubation is carried out with ATP as substrate at neutral pH; enzyme activity is generally demonstrated at cell membranes.
Warthin-Starry silver s.a s. for spirochetes in which preparations are incubated in 1% silver nitrate solution followed by a developer.
Weigert-Gram s.a s. for bacteria in tissues in which sections are stained in alum-hematoxylin, then in eosin, aniline methyl violet, and Lugol's solution.
Weigert's s. for actinomycesa staining method using immersion in a dark red orsellin solution in alcohol, then staining in crystal-violet solution. See also iron hematoxylin.
Weigert's s. for elastina staining solution of fuchsin, resorcin, and ferric chloride; elastic fibers stain blue-black.
Weigert's s. for fibrina staining method using solutions of aniline-crystal violet and iodine-potassium iodide, then decolorizing in aniline oil and xylol; the fibrin is stained dark blue.
Weigert's iron hematoxylin s.a nuclear staining solution containing hematoxylin, ferric chloride, and hydrochloric acid; useful in combination with von Gieson's s., especially for demonstrating connective tissue elements or Entamoeba histolytica in sections.
Weigert's s. for myelina staining method using ferric chloride and hematoxylin; myelin stains deep blue, degenerated portions a light yellowish color.
Weigert's s. for neurogliaa complicated process in which the final treatment is like that for staining fibrin; neuroglia and nuclei stain blue.
Wilder's s. for reticuluma silver impregnation technique in which reticulum appears as black, well-defined fibers without beading and with a relatively clear background.
Williams' s.a s. for Negri bodies which utilizes picric acid, fuchsin, and methylene blue; Negri bodies are magenta, granules and nerve cells blue, and erythrocytes yellowish.
Wright's s.a staining mixture of eosinates of polychromed methylene blue used in staining of blood smears.
Ziehl-Neelsen s.a method for staining acid-fast bacteria using Ziehl's s., decolorizing in acid alcohol, and counterstaining with methylene blue; acid-fast organisms appear red, other tissue elements light blue; a modification of this s. is also used for Actinomycetes and Brucella.
Ziehl's s.a carbol-fuchsin solution of phenol and basic fuchsin used to demonstrate bacteria and cell nuclei.

staining staining (stan´ing)

1. The act of applying a stain. See also stain. 2. In dentistry, modification of the color of the tooth or denture base.
progressive s.a procedure in which s. is continued until the desired intensity of coloring of tissue elements is attained.
regressive s.a type of s. in which tissues are overstained and the excess dye is then removed selectively until the desired intensity is obtained.

stains-all stains-all (stainz´awl)

4,5,4´,5´-Dibenzo-3,3´-diethyl-9-methylthiocarbocyanine bromide;a dye that stains phosphoproteins blue, proteins red, nucleic acids purple, and mucoproteins and mucopolysaccharides various colors on acrylamide gels; also used on tissue sections.

staircase staircase (star´kas)

A series of reactions that follow one another in progressively increasing or decreasing intensity, so that a chart shows a continuous rise or fall. See treppe.

stalagmometer stalagmometer (stal-a-gom´e-ter)

An instrument for determining exactly the number of drops in a given quantity of liquid; used as a measure of the surface tension of a fluid (the lower the tension, the smaller the drops and, consequently, the more numerous in a given quantity of the fluid).stactometer; [G. stalagma, a drop, + metron, measure]

stalk stalk (stawk)

A narrowed connection with a structure or organ.
allantoic s.the narrow connection between the intraembryonic portion of the allantois and the extraembryonic allantoic vesicle.
body s.the extraembryonic precursor of the connecting s. or umbilical cord by which the embryo is attached to its trophoblastic chorion.connecting s;
connecting s.body s
s. of epiglottisthe lower end or pedicle of the cartilage of the epiglottis, attached to the superior notch of the thyroid cartilage.petiolus epiglottidis [NA] ;
infundibular s.infundibular stem
optic s.the constricted proximal portion of the optic vesicle in the embryo; it develops into the optic nerve.
pineal s.the attachment of the pineal body to the roof of the third ventricle; it contains the pineal recess of the third ventricle.
pituitary s.a process comprising the tuberal part investing the infundibular stem that attaches the hypophysis to the tuber cinereum at the base of the brain.
yolk s.the narrowed connection between the intraembryonic gut and the yolk sac; its walls are splanchnopleure.umbilical duct, vitelline duct, vitellointestinal duct;

staltic staltic (stawl´tik)

styptic [G. staltikos, contractile]

stammer stammer (stam´er)

1. To hesitate in speech, halt, repeat, and mispronounce, by reason of embarrassment, agitation, unfamiliarity with the subject, or as yet unidentified physiologic causes. Cf. stutter. 2. To mispronounce or transpose certain consonants in speech. [A.S. stamur]

stammering stammering (stam´er-ing)

1. A speech disorder characterized by hesitation and repetition of words, or by mispronunciation or transposition of certain consonants, especially l, r, and s. 2. Sounds other than speech, that are similar to stammering.paralalia literalis, psellism;
s. of the bladderurinary stuttering

Stamnosoma Stamnosoma (stam-no-so´ma)

A genus of flukes of the family Heterophyidae, identical with Centrocestus. Two species, S. armatum and S. formosanum, have been described as sometimes infecting humans. [G. stamnos, a jar, + soma, body]

standard standard (stan´dard)

1. Something that serves as a basis for comparison; a technical specification or written report by experts. 2. See standard substance. [M.E., fr. O.Fr. estandard, rallying place, fr. Frankish standan, to stand, + hard, hard, fast]

standardization standardization (stan´dard-i-za´shun)

1. The making of a solution of definite strength so that it may be used for comparison and in tests. 2. Making any drug or other preparation conform to the type or standard. 3. A set of techniques used to remove as far as possible the effects of differences in the age or other confounding variables when comparing two or more populations.
s. of a testin psychology, the following of definite procedures for administering, scoring, evaluating, and reporting the results of a new test which is under development.

standstill standstill

Cessation of activity.
atrial s.cessation of atrial contractions, marked by absence of atrial waves in the electrocardiogram.auricular s;
auricular s.atrial s
cardiac s.asystole
sinus s.cessation of sinus node activity, marked by absence of normal P waves in the electrocardiogram.
ventricular s.cessation of ventricular contractions, marked by absence of ventricular complexes in the electrocardiogram.

Stanley Stanley

Edward, English surgeon, 1793-1862. See S.'s cervical ligaments, under ligament.

Stanley Way Stanley Way

See Way.

stannic stannic (stan´ik)

Relating to tin, especially when in combination in its higher valency. [L. stannum, tin]

stannic chloride stannic chloride

SnCl₄;a fuming liquid (fuming spirit of Libavius), specific gravity 2.23, boiling point 115°C, that forms several hydrates; the pentahydrate (butter of tin) is used for mordanting and "loading" or "weighting" silk.

stannic oxide stannic oxide

SnO₂;used in industry; it is a cause of pneumoconiosis.tin oxide;

Stannius Stannius

Herman F., German biologist, 1808-1883. See S. ligature.

stannous stannous (stan´us)

Relating to tin, especially when in combination in its lower valency. [L. stannum, tin]

stannous fluoride stannous fluoride

A preparation containing not less than 71.2% of stannous tin and not less than 22.3% nor more than 25.5% of fluoride; used as a prophylactic against caries in dentistry.

stannum stannum (stan´um)

tin [L.]

stanolone stanolone (stan´o-lon)

17beta-hydroxy-5a-androstane-3-one;an androgen with the same actions and uses as testosterone; used for its anabolic and tumor-suppressing effects, specifically, in carcinoma of the breast.dihydrotestosterone;

stanozolol stanozolol (stan-o´zo-lol, -lol)

Androstanozole;stanozol, 17a-methyl-5a-androstan-17beta-ol carrying a pyrazole ring (=CH-NH-N=) attached to C-2 and C-3 (see steroids for androstane structure). A semisynthetic, orally effective anabolic agent.

stapedectomy stapedectomy (sta-pe-dek´to-me)

Operation to remove the stapes footplate in whole or part with replacement of the stapes superstructure (crura) by metal or plastic prosthesis; used for otosclerosis with stapes fixation to overcome a conductive hearing loss. [stapes + G. ektome, excision]

stapedial stapedial (sta-pe´de-al)

Relating to the stapes.

stapediotenotomy stapediotenotomy (sta-pe´de-o-te-not´o-me)

Division of the tendon of the stapedius muscle. [stapedius + G. tenon, tendon, + tome, incision]

stapediovestibular stapediovestibular (sta-pe´de-o-ves-tib´yu-lar)

Relating to the stapes and the vestibule of the ear.

stapedius stapedius, pl. stapedii (sta-pe´de-us, sta-pe´de-I)

stapedius muscle [Mod. L.]

stapes stapes, pl. stapesstapedes (sta´pez, sta´pe-dez) [NA]

The smallest of the three auditory ossicles; its base, or footpiece, fits into the vestibular (oval) window, while its head is articulated with the lenticular process of the long limb of the incus.stirrup; [Mod. L. stirrup]

staphyl- staphyl-

See staphylo-.

staphylectomy staphylectomy (staf-i-lek´to-me)

uvulectomy [staphyl- + G. ektome, excision]

staphyledema staphyledema (staf´il-e-de´ma)

Edema of the uvula. [staphyl- + G. oidema, swelling (edema)]

staphyline staphyline (staf´i-lIn, -len)

botryoid

staphylion staphylion (sta-fil´e-on)

The midpoint of the posterior edge of the hard palate; a craniometric point. See also posterior nasal spine. [G. dim. of staphyle, a bunch of grapes]

staphylo- staphylo-, staphyl-

Resemblance to a grape or a bunch of grapes, hence relating usually to staphylococci or, in obsolescent image, to the uvula palatina. See also uvulo-. [G. staphyle, a bunch of grapes]

staphylococcal staphylococcal (staf´i-lo-kok´al)

Relating to or caused by any organism of the genus Staphylococcus.

staphylococcemia staphylococcemia (staf´i-lo-kok-se´me-a)

The presence of staphylococci in the circulating blood.staphylohemia; [staphylo- + G. haima, blood]

staphylococci staphylococci (staf´i-lo-kok´sI)

Plural of staphylococcus.

staphylococcia staphylococcia (staf´i-lo-kok´se-a)

Any staphylococcic infection.

staphylococcic staphylococcic (staf´i-lo-kok´sik)

Relating to or caused by any species of Staphylococcus.

staphylococcolysin staphylococcolysin (staf´i-lo-ko-kol´i-sin)

staphylolysin

staphylococcolysis staphylococcolysis (staf´i-lo-ko-kol´i-sis)

Lysis or destruction of staphylococci. [staphylo- + G. lysis, dissolution]

staphylococcosis staphylococcosis, pl. staphylococcoses (staf´i-lo-kok-o´sis, -sez)

Infection by species of the bacterium Staphylococcus.

Staphylococcus Staphylococcus (staf´i-lo-kok´us)

A genus of nonmotile, nonsporeforming, aerobic to facultatively anaerobic bacteria (family Micrococcaceae) containing Gram-positive, spherical cells, 0.5 to 1.5 mum in diameter, which divide in more than one plane to form irregular clusters. These organisms are chemoorganotrophic, and their metabolism is respiratory and fermentative. Under anaerobic conditions, lactic acid is produced from glucose; under aerobic conditions, acetic acid and small amounts of CO₂ are produced. Coagulase-positive strains produce a variety of toxins and are therefore potentially pathogenic and may cause food poisoning. These organisms are usually susceptible to antibiotics such as the beta-lactam and macrolide antibiotics, tetracyclines, novobiocin, and chloramphenicol but are resistant to polymyxin and polyenes. They are susceptible to antibacterials such as phenols and their derivatives, surface-active compounds, salicylanilides, carbanilides, and halogens (chlorine and iodine) and their derivatives, such as chloramines and iodophors. They are found on the skin, in skin glands, on the nasal and other mucous membranes of warm-blooded animals, and in a variety of food products. The type species is S. aureus. [staphylo- + G. kokkos, a berry]
S. au´reusa common species found especially on nasal mucous membrane and skin (hair follicles); it causes furunculosis, cellulitis, pyemia, pneumonia, osteomyelitis, endocarditis, suppuration of wounds, other infections, and food poisoning; also a cause of infection in burn patients. Humans are the chief reservoir. The type species of the genus S.S. pyogenes aureus;
S. epider´midisa species, originally found in small stitch abscesses and other skin wounds, which occurs on parasitic skin and mucous membranes of man and other animals; it is parasitic rather than pathogenic.
S. haemolyticuscoagulase-negative staphylococcus indigenous to human and mammalian hosts.
S. hominiscoagulase-negative staphylococcus indigenous to human and mammalian hosts.
S. hyi´cusa species whose porcine subspecies are opportunistic pathogens associated with epidermites such as greasy pig disease.
S. pyog´enes al´busa name formerly applied to the organisms which are now regarded as the mutants of S. aureus which form white colonies.
S. pyog´enes au´reusS. aureus
S. saprophyticusa genus that causes urinary tract infections.
S. simulanscoagulase-negative staphylococcus indigenous to human and mammalian hosts.

staphylococcus staphylococcus, pl. staphylococci (staf´i-lo-kok´us, kok´sI)

A vernacular term used to refer to any member of the genus Staphylococcus.

staphyloderma staphyloderma (staf´i-lo-der´ma)

Pyoderma due to staphylococci. [staphylo- + G. derma, skin]

staphylodermatitis staphylodermatitis (staf´i-lo-der-ma-tI´tis)

Inflammation of the skin due to the action of staphylococci.

staphylodialysis staphylodialysis (staf´i-lo-dI-al´i-sis)

uvuloptosis [staphylo- + G. dialysis, a separation]

staphylohemia staphylohemia (staf´i-lo-he´me-a)

staphylococcemia

staphylohemolysin staphylohemolysin (staf´i-lo-he-mol´i-sin)

A mixture of hemolysins (alpha, beta, gamma, and delta), included in staphylococcal exotoxin; the a hemolysin has a marked effect on vascular muscle.

staphylokinase staphylokinase (staf´i-lo-kI´nas)

A microbial metalloenzyme from Staphylococcus aureus, with action similar to that of urokinase and streptokinase, that can convert plasminogen to plasmin but requires Ca²⁺; separated in forms A, B, and C.

staphylolysin staphylolysin (staf-i-lol´i-sin)

1. A hemolysin elaborated by a staphylococcus. 2. An antibody causing lysis of staphylococci.staphylococcolysin;

staphyloma staphyloma (staf-i-lo´ma)

A bulging of the cornea or sclera containing uveal tissue. [staphylo- + G. -oma, tumor]
annular s.a s. extending around the periphery of the cornea.
anterior s.a bulging near the anterior pole of the eyeball.corneal s;
ciliary s.scleral s. occurring in the region of the ciliary body.
corneal s.anterior s
equatorial s.a s. occurring in the area of exit of the vortex veins.scleral s;
intercalary s.a scleral s. occurring between the insertion of the ciliary body and the root of the iris.
posterior s.a bulging near the posterior pole of the eyeball due to degenerative changes in severe myopia.Scarpa's s., sclerochoroiditis posterior;
Scarpa's s.posterior s
scleral s.equatorial s
uveal s.seldom-used term for protrusion of the iris through a rupture of the sclera.

staphylomatous staphylomatous (staf-i-lo´ma-tus)

Relating to or marked by staphyloma.

staphylopharyngorrhaphy staphylopharyngorrhaphy (staf´i-lo-far-in-gor´a-fe)

Surgical repair of defects in the uvula or soft palate and the pharynx.palatopharyngorrhaphy; [staphylo- + pharynx + G. rhaphe, suture]

staphyloplasty staphyloplasty (staf´i-lo-plas-te)

palatoplasty [staphylo- + G. plasso, to form]

staphyloplegia staphyloplegia (staf´i-lo-ple´je-a)

palatoplegia

staphyloptosis staphyloptosis (staf´i-lop-to´sis)

uvuloptosis [staphylo- + G. ptosis, a falling]

staphylorrhaphy staphylorrhaphy (staf-i-lor´a-fe)

palatorrhaphy [staphylo- + G. rhaphe, suture]

staphylotoxin staphylotoxin (staf´i-lo-tok´sin)

The toxin elaborated by any species of Staphylococcus. See also staphylohemolysin. [staphylo- + G. toxikon, poison]

stapling stapling (stap´ling)

Use of a stapling device that unites two tissues, such as the two ends of bowel, by applying a row or circle of staples.
gastric s.partitioning of the stomach by rows of staples; used to treat morbid obesity.

star star

Any star-shaped structure. See also aster, astrosphere, stella, stellula. [A.S. steorra]
daughter s.one of the figures forming the diaster.polar s;
lens s.'s 1. radii lentis, under radius 2. congenital cataracts with opacities along the suture lines of the lens; may be anterior or posterior, or both.
mother s.monaster
polar s.daughter s
venous s.a small, red nodule formed by a dilated vein in the skin; caused by increased venous pressure.
Verheyen's s.'svenulae stellatae, under venula
Winslow's s.'sstellulae winslowii, under stellula

starch starch

A high molecular-weight polysaccharide built up of d-glucose residues in a-1,4 linkage, differing from cellulose in the presence of a- rather than beta-glucoside linkages, that exists in most plant tissues; converted into dextrin when subjected to the action of dry heat, and into dextrin and d-glucose by amylases and glucoamylases in saliva and pancreatic juice; used as a dusting powder, an emollient, and an ingredient in medicinal tablets, and is an important raw material for the manufacture of alcohol, acetone, n-butanol, lactic acid, citric acid, glycerine, and gluconic acid by fermentation; chief storage carbohydrate in most higher plants.amylum; [A.S. stearc, strong]
animal s.glycogen
liver s.glycogen
moss s.lichenin
soluble s.a high-molecular-weight, water-soluble dextrin produced by the partial acid hydrolysis of s.; useful in iodimetry, as it gives an easily visible purple-black end point in the presence of free iodine.

starch-eating starch-eating

amylophagia

stare stare (star)

1. To look intently or fixedly. 2. An intent gaze. [A.S. starian]
postbasic s.obsolete term for the appearance of a child with a posterior basic meningitis, due to retraction of the upper eyelid (Collier's sign) and downward rotation of the eye.

Stargardt Stargardt

Karl, German ophthalmologist, 1875-1927. See S.'s disease.

Starling Starling

Ernest H., English physiologist, 1866-1927. See S.'s curve, hypothesis, law, reflex; Frank-S. curve.

Starr Starr

Albert, U.S. physician, *1926. See Starr-Edwards valve.

Starry Starry

See Warthin-Starry silver stain.

starter starter (start´er)

primer (1)

starvation starvation (star-va´shun)

Lengthy and continuous deprivation of food.

starve starve

1. To suffer from lack of food. 2. To deprive of food so as to cause suffering or death. 3. Formerly, to die of cold. [A.S. steorfan, to die]

Stas Stas

Jean-Servais, Belgian chemist, 1813-1891. See S.-Otto method.

stasimorphia stasimorphia (stas-i-mor´fe-a)

Deformity due to arrested development. [G. stasis, a standing still, + morphe, shape]

stasis stasis, pl. stases (sta´sis, stas´is; -ez)

Stagnation of the blood or other fluids. [G. a standing still]
intestinal s.enterostasis
papillary s.obsolete term for papilledema.
pressure s.traumatic asphyxia
venous s.congestion and slowing of circulation in veins due to blockage by either obstruction or high pressure in the venous system, usually best seen in the feet and legs.

stat. stat.

Abbreviation for L. statim, at once, immediately.

stat- stat-

Prefix applied to electrical units in the CGS-electrostatic system to distinguish them from units in the CGS-electromagnetic system (prefix ab-) and those in the metric system or SI system (no prefix).

-stat -stat

An agent intended to keep something from changing or moving. [G. states, stationary]

statampere statampere (stat-am´per)

The electrostatic unit of current; the flow of 1 electrostatic unit of charge (1 statcoulomb) per second; equal to 3.335641 x 10^-10 ampere. [G. statos, standing (stationary), + ampere]

statcoulomb statcoulomb (stat-ku´lom)

The electrostatic unit of charge, such that two objects, each carrying such a charge and separated (center to center) by 1 cm in a vacuum, will repel each other with a force of 1 dyne (or 10^-5 newton); equal to 3.335641 x 10^-10 coulomb. [G. statos, standing (stationary), + coulomb]

state state (stat)

A condition, situation, or status. [L. status, condition, state]
absent s.dreamy s
activated s.excited s
anxiety tension s.a milder form of an anxiety disorder. See anxiety disorders, under disorder.
apallic s. 1. diffuse, bilateral cerebral cortical degeneration caused by head injury, anoxia, or encephalitis; 2. a state of persistent unresponsiveness, such as akinetic mutism, caused by brain damage. See also vegetative.apallic syndrome, apallic;
carrier s.the s. of being a carrier of pathogenic organisms; i.e., one who is infected but free of disease.
central excitatory s.the building up of excitatory influences produced by individual impulses finally causes firing of the next neuron.
convulsive s.epilepsy
decerebrate s.decerebrate rigidity
decorticate s.decorticate rigidity
dreamy s.the semiconscious s. associated with an epileptic attack.absent s;
eunuchoid s.an imprecisely delineated condition of a male manifesting signs of inadequate androgen secretion during adolescent growth, regardless of the cause; usually referring to long legs, short trunk, and boyish beardless faces.
excited s.the condition of an atom or molecule after absorbing energy, which may be the result of exposure to light, electricity, elevated temperature, or a chemical reaction; such activation may be a necessary prelude to a chemical reaction or to the emission of light.activated s;
ground s.the normal, inactivated s. of an atom from which, on activation, the singlet, triplet, and other excited s.'s are derived.
hypnoid s.a drowsy or sleeplike s. artificially induced by a hypnotist in individuals of higher than average levels of suggestibility. See hypnosis.
hypnotic s.hypnosis
hypometabolic s.a rare s. of reduced metabolism with symptoms resembling hypothyroidism but with some tests for thyroid gland function normal; also used to describe the reduced metabolic activity seen in true hypothyroidism.
imperfect s.in fungi, the s. or stage at which only asexual spores such as conidia are formed; most such species are classified as Deuteromycetes (Fungi Imperfecti).
lacunar s.the presence of lacunes in the brain. One of the major factors underlying cerebrovascular disease; high correlation with hypertension and atherosclerosis. Symptomatic forms include pure motor hemiplegia and pure hemisensory syndrome; multiple lacunar infarcts are the most common cause of pseudobulbar palsy.
local excitatory s.increased irritability of a nerve fiber or muscle fiber which is produced by an ineffective electrical stimulus; summation of the stimuli may occur, resulting in a propagated impulse if two or more subliminal stimuli are applied in rapid succession.
multiple ego s.'svarious psychological organizational s.'s reflecting different personas or life experiences.
perfect s.in fungi, that portion of the life cycle in which spores are formed after nuclear fusion.
post-steady s.any period of time, particularly in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction, after the steady-state interval; e.g., when the rate of product formation is declining in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction.
pre-steady s.those conditions and the time interval prior to establishment of steady s.
refractory s.subnormal excitability immediately following a response to previous excitation; the s. is divided into absolute and relative phases.
singlet s.a transient, excited s. of a molecule (e.g., of chlorophyll, upon absorbing light) that can release energy as heat or light (fluorescence) and thus return to the initial (ground) s.; it may alternatively assume a slightly more stable, but still excited s. (triplet s.), with an electron still dislocated as before but with reversed spin.
steady s. (ss, s) 1. a s. obtained in moderate muscular exercise, when the removal of lactic acid by oxidation keeps pace with its production, the oxygen supply being adequate, and the muscles do not go into debt for oxygen; 2. any condition in which the formation or introduction of substances just keeps pace with their destruction or removal so that all volumes, concentrations, pressures, and flows remain constant; 3. in enzyme kinetics, conditions such that the rate of change in the concentration of any enzyme species (e.g., free enzyme or the enzyme-substrate binary complex) is zero or much less than the rate of formation of product. [often subscript s or ss]
triplet s.a second excited s. of a molecule (e.g., chlorophyll) produced by absorption of light to produce the singlet s., then loss of some energy (fluorescence) to arrive at the longer-lived triplet s. The molecule may remain sufficiently long in the triplet s. for a second activating light quantum to be effective in producing a "second triplet" s., obviously at still a higher level of excitation, hence reactivity. Alternatively, it may lose the triplet s. energy directly and return to the ground s.
twilight s.a condition of disordered consciousness during which actions may be performed without the conscious volition of the individual and with no memory of such actions. Cf. somnambulic epilepsy.

statfarad statfarad (stat-fa´rad)

An electrostatic unit of capacitance, equal to 1.112650 x 10^-12 farad.

stathenry stathenry (stat-hen´re)

An electrostatic unit of inductance, equal to 8.987552 x 10¹¹ henries.

stathmokinesis stathmokinesis (stath´mo-ki-ne´sis)

Condition of arrested mitosis after treatment with an agent, such as colchicine, which effectively alters the mitotic spindle to prevent typical rearrangement of the chromosomes preceding cell division. [G. stathmos, standing place, + kinesis, motion]

statim statim (sta´tim)

At once; immediately. [L.]

statins statins (stat´ins)

releasing factors

station station

The degree of descent of the presenting part of the fetus through the maternal pelvis, as measured in relation to the ischial spines of the maternal pelvis.

statistical significance statistical significance

Statistical methods allow an estimate to be made of the probability of the observed degree of association between variables, and from this the statistical significance can be expressed, commonly in terms of the P value.

statistics statistics (sta-tis´tiks)

1. A collection of numerical values, items of information, or other facts which are numerically grouped into definite classes and subject to analysis, particularly analysis of the probability that the resulting empirical findings are due to chance. 2. The science and art of collecting, summarizing and analyzing data that are subject to random variation.
descriptive s.numerical values such as mean, median, and mode which describe the chief features of a group of scores, without regard to a larger population.
inferential s.s. from which an inference is made about the nature of a population; the purpose is to generalize about the population, based upon data from the sample selected from the population.
vital s.systematically tabulated information concerning births, marriages, divorces, separations, and deaths, based on the numbers of official registrations of these vital events; the branch of s. concerned with such data.

statoacoustic statoacoustic (stat´o-a-ku´stik)

Relating to equilibrium and hearing.vestibulocochlear (2) ; [G. statos, standing, + akoustikos, acoustic]

statoconia statoconia, gen. statoconium (stat´o-ko´ne-a, -ne-um) [NA]

statoliths [L. fr. G. statos, standing, konis, dust]

statokinetic statokinetic (stat´o-ki-net´ik)

Pertaining to statokinetics.

statokinetics statokinetics (stat´o-ki-net´iks)

The adjustment made by the body in motion to maintain stable equilibrium. [G. statos, standing, + kinesis, movement]

statoliths statoliths (stat´o-liths)

Crystalline particles of calcium carbonate and a protein adhering to the gelatinous membrane of the maculae of the utricle and saccule.statoconia [NA] , ear crystals, otoconia, otoliths, otolites, sagitta; [G. statos, standing, + lithos, stone]

statometer statometer (sta-tom´e-ter)

exophthalmometer [G. statos, standing, + metron, measure]

statosphere statosphere (stat´o-sfer)

centrosphere

stature stature (statch´er)

The height of a person. [L. statura, fr. statuo, pp. statutus, to cause to stand]

status status (sta´tus, stat´us)

A state or condition. [L. a way of standing]
s. angino´susprolonged angina pectoris refractory to treatment.
s. arthrit´icusobsolete term for gouty diathesis or predisposition.
s. asthmat´icusa condition of severe, prolonged asthma.
s. cholera´icusthe cold stage of shock and depression in cholera, due to fluid and electrolyte loss and resulting hypovolemia; characterized by weak pulse, cold clammy skin, confusion, and depression.
s. chore´icusa very severe form of chorea in which the persistence of the movements prevents sleep and the patient may die of exhaustion.
s. convul´sivusepilepsy
s. cribro´susa condition marked by dilations of the perivascular spaces in the brain.
s. crit´icusa very severe and persistent form of crisis in tabes dorsalis.
s. dysmyelinisa´tusHallervorden-Spatz syndrome
s. dysra´phicusa condition in which there is failure of fusion of midline structures; related to syringomyelia and perhaps to Marfan's syndrome or arachnodactyly.arrhaphia;
s. epilep´ticusrepeated seizure or a seizure prolonged for at least 30 minutes; may be convulsive (tonic-clonic), nonconvulsive (absence or complex partial) or partial (epilepsia partialis continuans) or subclinical (electrographic status epilepticus).
s. hemicra´nicusa condition in which attacks of migraine succeed each other with such short intervals as to be almost continuous.
s. hypnot´icusrarely used term for hypnosis.
s. lacuna´risa condition, occurring in cerebral arteriosclerosis, in which there are numerous small areas of degeneration in the brain.
s. lymphat´icuss. thymicolymphaticus
s. marmora´tusa congenital condition due to maldevelopment of the corpus striatum associated with choreoathetosis, in which the striate nuclei have a marblelike appearance caused by altered myelination.
s. nervo´suss. typhosus
s. prae´sensobsolete term for the part of the history of a case describing the condition of the patient at the time when he comes under observation.
s. rap´tusrarely used term for ecstasy.
s. spongio´susmultiple fluid-filled spaces of microscopic size in the cerebral white matter; seen in certain hypoxic, toxic, and metabolic diseases.
s. ster´nuensa state of continual sneezing.
s. thymicolymphat´icusold term for a syndrome of supposed enlargement of the thymus and lymph nodes in infants and young children, formerly believed to be associated with unexplained sudden death; it was also erroneously believed that pressure of the thymus on the trachea might cause death during anesthesia. Prominence of these structures is now considered normal in young children, including those who have died suddenly without preceding illnesses that might lead to atrophy of lymphoid tissue. See also sudden infant death syndrome.s. lymphaticus, s. thymicus;
s. thy´micuss. thymicolymphaticus
s. typho´susrarely used term for an erethistic or typhoidal state.s. nervosus;
s. vertigino´susa condition in which attacks of vertigo occur in rapid succession.chronic vertigo;

statuvolence statuvolence (stat-yu-vo´lens, sta-tu´vo-lens)

autohypnosis [status (hypnoticus) + L. volens, pres. p. of volo, to wish]

statuvolent statuvolent (stat-yu-vo´lent)

Relating to or capable of statuvolence.

statvolt statvolt (stat´volt)

An electrostatic unit of potential or electromotive force, equal to 299.7925 volts. [G. statos, standing (stationary), + volt]

Staub Staub

Hans, Swiss internist, *1890. See S.-Traugott effect, phenomenon.

staurion staurion (staw´re-on)

A craniometric point at the intersection of the median and transverse palatine sutures. [G. dim. of stauros, cross]

STD STD

Abbreviation for sexually transmitted disease.

steal steal (stel)

Diversion of blood via alternate routes or reversed flow, from a vascularized tissue to one deprived by proximal arterial obstruction. [M.E. stelen, fr. A.S. stelan]
coronary s.a s. caused by anomalous origin of the coronary artery from the pulmonary artery.
iliac s.the decrease in flow in one common iliac artery when an occlusion of the other common iliac artery is released.
renal-splanchnic s.diversion of blood from the right renal artery via the inferior adrenal branch into splanchnic collaterals distal to a stenosis of the celiac axis.
subclavian s.obstruction of the subclavian artery proximal to the origin of the vertebral artery; blood flow through the vertebral artery is reversed and the subclavian artery thus "steals" cerebral blood, causing symptoms of vertebrobasilar insufficiency (subclavian steal syndrome); manifest during vigorous use of an upper extremity.

steapsin steapsin (ste-ap´sin)

triacylglycerol lipase

stear- stear-

See stearo-.

stearal stearal (ste´a-ral)

octadecanal(dehyde);the aldehyde of stearic acid.stearaldehyde;

stearaldehyde stearaldehyde (ste-a-ral´de-hId)

stearal

stearate stearate (ste´a-rat)

A salt of stearic acid.

stearic acid stearic acid (ste´a-rik)

CH₃-(CH₂)₆COOH; n-Octadecanoic acid;one of the most abundant fatty acids found in animal lipids; used in pharmaceutical preparations, ointments, soaps, and suppositories.

stearin stearin (ste´a-rin)

tristearoylglycerol;the "triglyceride" of stearic acid present in solid animal fats and in some vegetable fats; source of stearic acid; commercial s. also contains some palmitic acid.tristearin;

Stearns Stearns

A. Warren, U.S. physician, 1885-1959. See S. alcoholic amentia.

stearo- stearo-, stear-

Combining form denoting fat. See also steato-. [G. stear, tallow]

stearrhea stearrhea (ste-a-re´a)

steatorrhea

stearyl alcohol stearyl alcohol (ste´a-ril)

Octadecyl alcohol; octadecanol;an ingredient of hydrophilic ointment and hydrophilic petrolatum; also used in the preparation of creams.

stearyl-CoA stearyl-CoA, stearyl-coenzyme A (ster´il)

The coenzyme A thioester of stearic acid; precursor to oleic acid and, in the brain, the C₂₂ and C₂₄ fatty acids present in sphingomyelins; in the brain, use of s-CoA increases during myelination.
s-CoA desaturasea protein complex that is key in the synthesis of unsaturated fatty acids; it introduces a double bond at &Udelta;⁹; high dietary levels of unsaturated fatty acids decrease this enzyme's activity in the liver; a number of agents will induce this enzyme (e.g., insulin, hydrocortisone, and triiodothyronine).

steatite steatite (ste´a-tIt)

Talc in the form of a mass.

steatitis steatitis (ste-a-tI´tis)

1. Inflammation of adipose tissue. 2. A disease of young mink characterized by a brownish yellow discoloration of the adipose tissues; believed to be caused by feeding diets containing too much unsaturated fatty acid and too little vitamin E. [G. stear (steat-), tallow, + -itis, inflammation]

steato- steato-

Combining form denoting fat. See stearo-. [G. stear (steat-), tallow]

steatocystoma steatocystoma (ste´a-to-sis-to´ma)

A cyst with sebaceous gland cells in its wall.
s. mul´tiplexwidespread, multiple, thin-walled cysts of the skin that are lined by squamous epithelium, including lobules of sebaceous cells.

steatogenesis steatogenesis (ste´a-to-jen´e-sis)

Biosynthesis of lipids. The term is used specifically to designate lipid accumulation in the testes of nonmammalian vertebrates on completion of spermatogenesis in the breeding period. [steato- + G. genesis, production]

steatolysis steatolysis (ste-a-tol´i-sis)

The hydrolysis or emulsion of fat in the process of digestion. [steato- + G. lysis, dissolution]

steatolytic steatolytic (ste-a-to-lit´ik)

Relating to steatolysis.

steatonecrosis steatonecrosis (ste´a-to-ne-kro´sis)

fat necrosis [steato- + G. nekrosis, death]

steatopyga steatopyga, steatopygia (ste´a-to-pI´ga, -pij´e-a)

Excessive accumulation of fat on the buttocks. [steato- + G. pyge, buttocks]

steatopygous steatopygous (ste-a-top´a-gus)

Having excessively fat buttocks.

steatorrhea steatorrhea (ste-at´o-re-a)

The excretion of unabsorbed lipids with the stool; an absence of bile acids will increase s.

steatorrhea steatorrhea (ste´a-to-re´a)

Passage of fat in large amounts in the feces, due to failure to digest and absorb it; occurs in pancreatic disease and the malabsorption syndromes.fat indigestion; stearrhea; [steato- + G. rhoia, a flow]
biliary s.s. due to the absence of bile from the intestine; usually accompanied by jaundice.
intestinal s.s. due to malabsorption resulting from intestinal disease. See also sprue, celiac disease.
pancreatic s.s. due to the absence of pancreatic juice from the intestine.

steatosis steatosis (ste-a-to´sis)

1. adiposis 2. fatty degeneration [steato- + G. -osis, condition]
s. cardiaca (ste-a-to´sis kar´de-a-ka) excessive fat on the pericardium and invading the cardiac muscle.
s. cor´disfatty degeneration of the heart.
hepatic s.fatty liver

steatozoon steatozoon (ste´a-to-zo´on)

Common name for Demodex folliculorum. [steato- + G. zoon, animal]

Steele Steele

John C., Canadian neurologist, fl. 1951-1968. See S.-Richardson-Olszewski disease, syndrome.

Steell Steell

Graham, British physician, 1851-1942. See Graham Steell's murmur.

Steenbock Steenbock

Harry, U.S. physiologist and chemist, 1886-1967. See S. unit.

stege stege (ste´ge)

The internal pillar of Corti's organ. [G. stegos, roof, a house]

stegnosis stegnosis (steg-no´sis)

1. A stoppage of any of the secretions or excretions. 2. A constriction or stenosis. [G. stoppage]

stegnotic stegnotic (steg-not´ik)

1. Astringent or constipating. 2. An astringent or constipating agent.

Stein Stein

Stanislav A.F. von, Russian otologist, *1855. See S.'s test.

Stein Stein

Irving F., U.S. gynecologist, *1887. See S.-Leventhal syndrome.

Steinberg Steinberg

I. See S. thumb sign.

Steinbrinck Steinbrinck

W., 20th century Germany physician. See Chédiak-S.-Higashi anomaly, syndrome.

Steinert Steinert

Hans, German physician, *1875. See S.'s disease.

Steinmann Steinmann

Fritz, Swiss surgeon, 1872-1932. See S. pin.

STEL STEL

Abbreviation for short-term exposure limit.

stella stella, pl. stellae (stel´a, -e)

A star or star-shaped figure. [Mod. L.]
s. len´tis hyaloi´deathe posterior pole of the lens. See radii lentis, under radius.
s. len´tis irid´icathe anterior pole of the lens. See radii lentis, under radius.

stellate stellate (stel´at)

Star-shaped. [L. stella, a star]

stellectomy stellectomy (stel-ek´to-me)

Stellate ganglionectomy.

stellula stellula, pl. stellulae (stel´yu-la, -le)

A small star or star-shaped figure. [L. dim. of stella, star]
stel´lulae vasculo´saestellulae winslowii
stel´lulae verheyen´iivenulae stellatae, under venula
stel´lulae winslo´wiicapillary whorls in the lamina choroidocapillaris from which arise the venae vorticosae.stellulae vasculosae, Winslow's stars;

Stellwag Stellwag

Carl von C., Austrian ophthalmologist, 1823-1904. See S.'s sign.

stem stem

A supporting structure similar to the stalk of a plant.
brain s. See brainstem.
infundibular s.the neural component of the pituitary stalk that contains nerve tracts passing from the hypothalamus to the pars nervosa.infundibular stalk;

sten. sten.

A statistical term which uses the standard deviation to convert data into standardized scores which define 10 steps along a normal distribution, with five steps on either side of the mean.

Stender Stender

Wilhelm P., 19th century Leipzig manufacturer of scientific apparatus. See S. dish.

Stenger test Stenger test

See under test.

stenion stenion (sten´e-on)

The termination in either temporal fossa of the shortest transverse diameter of the skull; a craniometric point. [G. stenos, narrow, + dim. -ion]

Steno Steno

See Stensen.

steno- steno-

Narrowness, constriction; opposite of eury-. [G. stenos, narrow]

stenobregmatic stenobregmatic (sten´o-breg-mat´ik)

Denoting a skull narrow anteriorly, at the part where the bregma is. [steno- + G. bregma]

stenocardia stenocardia (sten-o-kar´de-a)

angina pectoris [steno- + G. kardia, heart]

stenocephalia stenocephalia (sten-o-se-fa´le-a)

stenocephaly

stenocephalous stenocephalous, stenocephalic (sten-o-sef´a-lus, -se-fal´ik)

Pertaining to, or characterized by, stenocephaly.

stenocephaly stenocephaly (sten-o-sef´a-le)

Marked narrowness of the head.stenocephalia; [steno- + G. kephale, head]

stenochoria stenochoria (sten-o-ko´re-a)

Abnormal contraction of any canal or orifice, especially of the lacrimal ducts. [G. stenochoria, narrowness, fr. steno- + chora, place, room]

stenocompressor stenocompressor (sten´o-kom-pres´er, or)

An instrument for compressing the ducts of the parotid glands (Stensen's duct) in order to keep back the saliva during dental operations.

stenocrotaphy stenocrotaphy, stenocrotaphia (sten´o-krot´a-fe, -kro-ta´fe-a)

Narrowness of the skull in the temporal region; the condition of a stenobregmate skull. [steno- + G. krotaphos, temple]

Stenon Stenon

See Stensen. [Stenonius, Latin form of Stensen]

stenopeic stenopeic, stenopaic (sten-o-pe´ik, sten-o-pa´ik)

Provided with a narrow opening or slit, as in s. spectacles. [steno- + G. ope, opening]

stenosal stenosal (ste-no´sal)

stenotic

stenosed stenosed (sten´ozd)

Narrowed; contracted: strictured.

stenosis stenosis, pl. stenoses (ste-no´sis, -sez)

A stricture of any canal; especially, a narrowing of one of the cardiac valves. [G. stenosis, a narrowing]
aortic s.pathologic narrowing of the aortic valve orifice.
buttonhole s.extreme narrowing, usually of the mitral valve.
calcific nodular aortic s.most common type of aortic s., occurring usually in elderly men, in which the cusps contain calcified fibrous nodules on both surfaces; the causes include rheumatic fever, atherosclerosis, age-related degeneration, and congenitally bicuspid aortic valve.
congenital pyloric s.hypertrophic pyloric s
coronary ostial s.narrowing of the mouths of the coronary arteries as a result of syphilitic aortitis or atherosclerosis.
Dittrich's s.infundibular s
double aortic s.subaortic s. associated with s. of the valve itself, both lesions being congenital.
fish-mouth mitral s.extreme mitral s.
hypertrophic pyloric s.muscular hypertrophy of the pyloric sphincter, associated with projectile vomiting appearing in the second or third week of life, usually in males.congenital pyloric s;
idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic s.left ventricular outflow obstruction due to hypertrophy, usually congenital, of the ventricular septum.muscular subaortic s;
infundibular s.narrowing of the outflow tract of the right ventricle below the pulmonic valve; may be due to a localized fibrous diaphragm just below the valve or, more commonly, to a long narrow fibromuscular channel.Dittrich's s;
laryngeal s.narrowing or stricture of any or all areas of the larynx; may be congenital or acquired.
mitral s. (MS) pathologic narrowing of the orifice of the mitral valve.
muscular subaortic s.idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic s
pulmonary s.narrowing of the opening into the pulmonary artery from the right ventricle.
pyloric s.narrowing of the gastric pylorus, especially by congenital muscular hypertrophy or scarring resulting from a peptic ulcer. See also hypertrophic pyloric s.
subaortic s.congenital narrowing of the outflow tract of the left ventricle by a ring of fibrous tissue or by hypertrophy of the muscular septum below the aortic valve.subvalvar s;
subvalvar s.subaortic s
subvalvular aortic s.congenital narrowing below the aortic valves due to a membrane or to a muscular hypertrophy frequently confused with valvular aortic stenosis.
supravalvar s.narrowing of the aorta above the aortic valve by a constricting ring or shelf, or by coarctation or hypoplasia of the ascending aorta.
supravalvular s.s. distal to the aortic valve due usually to a congenital membrane. Patients usually have a kind of "elfin" facies and resemble each other more than they do members of their family.
tricuspid s.pathologic narrowing of the orifice of the tricuspid valve.

stenostenosis stenostenosis (sten´o-ste-no´sis)

Stricture of the parotid duct (Steno's or Stensen's duct).

stenostomia stenostomia (sten-o-sto´me-a)

Narrowness of the oral cavity. [steno- + G. stoma, mouth]

stenothermal stenothermal (sten-o-ther´mal)

Thermostable through a narrow temperature range; able to withstand only slight changes in temperature. [steno- + G. therme, heat]

stenothorax stenothorax (sten´o-thor´aks)

A narrow contracted chest. [steno- + thorax]

stenotic stenotic (ste-not´ik)

Narrowed; affected with stenosis.stenosal;

stenoxenous stenoxenous (sten-ok´se-nus)

Denoting a parasite with a narrow host range; e.g., Eimeria (among the Coccidia), hookworm, biting and sucking lice. [steno- + G. xenos, a stranger, foreigner]

Stensen Stensen (Steno, Stenon, Stenonius)

Niels (Nicholaus), Danish anatomist, 1638-1686. See Stensen's duct, Stensen's experiment, Stensen's foramen, Stensen's plexus, Stensen's veins, under vein.

Stent Stent

C., English dentist, 1901. See stent; S. graft.

stent stent

1. Device used to maintain a bodily orifice or cavity during skin grafting, or to immobilize a skin graft after placement. 2. Slender thread, rod, or catheter, lying within the lumen of tubular structures, used to provide support during or after their anastomosis, or to assure patency of an intact but contracted lumen. [C. Stent]

Stenvers projection Stenvers projection

See under projection.

Stenvers view Stenvers view

See under view.

step step

1. In dentistry, a dove-tailed or similarly shaped projection of a cavity prepared in a tooth into a surface perpendicular to the main part of the cavity for the purpose of preventing displacement of the restoration (filling) by the force of mastication. 2. A change in direction resembling a stair-step in a line, a surface, or the construction of a solid body.
Krönig's s.'sextension of the lower part of the right border of absolute cardiac dullness in hypertrophy of the right heart.
Roonne's nasal s.a nasal visual field defect with one margin corresponding to the retinal horizontal medium; seen in glaucoma.

stephanial stephanial (ste-fa´ne-al)

Pertaining to the stephanion.

stephanion stephanion (ste-fa´ne-on)

A craniometric point where the coronal suture intersects the inferior temporal line. [G. dim. of stephanos, crown]

Stephanofilaria Stephanofilaria

A genus of Filaroid nematodes in the family Stephanofilariidae, subcutaneous parasites of large mammals, especially cattle. See also stephanofilariasis.
Stephanofilaria stilesi (stef´a-no-fi-lar´e-a stI-le´sI) A skin-infecting species of filaria parasitic in cattle and transmitted by the horn fly, Haematobia irritans; the only species known to occur in the U.S.; characterized by a row of spines behind the mouth of the adult worm, which is 6 to 8 mm in the female, 2 to 3 mm in the male. Both adults and larvae are found in granulomatous skin lesions in cattle, usually on the underside of the abdomen. [G. stephanos, crown, + filaria]

stephanofilariasis stephanofilariasis (stef´a-no-fil-a-rI´a-sis)

nfection with filarial parasites of the genus Stephanofilaria, a genus of small filiarial worms (less than 6 mm) causing subcutanneous lesions in cattle and other large grazing mammals.

Stephanofilaria stilesi Stephanofilaria stilesi (stef´a-no-fi-lar´e-a stI-le´sI)

See under Stephanofilaria.

Stephanurus dentatus Stephanurus dentatus (stef-a-nu´rus den-ta´tus)

The kidney worm or lard worm of swine, a strongyle nematode parasite species that also occurs, though rarely, in the liver of cattle. Adult worms in swine live in the perirenal fat, the kidney pelvis, or as erratic forms in many other locations. Eggs are passed through the urine and infection is direct, by ingestion of infective larvae or by skin infection, or indirect, by ingestion of earthworms in which the larvae can survive. [G. stephanos, crown, + oura, tail]

steppage steppage (step´aj)

steppage gait [Fr.]

steradian steradian (ste-ra´de-an)

The unit of solid angle; the solid angle that encloses an area on the surface of a sphere equivalent to the square of the radius of the sphere. [G. stereos, solid, + radion, radius]

sterane sterane (ster´an, ster´an)

The hypothetical parent molecule for any steroid hormone; a saturated hydrocarbon compound that contains no oxygen. The name was originally conceived to achieve forms of systematic nomenclature, but is now supplanted by the fundamental variants: gonane, estrane, androstane, norandrostane (etiane), cholane, cholestane, ergostane, and stigmastane. See also steroids.

sterco- sterco-

Feces. See also copro-, scato-. [L. stercus, excrement]

stercobilin stercobilin (ster´ko-bI´lin, -bil´in)

A brown degradation product of hemoglobin, present in the feces. See also bilirubinoids.

l-stercobilinogen l-stercobilinogen (ster´ko-bI-lin´o-jen)

Reduction product of l-urobilinogen, precursor of l-stercobilin in the final stages of bilirubin metabolism; excreted in feces, wherein it is oxidized to stercobilin. See also bilirubinoids.

stercolith stercolith (ster´ko-lith)

coprolith [sterco- + G. lithos, stone]

stercoraceous stercoraceous (ster-ko-ra´shus)

Relating to or containing feces.stercoral, stercorous;

stercoral stercoral (ster´ko-ral)

stercoraceous

stercorin stercorin (ster´ko-rin)

coprosterol

stercoroma stercoroma (ster-ko-ro´ma)

coproma [sterco- + G. -oma, tumor]

stercorous stercorous (ster´ko-rus)

stercoraceous

stercus stercus (ster´kus)

feces [L. feces, excrement]

stere stere (ster, star)

A measure of capacity; equivalent to a cubic meter or a kiloliter; equal to 1.307951 cubic yards. [Fr. fr. G. stereos, solid]

stereo- stereo-

1. A solid, a solid condition or state. 2. Spatial qualities, three-dimensionality. [G. stereos, solid]

stereoagnosis stereoagnosis (ster´e-o-ag-no´sis)

tactile agnosia

stereoanesthesia stereoanesthesia (ster´e-o-an-es-the´ze-a)

tactile agnosia [stereo- + G. an- priv. + aisthesis, sensation]

stereoarthrolysis stereoarthrolysis (ster´e-o-ar-throl´i-sis)

Production of a new joint with mobility in cases of bony ankylosis. [stereo- + G. arthron, joint, + lysis, loosening]

stereocampimeter stereocampimeter (ster´e-o-kam-pim´e-ter)

An apparatus for studying the central visual fields while the fellow eye holds fixation. [stereo- + L. campus, field, + G. metron, measure]

stereochemical stereochemical (ster´e-o-kem´i-kal)

Relating to stereochemistry.

stereochemistry stereochemistry (ster-e-o-kem´is-tre)

The branch of chemistry concerned with the spatial three-dimensional relations of atoms in molecules, i.e., the positions the atoms in a compound bear in relation to one another in space.

stereocilium stereocilium, pl. stereocilia (ster´e-o-sil´e-um, -a)

A nonmotile cilium or long microvillus. [stereo- + L. cilium, eyelid]

stereocinefluorography stereocinefluorography (ster´e-o-sin´e-flur-og´ra-fe)

Obsolete practice of recording on motion picture film the images obtained by stereoscopic fluoroscopy; three-dimensional views are obtained.

stereocolpogram stereocolpogram (ster´e-o-kol´po-gram)

Picture taken with the stereocolposcope.

stereocolposcope stereocolposcope (ster´e-o-kol´po-skop)

Instrument that provides the observer with a magnified three-dimensional gross inspection of the vagina and cervix. [stereo- + G. kolpos, a hollow (vagina), skopeo, to view]

stereoelectroencephalography stereoelectroencephalography (ster-e-o-e-lek´tro-en-sef-a-log´ra-fe)

Recording of electrical activity in three planes of the brain, i.e., with surface and depth electrodes.

stereoencephalometry stereoencephalometry (ster´e-o-en-sef´a-lom´e-tre)

The localization of brain structures by use of three-dimensional coordinates.

stereoencephalotomy stereoencephalotomy (ster´e-o-en-sef´a-lot´o-me)

stereotaxy [stereo- + G. encephalos, brain, + tome, a cutting]

stereognosis stereognosis (ster´e-og´no´sis)

The appreciation of the form of an object by means of touch. [stereo- + G. gnosis, knowledge]

stereognostic stereognostic (ster´e-og-nos´tik)

Relating to stereognosis.

stereogram stereogram (ster´e-o-gram)

A stereoscopic radiographic image of a pair.

stereograph stereograph (ster´e-o-graf)

A stereoscopic x-ray apparatus.

stereography stereography (ster-e-og´ra-fe)

stereoradiography

stereoisomer stereoisomer (ster´e-o-I´so-mer)

A molecule containing the same number and kind of atom groupings as another but in a different arrangement in space; the stereoisomers are not interconvertible unless bonds are broken and reformed; by virtue of which it exhibits different optical properties; e.g., as between d and l amino acids, 5a and 5beta steroids. Cf. isomer. [stereo- + G. isos, equal, + meros, part]

stereoisomeric stereoisomeric (ster´e-o-I-so-mer´ik)

Relating to stereoisomerism.

stereoisomerism stereoisomerism (ster´e-o-I-som´er-izm)

Molecular asymmetry, isomerism involving different spatial arrangements of the same groups (e.g., androsterone and isoandrosterone, differing only in that one has a 3a OH, the other a 3beta OH). See also stereoisomer, Le Bel-van't Hoff rule.stereochemical isomerism;

stereology stereology (ster´e-ol´o-je)

A study of the three-dimensional aspects of a cell or microscopic structure. [stereo- + G. logos, study]

stereometer stereometer (ster-e-om´e-ter)

An instrument used in stereometry. [stereo- + G. metron, measure]

stereometry stereometry (ster-e-om´e-tre)

1. Measurement of a solid object or the cubic capacity of a vessel. 2. Determination of the specific gravity of a liquid.

stereo-orthopter stereo-orthopter (ster´e-o-or-thop´ter)

A type of stereoscope used in visual training. [stereo- + G. orthos, straight, + optikos, optical]

stereopathy stereopathy (ster-e-op´a-the)

Persistent stereotyped thinking.

stereophantoscope stereophantoscope (ster´e-o-fan´to-skop)

An obsolete term for a stereophoroscope with rotating disks of different colors instead of pictures. [stereo- + G. phantos, visible, + skopeo, to view]

stereophorometer stereophorometer (ster´e-o-fo-rom´e-ter)

A phorometer with a stereoscopic attachment.

stereophoroscope stereophoroscope (ster´e-o-for´o-skop)

Obsolete term for a stereoscope producing images having apparent motion. [stereo- + G. phoros, bearing, skopeo, to view]

stereophotomicrograph stereophotomicrograph (ster´e-o-fo´to-mI´kro-graf)

A stereoscopic photomicrograph that, when viewed with a stereoscope, appears three-dimensional.

stereopsis stereopsis (ster-e-op´sis)

stereoscopic vision [stereo- + G. opsis, vision]

stereoradiography stereoradiography (ster´e-o-ra-de-og´ra-fe)

Preparation of a pair of radiographs with appropriate shift of the x-ray tube or film so that the images can be viewed stereoscopically to give a three-dimensional appearance.stereography, stereoroentgenography;

stereoroentgenography stereoroentgenography (ster´e-o-rent´gen-og´ra-fe)

stereoradiography

stereoscope stereoscope (ster´e-o-skop)

An instrument producing two horizontally separated images of the same object, providing a single image with an appearance of depth. [stereo- + G. skopeo, to view]

stereoscopic stereoscopic (ster´e-o-skop´ik)

Relating to a stereoscope, or giving the appearance of three dimensions.

stereoscopy stereoscopy (ster-e-os´ko-pe)

1. An optical technique by which two images of the same object are blended into one, giving a three-dimensional appearance to the single image. 2. See radiostereoscopy.

stereoselective stereoselective (ster´e-o-se-lek´tiv)

As applied to a reaction, denoting a process in which of two or more possible stereoisomeric products only one predominates; a s. process is not necessarily stereospecific.

stereospecific stereospecific (ster´e-o-spe-sif´ik)

As applied to a reaction, denoting a process in which stereoisomerically different starting materials give rise to stereoisomerically different products; a s. process is thus necessarily stereoselective, but not all stereoselective processes are s.

stereotactic stereotactic, stereotaxic (ster´e-o-tak´tik, -tak´sik)

Relating to stereotaxis or stereotaxy.

stereotaxis stereotaxis (ster´e-o-tak´sis)

1. Three-dimensional arrangement. 2. Stereotropism, but applied more exactly where the organism as a whole, rather than a part only, reacts. 3. stereotaxy [stereo- + G. taxis, orderly arrangement]

stereotaxy stereotaxy (ster´e-o-tak´se)

A precise method of destroying deep-seated brain structures located by use of three-dimensional coordinates.stereoencephalotomy, stereotactic surgery, stereotaxic surgery, stereotaxis (3) ;

stereotropic stereotropic (ster´e-o-trop´ik)

Relating to or exhibiting stereotropism.

stereotropism stereotropism (ster´e-ot´ro-pizm)

Growth or movement of a plant or animal toward (positive s.) or away from (negative s.) a solid body, usually applied where a part of the organism rather than the whole reacts. [stereo- + G. tropos, a turning]

stereotypy stereotypy (ster´e-o-tI-pe)

1. Maintenance of one attitude for a long period. 2. Constant repetition of certain meaningless gestures or movements, as in certain forms of schizophrenia. [stereo- + G. typos, impression, type]
oral s.verbigeration

steric steric (ster´ik, ster-)

Pertaining to stereochemistry.
s. hindranceinterference with or inhibition of a seemingly feasible reaction (usually synthetic) because the size of one or another reactant prevents approach to the required interatomic distance.

sterid sterid (ster´id, ster-)

steroid (2)

sterigma sterigma, pl. sterigmata (ste-rig´ma, -ma-ta)

A slender, pointed structure arising from a basidium upon which a basidiospore will develop. [G. sterigma, a support]

sterile sterile (ster´il)

Relating to or characterized by sterility. [L. sterilis, barren]

sterility sterility (ste-ril´i-te)

1. In general, the incapability of fertilization or reproduction. See female s., male s. 2. Condition of being aseptic, or free from all living microorganisms and their spores. [L. sterilitas]
aspermatogenic s.s. due to a failure to produce living spermatozoa.
dysspermatogenic s.male s. due to some abnormality in production of spermatozoa.
female s.the inability of the female to conceive, due to inadequacy in structure or function of the genital organs.infecundity;
male s.the inability of the male to fertilize the ovum; it may or may not be associated with impotence.
normospermatogenic s.male s. due to some cause other than failure to produce live, normal spermatozoa, e.g., blockage of the seminiferous passages.

sterilization sterilization (ster´I-li-za´shun)

1. The act or process by which an individual is rendered incapable of fertilization or reproduction, as by vasectomy, partial salpingectomy, or castration. 2. The destruction of all microorganisms in or about an object, as by steam (flowing or pressurized), chemical agents (alcohol, phenol, heavy metals, ethylene oxide gas) high-velocity electron bombardment, ultraviolet light radiation.
discontinuous s.fractional s
fractional s.exposure to a temperature of 100°C (flowing steam) for a definite period, usually an hour, on each of several days; at each heating the developed bacteria are destroyed; spores, which are unaffected, germinate during the intervening periods and are subsequently destroyed.discontinuous s., intermittent s., tyndallization;
intermittent s.fractional s

sterilize sterilize (ster´I-lIz)

To produce sterility.

sterilizer sterilizer (ster´i-lI-zer)

An apparatus for rendering objects sterile.
glass bead s.a s. for endodontic equipment; the heat is transmitted to the instruments, absorbent points, or cotton pellets by means of glass beads.
hot salt s.a s. for endodontic equipment in which table salt is heated in a container at 218 to 246°C; the dry heat is transmitted to root canal instruments, absorbent points, or cotton pellets for their rapid (5 to 10 seconds) sterilization.

Stern Stern

Heinrich, U.S. physician, 1868-1918. See S.'s posture.

stern- stern-

See sterno-.

sterna sterna (ster´na)

Plural of sternum.

sternad sternad (ster´nad)

In a direction toward the sternum.

sternal sternal (ster´nal)

Relating to the sternum.

sternalgia sternalgia (ster-nal´je-a)

Pain in the sternum or the sternal region.sternodynia; [stern- + G. algos, pain]

sternalis sternalis (ster-na´lis)

See sternalis muscle.

Sternberg Sternberg

George M., U.S. bacteriologist, 1838-1915. See S. cells, under cell; S.-Reed cells, under cell; Reed-S. cells, under cell.

sternebra sternebra, pl. sternebrae (ster´ne-bra, -bre)

One of the four segments of the primordial sternum of the embryo by the fusion of which the body of the adult sternum is formed. [Mod. L. fr. stern(um) + (vert)ebra]

sternen sternen

Relating to the sternum independent of any other structures. [stern- + G. en, in]

sterno- sterno-, stern-

The sternum, sternal. [G. sternon, chest]

sternochondroscapularis sternochondroscapularis (ster´no-kon´dro-skap-yu-la´ris)

See sternochondroscapular muscle. [Mod. L.]

sternoclavicular sternoclavicular (ster´no-kla-vik´yu-lar)

Relating to the sternum and the clavicle.

sternoclavicularis sternoclavicularis (ster´no-kla-vik´yu-la´ris)

See sternoclavicular muscle.

sternocleidal sternocleidal (ster´no-klI´dal)

Relating to the sternum and the clavicle. [sterno- + G. kleis, key (clavicle)]

sternocleidomastoid sternocleidomastoid (ster´no-klI´do-mas´toyd)

Relating to sternum, clavicle, and mastoid process.

sternocleidomastoideus sternocleidomastoideus (ster´no-klI´do-mas-to-id´-e-us)

See sternocleidomastoid muscle. [Mod. L.]

sternocostal sternocostal (ster´no-kos´tal)

Relating to the sternum and the ribs. [L. costa, rib]

sternodynia sternodynia (ster-no-din´e-a)

sternalgia [sterno- + G. odyne, pain]

sternofascialis sternofascialis (ster´no-fash-e-a´lis)

See musculus sternofascialis.

sternoglossal sternoglossal (ster-no-glos´al)

Denoting muscular fibers that occasionally pass from the sternohyoid muscle to join the hyoglossal muscle.

sternohyoideus sternohyoideus (ster´no-hI-oyd´e-us)

See sternohyoid muscle. [Mod. L.]

sternoid sternoid (ster´noyd)

Resembling the sternum. [sterno- + G. eidos, resemblance]

sternomastoid sternomastoid (ster´no-mas´toyd)

Relating to the sternum and the mastoid process of the temporal bone; applied to the sternocleidomastoid muscle.

sternopagia sternopagia (ster-no-pa´je-a)

Condition shown by conjoined twins united at the sterna or more extensively at the ventral walls of the chest. See conjoined twins, under twin. [sterno- + G. pagos, something fixed]

sternopericardial sternopericardial (ster´no-per´i-kar´de-al)

Relating to the sternum and the pericardium.

sternoschisis sternoschisis (ster-nos´ki-sis)

Congenital cleft of the sternum. [sterno- + G. schisis, a cleaving]

sternothyroideus sternothyroideus (ster´no-thI-royd´e-us)

See sternothyroid muscle. [Mod. L.]

sternotomy sternotomy (ster-not´o-me)

Incision into or through the sternum. [sterno- + G. tome, incision]
median s.incision through the midline of the sternum usually used to gain access to the heart, mediastinal structures, and great vessels.

sternotracheal sternotracheal (ster´no-tra´ke-al)

Relating to the sternum and the trachea.

sternotrypesis sternotrypesis (ster´no-trI-pe´sis)

Trephining of the sternum. [sterno- + G. trypesis, a boring]

sternovertebral sternovertebral (ster´no-ver´te-bral)

Relating to the sternum and the vertebrae; denoting the true ribs, or the seven upper ribs on either side, which articulate with the vertebrae and with the sternum.vertebrosternal;

sternum sternum, gen. sterni, pl. sterna (ster´num, -nI, -na) [NA]

A long flat bone, articulating with the cartilages of the first seven ribs and with the clavicle, forming the middle part of the anterior wall of the thorax; it consists of three portions: the corpus or body, the manubrium, and the xiphoid process.breast bone; [Mod. L. fr. G. sternon, the chest]

sternutation sternutation (ster´nu-ta´shun)

The act of sneezing. [L. sternutatio, fr. sternuo (sternuto), pp. sternutatus, to sneeze]

sternutator sternutator (ster´nu-ta-ter, -tor)

A substance, such as a gas, that induces sneezing.sneezing gas;

sternutatory sternutatory (ster-nu´ta-tor-e)

1. Causing sneezing. 2. An agent that provokes sneezing.ptarmic;

steroid steroid (ster´oyd, ster´oyd)

1. Pertaining to the steroids.steroidal; Cf. steroids. 2. One of the steroids.sterid; 3. Generic designation for compounds closely related in structure to the steroids, such as sterols, bile acids, cardiac glycosides, and precursors of the D vitamins.
anabolic s.a s. compound with the capacity to increase muscle mass; compounds with androgenic properties which increase muscle mass and are used in the treatment of emaciation. Sometimes used by athletes in an effort to increase muscle size, strength, and endurance. Examples include methyltestosterone, nandrolone, methandrostenolone, and stanozolol.
s. hydroxylasess. monooxygenases
s. 21-monooxygenasean enzyme catalyzing the reaction of a steroid, O₂, and some reduced compound to produce water, the oxidized compound, and a 21-hydroxysteroid; a deficiency of this enzyme results in decreased cortisol synthesis, of which there are three types (salt-wasting, simple virilizing, and nonclassical).
s. monooxygenasesenzymes catalyzing addition of hydroxyl groups to the s. rings utilizing O₂; differentiated into, for example, s. 11beta-monooxygenase, s. 17a-monooxygenase, and s. 21-monooxygenase, in accordance with the position of the catalytically introduced hydroxyl group.s. hydroxylases;
s. 5a-reductasean enzyme that uses NADPH to reduce certain steroids (e.g., the conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone a deficiency of this enzyme is associated with a form of male pseudohermaphroditism in which genetic males have male genitals as well as female external genitalia.
s. sulfatase deficiencyX-linked ichthyosis

steroidal steroidal (ster´oy-dal, ster´)

steroid (1)

steroidogenesis steroidogenesis (ster´oy-do-jen´e-sis, ster´)

The formation of steroids; commonly referring to the biological synthesis of steroid hormones, but not to the production of such compounds in a chemical laboratory. [steroid + G. genesis, production]

steroids steroids (ster´oydz, ster-)

A large family of chemical substances, comprising many hormones, body constituents, and drugs, each containing the tetracyclic cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene skeleton. Formula I of the accompanying page of structures shows the numbering and lettering of the rings, which are retained even if, in a given compound, any of the atoms shown are absent or involved in ring closures, or if rings are expanded ("homo," see below) or contracted ("nor," see below). Stereoisomerism among s. is not only common but of critical biological significance, and the isomeric groups are usually represented as shown in II. The conventions are that the nucleus is presented as if projected onto the plane of the paper, with groups then lying above that plane being denoted by thickened bonds and called beta, those then lying below that plane by broken bonds and called a; the letter xi indicates unknown or unspecified orientation. Depending on the situation at C-5, the molecule is sometimes represented in perspective as in III and IV; 5a, 5beta, or 5xi should be included in the name. Unless otherwise stated, it is assumed that atoms or groups attached to the other ring-junctions (8, 9, 10, 13, 14) are as in II, i.e., 8beta, 9a, 10beta, 13beta, 14a.
The principal classes of steroids, with the names for the unsubstituted, saturated hydrocarbon forms that are clearly related to physiological functions or sources are: 1) gonanes (in which the methyl group in formula II, C-18 and C-19, have been replaced by H), 2) estranes (in which the C-19 methyl groups in formula II has been replaced by H), 3) androstanes (equivalent to formula II), 4) norandrostanes (in which one of the methyl groups, typically C-18, has been replaced by H), 5) cholanes (formula II with -CH(CH₃)(CH₂)₂CH₃ bonded to C-17), 6) cholestanes (with -CH(CH₃)(CH₂)₃CH(CH₃)₂ at C-17, 7) ergostanes (with -CH(CH₃)(CH₂)₂CH(CH₃)CH(CH₃)₂ at C-17), and 8) stigmastanes (with -CH(CH₃)(CH₂)₂CH(CH₂CHCH₃)CH(CH₃)₂ at C-17). In addition, each of the classes can be in a 5a- or 5beta-series.
The steroid derivatives known as cardanolides are androstanes with a 5-membered lactone linked to C-17. The squill-toad poisons known as the bufanolides are androstanes with a 6-membered lactone linked to C-17. Spirostans and furostans (the basic structures of many "genins," including the sapogenins) are androstanes having certain cyclic ether moieties.
The natural and synthetic derivatives are named by adding conventional chemical prefixes and suffixes for substituents; e.g., -ol for a hydroxyl group, -on(e) for a keto group, -al for an aldehyde group. "Nor" indicates loss of a -CH₂- group; "homo," the addition of a -CH₂- group; each is preceded by the letter indicating which ring is contracted or expanded, respectively, or, in the case where the -CH₂- is lost from a methyl group, the number of the carbon atom lost. "Seco" indicates fission of a ring with addition of hydrogen atoms at the positions indicated by numerals preceding the term. Unsaturation is denoted, as usual, by substituting appropriate terms, e.g., -en(e), -yn(e), -adien(e), for the -ane or -an parts of the hydrocarbon or parent class names, with numerals indicating locations of the unsaturated bonds. The locations of double bonds are specified by the lower of the two (consecutive) numbers of the carbon atoms involved. When a double bond is formed between two nonconsecutive carbon atoms, the second is indicated in parentheses after the first; e.g., estriol and the estradiols possess three double bonds, between C-1 and C-2, between C-3 and C-4, and between C-5 and C-10, respectively.
Steroid alkaloids may be named from the steroid parent, as above, or from trivial family names usually ending in -anine if the steroid is saturated or in -enine, -adienine, etc., if it is not saturated (e.g., conanine, tomatanine).

sterol sterol (ster´ol)

A steroid with one OH (alcohol) group; the systematic names contain either the prefix hydroxy- or the suffix -ol, e.g., cholesterol, ergosterol.

stertor stertor (ster´tor)

A noisy inspiration occurring in coma or deep sleep, sometimes due to obstruction of the larynx or upper airways. [L. sterto, to snore]
hen-cluck s.a breath sound like the clucking of a hen, sometimes heard in cases of postpharyngeal abscess.

stertorous stertorous (ster´tor-us)

Relating to or characterized by stertor or snoring.

steth- steth-

See stetho-.

stethalgia stethalgia (ste-thal´je-a)

Pain in the chest. [steth- + G. algos, pain]

stetharteritis stetharteritis (steth´ar-ter-I´tis)

Inflammation of the aorta or other arteries in the chest. [steth- + L. arteria, artery, + G. -itis, inflammation]

stetho- stetho-, steth-

Combining forms denoting the chest. the chest. [G. stethos]

stethocyrtograph stethocyrtograph (steth´o-ser´to-graf)

An apparatus for measuring and recording the curvatures of the thorax.stethokyrtograph; [stetho- + G. kyrtos, bent, + grapho, to write]

stethocyrtometer stethocyrtometer (steth´o-ser-tom´e-ter)

An instrument for measuring curvature or deformity of the vertebral column in kyphosis. [stetho- + G. kyrtos, bent, + metron, measure]

stethogoniometer stethogoniometer (steth´o-go-ne-om´e-ter)

An apparatus for measuring the curvatures of the thorax. [stetho- + G. gonia, angle, + metron, measure]

stethograph stethograph (steth´o-graf)

An apparatus for recording the respiratory movements of the chest. [stetho- + G. grapho, to write]

stethokyrtograph stethokyrtograph (steth´o-ker´to-graf)

stethocyrtograph

stethomyitis stethomyitis (steth´o-mI-I´tis)

Inflammation of the muscles of the chest wall.stethomyositis; [stetho- + G. mys, muscle, + -itis, inflammation]

stethomyositis stethomyositis (steth´o-mI-o-sI´tis)

stethomyitis

stethoparalysis stethoparalysis (steth´o-pa-ral´i-sis)

Paralysis of the respiratory muscles.

stethoscope stethoscope (steth´o-skop)

An instrument originally devised by Laennec for aid in hearing the respiratory and cardiac sounds in the chest, but now modified in various ways and used in auscultation of any of vascular or other sounds anywhere in the body. [stetho- + G. skopeo, to view]
binaural s.a s. in which the two ear pieces connect with a single bell.
Bowles type s.a s. in which the chest piece is a shallow metal cup about 4.5 cm. in diameter, the mouth of which is covered by a hard rubber or celluloid diaphragm.
differential s.a s. having two chest pieces so that two sounds in different parts of the chest may be heard simultaneously and compared.

stethoscopic stethoscopic (steth-o-skop´ik)

1. Relating to or effected by means of a stethoscope. 2. Relating to an examination of the chest.

stethoscopy stethoscopy (ste-thos´ko-pe)

1. Examination of the chest by means of auscultation, either mediate or immediate, and percussion. 2. Mediate auscultation with the stethoscope.

stethospasm stethospasm (steth´o-spazm)

Spasm of the chest.

Stevens Stevens

Albert M., U.S. pediatrician, 1884-1945. See S.-Johnson syndrome.

Stewart Stewart

Thomas Grainger, 20th century English neurologist, 1877-1957. See S.-Holmes sign.

Stewart Stewart

George N., Canadian-U.S. scientist, 1860-1930. See S.'s test; Stewart-Hamilton method.

Stewart Stewart

Fred Waldorf, U.S. physician, *1894. See S.-Treves syndrome.

Stewart Stewart

R.M., 20th century English neurologist. See S.-Morel syndrome.

STH STH

Abbreviation for somatotropic hormone.

sthenia sthenia (sthe´ne-a)

A condition of activity and apparent force, as in an acute sthenic fever. [G. sthenos, strength, + -ia, condition]

sthenic sthenic (sthen´ik)

Active; marked by sthenia; said of a fever with strong bounding pulse, high temperature, and active delirium.

stheno- stheno-

Strength, force, power. [G. sthenos]

sthenometer sthenometer (sthe-nom´e-ter)

An instrument for measuring muscular strength. [stheno- + G. metron, measure]

sthenometry sthenometry (sthe-nom´e-tre)

The measurement of muscular strength. [stheno- + G. metrin, to measure]

stibamine glucoside stibamine glucoside (stib´a-men)

A nitrogen glycoside of sodium p-aminobenzenestibonate; A pentavalent antimony compound; has been used in leishmaniasis (kala azar) and certain other tropical diseases, but is no longer marketed.

stibenyl stibenyl (stib´e-nil)

Sodium 4-acetamidobenzenestibonate;the first pentavalent antimonial used in the treatment of leishmaniasis (kala azar).

stibialism stibialism (stib´e-a-lizm)

Chronic antimonial poisoning. [L. stibium, antimony]

stibiated stibiated (stib´e-a-ted)

Impregnated with or containing antimony.

stibiation stibiation (stib-e-a´shun)

Impregnation with antimony.

stibium stibium (stib´e-um)

antimony [L. fr. G. stibi]

stibocaptate stibocaptate (stib-o-kap´tat)

antimony dimercaptosuccinate

stibogluconate sodium stibogluconate sodium (stib-o-glu´ko-nat)

1. pentavalent sodium stibogluconate;pentavalent sodium stibogluconate, used in the treatment of all types of leishmaniasis; toxic effects are frequent.antimony sodium gluconate; 2. trivalent sodium stibogluconate;trivalent antimony sodium gluconate, used in the treatment of schistosomiasis; toxic effects are frequent.sodium antimonylgluconate;

stibonium stibonium (sti-bo´ne-um)

The hypothetical radical, SbH₄⁺, analogous to ammonium.

stibophen stibophen (stib´o-fen)

Pentasodium bis[4,5-dihydroxybenz-1,3-disulfonate]antimonate;an organic trivalent antimony compound, used in the treatment of schistosomiasis, filariasis, leishmaniasis, and lymphogranuloma inguinale.

stichochrome stichochrome (stik´o-krom)

Denoting a nerve cell in which the chromophil substance, or stainable material, is arranged in roughly parallel rows or lines. [G. stichos, a row, + chroma, color]

Sticker Sticker

Georg, German physician, 1860-1960. See S.'s disease.

Stickler Stickler

Gunnar B., 20th century U.S. physician. See S.'s syndrome.

Stieda Stieda

Alfred, German surgeon, 1869-1945. See Pellegrini-S. disease.

Stieda Stieda

Ludwig, German anatomist, 1837-1918. See S.'s process.

Stierlin Stierlin

Eduard, German surgeon, 1878-1919. See S.'s sign.

stifle stifle (stI´fl)

stifle joint

stigma stigma, pl. stigmasstigmata (stig´ma, -ma-ta)

1. Visible evidence of a disease. 2. follicular s 3. Any spot or blemish on the skin. 4. A bleeding spot on the skin, which is considered a manifestation of conversion hysteria. 5. The orange pigmented eyespot of certain chlorophyll-bearing protozoa, such as Euglena viridis, which serves as a light filter by absorbing certain wavelengths. 6. A mark of shame or discredit. [G. a mark. fr. stizo, to prick]
follicular s.the point where the graafian follicle is about to rupture on the surface of the ovary.macula pellucida, stigma (2) ;
malpighian stigmasthe points of entrance of the smaller veins into the larger veins of the spleen.
s. ventric´ulione of a number of miliary ecchymoses of the gastric mucosa.

stigmastane stigmastane (stig-mas´tan)

The parent substance of sitosterol.sitostane;

stigmata stigmata (stig´ma-ta)

Alternative plural of stigma.

stigmata maydis stigmata maydis (stig´ma-ta ma´dis)

zea

stigmatic stigmatic (stig-mat´ik)

Relating to or marked by a stigma.

stigmatism stigmatism (stig´ma-tizm)

The condition of having a stigma.stigmatization (1) ;

stigmatization stigmatization (stig´ma-ti-za´shun)

1. stigmatism 2. Production of stigmas, especially of a hysterical nature. 3. Debasement of a person by attributing a negatively toned characteristic or other stigma to him or her.

stilbamidine stilbamidine (stil-bam´i-den)

Stilbene-4,4´-dicarbonamidine;a compound used in the treatment of leishmaniasis (kala azar), in infections due to Blastomyces dermatitidis, and in actinomycosis; also used in multiple myeloma for the relief of bone pain.

stilbazium iodide stilbazium iodide (stil-baz´e-um)

1-Ethyl-2,6-bis[(p-pyrrolidinylstyryl)]pyridinium iodide;an anthelmintic.

stilbene stilbene (stil´ben)

1. C₆H₅CH=CHC₆H₅; a,beta-Diphenylethylene;an unsaturated hydrocarbon, the nucleus of stilbestrol and other synthetic estrogenic compounds. 2. A class of compounds based on s. (1).

stilbestrol stilbestrol (stil-bes´trol)

diethylstilbestrol

Stiles Stiles

Walter, English physicist, *1901. See S.-Crawford effect.

stilet stilet, stilette (stI´let, stI-let´)

See stylet.

Still Still

Sir George F., English physician, 1868-1941. See S.'s disease, murmur; S.-Chauffard syndrome.

stillbirth stillbirth (stil´berth)

The birth of an infant who has died prior to delivery.

stillborn stillborn (stil´born)

Born dead; denoting an infant dead at birth.

Stilling Stilling

Benedict, German anatomist, 1810-1879. See S.'s canal, column, nucleus, raphe, gelatinous substance.

Stilling Stilling

Jakob, German ophthalmologist, 1842-1915. See S. color tables, under table.

stilus stilus (stI´lus)

See stylus.

stimulant stimulant (stim´yu-lant)

1. Stimulating; exciting to action. 2. An agent that arouses organic activity, strengthens the action of the heart, increases vitality, and promotes a sense of well-being; classified according to the parts upon which they chiefly act: cardiac, respiratory, gastric, hepatic, cerebral, spinal, vascular, genital, etc.excitor, stimulator; See also stimulus.excitant; [L. stimulans, pres. p. of stimulo, pp. -atus, to goad, incite, fr. stimulus, a goad]
diffusible s.a s. that produces a rapid but temporary effect.
general s.a s. that affects the entire body.
local s.a s. whose action is confined to the part to which it is applied.

stimulation stimulation (stim-yu-la´shun)

1. Arousal of the body or any of its parts or organs to increased functional activity. 2. The condition of being stimulated. 3. In neurophysiology, the application of a stimulus to a responsive structure, such as a nerve or muscle, regardless of whether the strength of the stimulus is sufficient to produce excitation. [see stimulant]
dorsal column s.electrical s., either percutaneously or by direct application of electrodes to the dorsal columns of the spinal cord.
Ganzfeld s.illumination of the entire retina in the electroretinogram. [Ger. Ganzfeld, whole field]
percutaneous s.electrical s. of the peripheral nerves or spinal cord by the application of electrodes to the skin.
photic s.the use of a flickering light at various frequencies to influence the pattern of the occipital electroencephalogram and also to activate latent abnormalities.

stimulator stimulator (stim´yu-la-ter, -tor)

stimulant (2)
long-acting thyroid s. (LATS) a substance, found in the blood of some hyperthyroid patients, that exerts a prolonged stimulatory effect on the thyroid gland; associated in plasma with the IgG (7S gamma-globulin) fraction and seems to be an antibody or, perhaps, an immune complex.

stimulus stimulus, pl. stimuli (stim´yu-lus, -lI)

1. A stimulant. 2. That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable tissue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [L. a goad]
adequate s.a s. to which a particular receptor responds effectively and that gives rise to a characteristic sensation; e.g., light and sound waves that stimulate, respectively, visual and auditory receptors.
aversive s.a noxious stimulus such as an electric shock used in aversive training or conditioning. See also aversive training.
conditioned s. 1. a s. applied to one of the sense organs (e.g., receptors of vision, hearing, touch) which are an essential and integral part of the neural mechanism underlying a conditioned reflex; See classical conditioning, higher order conditioning. 2. a neutral s., when paired with the unconditioned s. in simultaneous presentation to an organism, capable of eliciting a given response.
discriminant s.a s. which can be differentiated from all other s. in the environment because it has been, and continues to serve as, an indicator of a potential reinforcer.
heterologous s.a s. that acts upon any part of the sensory apparatus or nerve tract.
heterotopic s.any electrical activation from an abnormal locus.
homologous s.a s. that acts only on the nerve terminations in a special sense organ.
inadequate s.a s. too weak to evoke a response.subliminal s., subthreshold s;
liminal s.threshold s
maximal s.a s. strong enough to evoke a maximal response.
square wave stimulielectrical stimulation in which the intensity of the current is brought suddenly to a given level and maintained at that level until it suddenly is cut off; this type of s. is particularly useful in obtaining a strength-duration curve.
subliminal s.inadequate s
subthreshold s.inadequate s
supramaximal s.a s. having strength significantly above that required to activate all of the nerve or muscle fibers in contact with the electrode; used when response of all the fibers is desired.
threshold s.a s. of threshold strength, i.e., one just strong enough to excite. See also adequate s.liminal s;
train-of-four s.a method for measuring magnitude and type of neuromuscular blockade, based upon the ratio of the amplitude of the fourth evoked mechanical response to the first one, when four supramaximal 2-Hz electrical currents are applied for 2 seconds to a peripheral motor nerve.
unconditioned s.a s. that elicits an unconditioned response; e.g., food is an unconditioned s. for salivation, which in turn is an unconditioned response in a hungry animal. See classical conditioning.

stimulus word stimulus word

The word used in association tests to evoke a response.

sting sting

1. Sharp momentary pain, most commonly produced by the puncture of the skin by many species of arthropods, including hexapods, myriapods, and arachnids; can also be produced by jellyfish, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, and several species of venomous fish, such as the stingray, toadfish, rabbitfish, and catfish. See also bites. 2. The venom apparatus of a stinging animal, consisting of a chitinous spicule or bony spine and a venom gland or sac. 3. To introduce (or the process of introducing) a venom by stinging. [O.E. stingan]

stingers stingers (sting´erz)

burners

stink weed stink weed

Datura stramonium

stippling stippling (stip´ling)

1. A speckling of a blood cell or other structure with fine dots when exposed to the action of a basic stain, due to the presence of free basophil granules in the cell protoplasm.punctate basophilia; 2. An orange peel appearance of the attached gingiva. 3. A roughening of the surfaces of a denture base to stimulate natural gingival s.
geographic s. of nailsregularly arranged longitudinal s. found commonly in psoriasis and occasionally in alopecia areata. See also nail pits, under pit.
Ziemann's s.Ziemann's dots, under dot

STIR STIR

Acronym for short TI inversion recovery.

Stirling Stirling

William, British histologist and physiologist, 1851-1932. See S.'s modification of Gram's stain.

stirrup stirrup (ster´up, stir´up)

stapes [A.S. stIrap]

stitch stitch

1. A sharp sticking pain of momentary duration. 2. A single suture. 3. suture (2) [A.S. stice, a pricking]

STM STM

Abbreviation for short-term memory.

Stock Stock

Wolfgang, German ophthalmologist, 1874-1956. See Spielmeyer-S. disease.

stock stock (stok)

All the populations of organisms derived from an isolate without any implication of homogeneity or characterization. [A.S. stoc]

Stocker Stocker

Frederick William, U.S. ophthalmologist, 1893-1974. See S.'s line.

stocking stocking (stok´ing)

Edema of the leg in the horse.

Stoerk Stoerk

Karl, Austrian laryngologist, 1832-1899. See S.'s blennorrhea.

Stoffel Stoffel

Adolf, German orthopedic surgeon, 1880-1937. See S.'s operation.

stoichiology stoichiology (stoy-ke-ol´-o-je)

The science concerned with the elements or principles in any branch of knowledge, especially in chemistry, cytology, or histology. [G. stoicheion, element (lit. one of a row), fr. stoichos, a row, + logos, study]

stoichiometric stoichiometric (stoy´ke-o-met´rik)

Pertaining to stoichiometry.

stoichiometry stoichiometry (stoy-ke-om´e-tre)

Determination of the relative quantities of the substances concerned in any chemical reaction; e.g., with the laws of definite proportions in chemistry, as in the molar proportions in a reaction. [G. stoicheion, element, + metron, measure]

stoke stoke (stok)

A unit of kinematic viscosity, that of a fluid with a viscosity of 1 poise and a density of 1 g/ml; equal to 10^-4 square meter per second. [Sir George Gabriel Stokes]

Stokes Stokes

Sir George Gabriel, British physicist and mathematician, 1819-1903. See stoke; S.'s law (2) , law (3) .

Stokes Stokes

William, Irish physician, 1804-1878. See S.'s law (1) ; Cheyne-S. psychosis, respiration; S.-Adams disease; Adams-S. disease; Morgagni-Adams-S. syndrome.

Stokes Stokes

Sir William, Irish surgeon, 1839-1900. See S. amputation; Gritti-S. amputation.

stolon stolon (sto´lon)

A runner or connective aerial hypha that forms a cluster of rhizoids when it touches the substrate, and then sends out other runners to produce the aerial mycelium and sporangiosphores typical of Rhizopus. [L. stolo, branch, shoot, twig]

stom- stom-

See stomato-.

stoma stoma, pl. stomasstomata (sto´ma, sto´maz, sto´ma-ta)

1. A minute opening or pore. 2. An artificial opening between two cavities or canals, or between such and the surface of the body. [G. a mouth]
Fuchs' stomassmall depression on the surface of the iris near the margin of the pupil.
loop s.a specialized s. of intestine or ureter by which a loop of the hollow viscus is brought through an opening in the abdominal wall, with an opening created in the apex of the viscus to allow egress of its contents.

stomach stomach (stum´uk)

A large irregularly piriform sac between the esophagus and the small intestine, lying just beneath the diaphragm; when distended it is 25 to 28 cm in length and 10 to 10.5 cm in its greatest diameter, and has a capacity of about 1 liter. Its wall has four coats or tunics: mucous, submucous, muscular, and peritoneal; the muscular coat is composed of three layers, the fibers running longitudinally in the outer, circularly in the middle, and obliquely in the inner layer.gaster [NA] , ventriculus (1) ; [G. stomachos, L. stomachus]
bilocular s.hourglass s
s. bubblethe gas in the fundus of the s. seen on an upright radiograph.
cascade s.a radiographic description: when contrast material is swallowed while the patient is in the upright position, the gastric fundus acts as a reservoir until contrast overflows (cascades) into the antrum; a normal variant in a horizontal s.
drain-trap s.water-trap s
hourglass s.a condition in which there is a central constriction of the wall of the s. dividing it into two cavities, cardiac and pyloric.bilocular s., ectasia ventriculi paradoxa;
leather-bottle s.marked thickening and rigidity of the s. wall, with reduced capacity of the lumen although often without obstruction; nearly always due to scirrhous carcinoma, as in linitis plastica.sclerotic s;
miniature s.Pavlov pouch
Pavlov s.Pavlov pouch
powdered s.the dried and powdered defatted wall of the s. of the hog, Sus scrofa; it contains thermolabile factors including native vitamin B₁₂ and intrinsic factor; has been used in the treatment of pernicious anemia.
sclerotic s.leather-bottle s
thoracic s.a condition in which part or all of the s. is contained within the thorax; a variant of hiatal hernia.
trifid s.a condition in which the s. is divided by two constrictions into three pouches.
wallet s.a form of dilated s. in which there is a general baglike distention, the antrum and fundus being indistinguishable.
water-trap s.a ptotic and dilated s., having a relatively high (though normally placed) pyloric outlet which is held up by the gastrohepatic ligament.drain-trap s;

stomachal stomachal (stum´a-kal)

Relating to the stomach.stomachic (1) ;

stomachalgia stomachalgia (stum-a-kal´je-a)

Obsolete term for stomach ache. [stomach + G. algos, pain]

stomachic stomachic (sto´mak´ik)

1. stomachal 2. An agent that improves appetite and digestion.

stomachodynia stomachodynia (stum´a-ko-din´e-a)

Obsolete term for stomach ache. [stomach + G. odyne, pain]

stomal stomal (sto´mal)

Relating to a stoma.

stomat- stomat-

See stomato-.

stomata stomata (sto´ma-ta)

Alternate plural of stoma.

stomatal stomatal (sto´ma-tal)

Relating to a stoma.

stomatalgia stomatalgia (sto-ma-tal´je-a)

Pain in the mouth.stomatodynia; [stomat- + G. algos, pain]

stomatic stomatic (sto-mat´ik)

Relating to the mouth; oral.

stomatitis stomatitis (sto-ma-tI´tis)

Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the mouth. [stomat- + G. -itis, inflammation]
angular s.angular cheilitis
aphthous s.aphtha (2)
bovine papular s.a Parapoxvirus infection of cattle causing oral lesions.s. papulosa;
epidemic s.contagious mouth infection, usually due to Group A Coxsackievirus. See also herpangina.
fusospirochetal s.infection of the mouth with spirochetal organisms, usually in association with other anaerobes. See also Vincent's angina.
gangrenous s.s. characterized by necrosis of oral tissue. See noma.
gonococcal s.inflammatory and ulcerative oral lesions resulting from infection with Neisseria gonorrhoeae; usually primary as a result of oral-genital contact, but occasionally is the result of gonococcemia.
lead s.oral manifestation of lead poisoning consisting of a bluish-black line following the contours of the marginal gingiva where lead sulfide has precipitated due to the inflamed environment.
s. medicamento´sainflammatory alterations of the oral mucosa associated with a systemic drug allergy; lesions may consist of erythema, vesicles, bullae, ulcerations, or angioneurotic edema.
mercurial s.alterations of the oral mucosa arising from chronic mercury poisoning; may consist of mucosal erythema and edema, ulceration, and deposition of mercurial sulfide in inflamed tissues, resulting in oral pigmentation resembling that of lead s.
nicotine s.heat stimulated lesions, usually on the palate, that begin with erythema and progress to multiple white papules with a red dot in the center. The red dot represents a dilated, inflamed salivary duct orifice.
s. papulo´sabovine papular s
primary herpetic s.first infection of oral tissues with herpes simplex virus; characterized by gingival inflammation, vesicles, and ulcers.
recurrent aphthous s.aphtha (2)
recurrent herpetic s.reactivation of herpes simplex virus infection, characterized by vesicles and ulceration limited to the hard palate and attached gingiva.
recurrent ulcerative s.aphtha (2)
ulcerative s.aphtha (2)
vesicular s.a vesicular disease of horses, cattle, swine, and occasionally man caused by a vesiculovirus (vesicular stomatitis virus); in horses and cattle the disease usually causes mouth vesicles which, in cattle, cannot be differentiated clinically from those of foot-and-mouth disease.

stomato- stomato-, stom-, stomat-

Mouth. [G. stoma]

stomatocyte stomatocyte (sto´ma-to-sIt)

A red blood cell that exhibits a slit or mouth-shaped pallor rather than a central one on air-dried smears; e.g., Rh null cells. [stomato- + G. kytos, cell]

stomatocytosis stomatocytosis (sto´ma-to-sI-to´sis)

A hereditary deformation of red blood cells, which are swollen and cup-shaped, causing congenital hemolytic anemia. See also Rh null syndrome.

stomatodeum stomatodeum (sto´ma-to-de´um)

stomodeum (1)

stomatodynia stomatodynia (sto´ma-to-din´e-a)

stomatalgia [stomato- + G. odyne, pain]

stomatodysodia stomatodysodia (sto´ma-to-di-so´de-a)

halitosis [stomato- + G. dysodia, bad odor]

stomatognathic stomatognathic (sto´ma-tog-nath´ik)

Pertaining to the physiology of the mouth. [stomato- + G. gnathos, jaw]

stomatologic stomatologic (sto´ma-to-loj´ik)

Relating to stomatology.

stomatologist stomatologist (sto-ma-tol´o-jist)

A specialist in diseases of oral cavity, membranes, and tissues.

stomatology stomatology (sto-ma-tol´o-je)

The study of the structures, functions, and diseases of the mouth. [stomato- + G. logos, study]

stomatomalacia stomatomalacia (sto´ma-to-ma-la´she-a)

Pathologic softening of any of the structures of the mouth. [stomato- + G. malakia, softness]

stomatomycosis stomatomycosis (sto´ma-to-mI-ko´sis)

Disease of the mouth due to the presence of a fungus. [stomato- + G. mykes, fungus, + -osis, condition]

stomatonecrosis stomatonecrosis (sto´ma-to-ne-kro´sis)

noma [stomato- + G. nekrosis, death]

stomatonoma stomatonoma (sto´ma-to-no´ma)

noma [stomato- + G. nome, a spreading (sore)]

stomatopathy stomatopathy (sto-ma-top´a-the)

Any disease of the oral cavity.stomatosis; [stomato- + G. pathos, suffering]

stomatoplastic stomatoplastic (sto´ma-to-plas´tik)

Relating to stomatoplasty.

stomatoplasty stomatoplasty (sto´ma-to-plas-te)

Plastic surgery of the mouth. [stomato- + G. plastos, formed]

stomatorrhagia stomatorrhagia (sto´ma-to-ra´je-a)

Bleeding from the gums or other part of the oral cavity. [stomato- + G. rhegnymi, to burst forth]

stomatoscope stomatoscope (sto´ma-to-skop)

An apparatus for illuminating the interior of the mouth to facilitate examination. [stomato- + G. skopeo, to view]

stomatosis stomatosis (sto-ma-to´sis)

stomatopathy [stomato- + G. -osis, condition]

stomion stomion (sto´me-on)

The median point of the oral slit when the lips are closed.

stomocephalus stomocephalus (sto´mo-sef´a-lus)

Malformed individual with an undeveloped jaw and a snoutlike mouth; likely to be combined with an ethmocephalic type of cyclopia. [G. stoma, mouth, + kephale, head]

stomodeal stomodeal (sto´mo-de´al)

Relating to a stomodeum.

stomodeum stomodeum (sto-mo-de´um)

1. A midline ectodermal depression ventral to the embryonic brain and surrounded by the mandibular arch; when the buccopharyngeal membrane disappears it becomes continuous with the foregut and forms the mouth.stomatodeum; 2. The anterior portion of the insect alimentary canal, consisting of mouth, buccal cavity, pharynx, esophagus, crop (frequently a diverticulum), and the proventriculus. [Mod. L. fr. G. stoma, mouth, + hodaios, on the way, fr. hodos, a way]

Stomoxys calcitrans Stomoxys calcitrans (sto-mok´sis kal´si-tranz)

The stable fly, a species of biting fly, resembling in size and general appearance the common housefly, which is an annoying pest of humans and domestic animals worldwide and is implicated in the mechanical transmission of diseases such as trypanosomiasis, anthrax, and equine infectious anemia. It is especially important in the spread of surra by transmitting Trypanosoma evansi, and also serves as intermediate host for Habronema, and for the deer filaria, Setaria cervi. [Mod. L., fr. C. stoma, mouth, + oxys, sharp; L. pres. p. of calcitro, to kick, fr. calx, the heel]

-stomy -stomy

Artificial or surgical opening. See stomato-. [G. stoma, mouth]

stone stone (ston)

1. calculus 2. An English unit of weight of the human body, equal to 14 pounds. [A.S. stan]
artificial s.a specially calcined gypsum derivative similar to plaster of Paris, but stronger, because the grains are nonporous.
bladder s.'surinary tract calculi that are symptomatic and may form in bladder. Throughout most of the history of humans, this was the predominant form of anuary stone disease, mentioned in the Hippocratic oath, and giving rise to the common ancient surgical procedure lithotomy. In much of the world, bladder s. disease has become uncommon and renal and ureteral s.'s (which are probably of different origins) have become more common. Bladder s.'s are now typically seen in patients with neurogenic bladders, urinary tract reconstruction, or infravesical obstruction.bladder calculi;
philosopher's s.a s. sought by the alchemists of the Middle Ages which was supposedly able to transmute base metals into gold, to make precious s.'s, and to cure all ills, and thus confer longevity; it was also believed to be a universal solvent.
pulp s.endolith
skin s.'scalcinosis cutis
tear s.dacryolith
vein s.phlebolith

Stookey Stookey

Byron, U.S. neurosurgeon, 1887-1966. See S.-Scarff operation; Queckenstedt-S. test.

stool stool (stul)

1. A discharging of the bowels. 2. The matter discharged at one movement of the bowels.evacuation (2) ; motion (3) , movement (2) ; [A.S. stol, seat]
butter s.'sfatty s.'s, occurring especially in steatorrhea.
fatty s.a s. containing excessive amounts of fat.
rice-water s.a watery fluid containing whitish flocculi, discharged from the bowel in cholera and occasionally in other cases of serous diarrhea.
spinach s.'sdark greenish porridge-like s.'s, resembling chopped spinach.
Trélat's s.'sglairy s.'s streaked with blood, occurring in proctitis.

stops stops

Bends in, or wires soldered to, an archwire to limit passage through a bracket or tube.

storage storage (stor´ij)

The second stage in the memory process, following encoding and preceding retrieval, involving mental processes associated with retention of stimuli that have been registered and modified by encoding. See memory.

storax storax (stor´aks)

A liquid balsam obtained from the wood and inner bark of Liquidamber orientalis, a tree of Asia Minor, or L. styraciflua (family Hamamelidaceae); has been used in the treatment of chronic inflammation of the mucous membranes, and externally for scabies.styrax; [G. styrax, a sweet-smelling gum]

storiform storiform (stor´i-form)

Having a cartwheel pattern, as of spindle cells with elongated nuclei radiating from a center. [L. storea, woven mat, + -formis, form]

storm storm (storm)

An exacerbation of symptoms or a crisis in the course of a disease.
thyroid s.thyrotoxic crisis

Stout's wiring Stout's wiring

See under wiring.

STPD STPD

Symbol indicating that a gas volume has been expressed as if it were at standard temperature (0°C), standard pressure (760 mm Hg absolute), dry; under these conditions a mole of gas occupies 22.4 liters.

strabismal strabismal (stra-biz´mal)

Relating to or affected with strabismus.strabismic;

strabismic strabismic (-mik)

strabismal

strabismologist strabismologist (stra-biz-mol´ah-jist)

A physician subspecializing in pediatric ophthalmology with an emphasis on the management of strabismus and amblyopia.

strabismometer strabismometer (stra-biz-mom´e-ter)

An obsolete instrument having a plate with the upper margin curved, to conform with the lower lid, and marked in millimeters or fractions of an inch, used to measure the lateral deviation of the eye in strabismus. [G. strabismos, a squinting, + metron, measure]

strabismus strabismus (stra-biz´mus)

A manifest lack of parallelism of the visual axes of the eyes.crossed eyes, heterotropia, heterotropy, squint (1) ; [Mod. L., fr. G. strabismos, a squinting]
A-s. 1. s. in which esotropia is more marked in looking upward than downward; 2. s. in which exotropia is more marked on looking downward than upward.A-pattern s;
accommodative s.s. in which the severity of deviation varies with accommodation.
alternate day s.cyclic esotropia
alternating s.a form of s. in which either eye fixes.
A-pattern s.A-s
comitant s.a condition in which the degree of s. is the same in all directions of gaze.concomitant s;
concomitant s.comitant s
convergent s.esotropia
cyclic s.a s. that appears and disappears in rhythym, most frequently at 48-hour intervals.
s. deor´sum ver´gensobsolete term for vertical s. in which the visual axis of one eye deviates downward.
divergent s.exotropia
external s.obsolete term for exotropia.
incomitant s.paralytic s
internal s.obsolete term for esotropia
kinetic s.s. due to spasm of an extraocular muscle.
manifest s.evident deviation of one eye or the other; may be alternating or monocular.
mechanical s.s. due to restriction of action of the ocular muscle within the orbit.
monocular s.obsolete term for s. in which one eye habitually deviates.
paralytic s.s. due to weakness of an ocular muscle or muscles.incomitant s;
s. sur´sum ver´gensan obsolete term for a vertical s. in which the visual axis of one eye deviates upward.
vertical s.a form of s. in which the visual axis of one eye deviates upward (s. sursum vergens) or downward (s. deorsum vergens).
X-s.s. in which exotropia is more marked when looking upward or downward than when looking straight ahead.

strabotome strabotome (strab´o-tom)

An obsolete instrument for use in a strabotomy.

strabotomy strabotomy (stra-bot´o-me)

Obsolete term for division of one or more of the ocular muscles or their tendons for the correction of squint. [G. strabismos, strabismus, + tome, a cutting]

straight seminiferous tubule straight seminiferous tubule

See under tubule.

strain strain (stran)

1. A population of homogeneous organisms possessing a set of defined characters; in bacteriology, the set of descendants that retains the characteristics of the ancestor; members of a s. that subsequently differ from the original isolate are regarded as belonging either to a substrain of the original s., or to a new s. 2. Specific host cell(s) designed or selected to optimize production of recombinant products. 3. To make an effort to the limit of one's strength. [L. stringere, to bind] 4. To injure by overuse or improper use. 5. An act of straining. 6. Injury resulting from s. or overuse. 7. The change in shape that a body undergoes when acted upon by an external force. 8. To filter; to percolate. [A.S. stryand; streonan, to beget]
auxotrophic s.'ss.'s which are derived from the prototrophic s. but which require extra growth factors.
carrier s.a bacterial s. that is contaminated with a bacteriophage of low infectivity.pseudolysogenic s;
cell s.in tissue culture, cells derived from a single cell (clone) and possessing a specific feature such as a marker chromosome, antigen, or resistance to a virus.
congenic s.an inbred s. of animals produced by continued crossing of a gene of one line onto another inbred (isogenic) line.
HFR s., Hfr s.a s., or clone, in which a conjugative plasmid (such as an F´), integrated in the bacterial genome, is instrumental in the transfer (along with plasmid DNA) of integrated bacterial DNA in a sequential manner to a suitable recipient. [high freguency of recombination]
hypothetical mean s. (HMS) a hypothetical s. that possesses the characteristics of a calculated mean organism.
isogenic s.a s. of animals inbred for many generations and with high probability homozygous for certain specified genes.
lysogenic s.a s. of bacterium that is infected with a temporate bacteriophage. See lysogeny.
neotype s.a s. accepted by international agreement to replace a type s. which is no longer in existence or to serve as the type s. if a type s. was not designated and if no s. exists which can be designated as the type.neotype culture;
prototrophic s.'ss.'s that have the same nutritional requirements as the wild-type s.
pseudolysogenic s.carrier s
recombinant s. See recombinant (1) .
stock s.a bacterial or other microbial s. that has been maintained under laboratory conditions as representative of its type.
type s.the nomenclatural type of a species or subspecies.
wild-type s.a s. found in nature or a standard s. See also auxotrophic s.'s, prototrophic s.'s.

strains strains

Specific host cells designed or selected to optimize production of recombinant products.

strait strait (strat)

A narrow passageway. inferior s., apertura pelvis superior; superior s., apertura pelvis superior. [M.E. streit thr. O. Fr. fr. L. strictus, drawn together, tight]

straitjacket straitjacket (strat´jak-et)

A garment-like device with long sleeves that can be secured to restrain a violently disturbed person.camisole;

stramonium stramonium (stra-mo´ne-um)

The dried leaves and flowering or fruiting tops with branches of Datura stramonium or D. tatula (family Solanaceae), a herb abounding in temperate and subtropical countries; it contains an alkaloid, daturine, identical with hyoscyamine. It is an antispasmodic and has been used in the treatment of asthma and parkinsonism; when abused or taken inadvertently, it may cause an atropine-like toxic psychosis. [Mod. L.]

strand strand

In microbiology, a filamentous or threadlike structure.
anticoding s.the s. of duplex DNA which is used as a template for the synthesis of mRNA.antisense s;
antiparallel s.a macromolecular s. that is oriented in the opposite direction of a neighboring s.
antisense s.anticoding s
coding s.the s. of duplex DNA that has the same sequence as the mRNA (except that mRNA contains ribonucleotides instead of deoxyribonucleotides).sense s;
complementary s. See replicative form.
plus s. See replicative form.
sense s.coding s
viral s. See replicative form.

Strandberg Strandberg

James Victor., Swedish dermatologist, *1883. See Grönblad-S. syndrome.

strangalesthesia strangalesthesia (strang´gal-es-the´ze-a)

zonesthesia [G. strangale, halter, + aisthesis, sensation]

strangle strangle (strang´gl)

To suffocate; to choke; to compress the trachea so as to prevent sufficient passage of air. [G. strangaloo, to choke, fr. strangale, a halter]

strangles strangles (strang´glz)

An acute infectious bacterial disease in the horse, marked by mucopurulent nasal discharge and edematous and hemorrhagic nasal and pharyngeal respiratory passages with enlargement and suppuration of associated lymph nodes; it is caused by Streptococcus equi and affects chiefly horses under the age of five years.

strangulated strangulated (strang´gyu-la-ted)

Constricted so as to prevent sufficient passage of air, as through the trachea, or to cut off venous return and/or arterial airflow, as in the case of a hernia. [L. strangulo, pp. -atus, to choke, fr. G. strangaloo, to choke (strangle)]

strangulation strangulation (strang´gyu-la´shun)

The act of strangulating or the condition of being strangulated, in any sense.

strangury strangury (strang´gyu-re)

Difficulty in micturition, the urine being passed drop by drop with pain and tenesmus. [G. stranx (strang-), something squeezed out, a drop, + ouron, urine]

strap strap

1. A strip of adhesive plaster. 2. To apply overlapping strips of adhesive plaster. [A.S. stropp]

Strassburg Strassburg

Gustav A., German physiologist, *1848. See S.'s test.

Strassman Strassman

Paul F., German gynecologist, 1866-1938. See S.'s phenomenon.

strata strata (stra´ta, strat´a)

Plural of stratum.

stratification stratification (strat´i-fi-ka´shun)

The process or result of separating a sample into subsamples according to specified criteria such as age or occupational groups. [L. stratum, layer, + facio, to make]

stratified stratified (strat´i-fId)

Arranged in the form of layers or strata.

stratigraphy stratigraphy (stra-tig´ra-fe)

tomography [L. stratum, layer, + G. graphe, a writing]

stratum stratum, gen. strati, pl. strata (strat´um, ta; stra´tum; tI)

One of the layers of differentiated tissue, the aggregate of which forms any given structure, such as the retina or the skin. See also lamina, layer. [L. sterno, pp. stratus, to spread out, strew, ntr. of pp. as noun, stratum, a bed cover, layer]
s. aculea´tumobsolete term for s. spinosum.
s. al´bum profun´dumdeep gray layer of superior colliculus
s. basa´le 1. the outermost layer of the endometrium which undergoes only minimal changes during the menstrual cycle;basal layer; 2. s. basale epidermidis
s. basa´le epider´midisthe deepest layer of the epidermis, composed of dividing stem cells and anchoring cells.basal cell layer, columnar layer, germinative layer, palisade layer, s. basale (2) , s. cylindricum, s. germinativum;
s. cerebra´le ret´inaecerebral layer of retina
s. cine´reum collic´uli superio´risgray layer of superior colliculus
s. circula´re membra´nae tym´panicircular fibers deep to the radiate layer of the membrane that are more abundant near the periphery; not present in the pars flaccida.circular layer of tympanic membrane;
s. circula´re tu´nicae [NA] circular layer of muscular coat
s. circula´re tu´nicae muscula´ris co´licircular layer of muscular coat of colon.
s. circula´re tu´nicae muscula´ris gas´tricae [NA] circular layer of muscular coat
s. circula´re tu´nicae muscula´ris intesti´ni ten´uis [NA] circular layer of muscular coat of small intestine.
s. circula´re tu´nicae muscula´ris rec´ti [NA] circular layer of muscular coat of rectum.
s. circula´re tu´nicae muscula´ris ventric´ulicircular layer of muscular coat of stomach.
s. compac´tumthe superficial layer of decidual tissue in the pregnant uterus, in which the interglandular tissue preponderates.compacta;
s. cor´neum epider´midisthe outer layer of the epidermis, consisting of several layers of flat keratinized non-nucleated cells.corneal layer of epidermis, horny layer of epidermis;
s. cor´neum un´guisthe outer, horny layer of the nail.cornified layer of nail, horny layer of nail;
s. cuta´neum membra´nae tym´panithe thin layer of skin on the external surface of the tympanic membrane.cutaneous layer of tympanic membrane;
s. cylin´dricums. basale epidermidis
s. disjunc´tumthe layer of partly detached cells on the free surface of the s. corneum, as seen in sections under the microscope; an artifact of fixation.
s. fibro´sum [NA] fibrous articular capsule, fibrous capsule
s. functiona´lethe endometrium except for the s. basale; formerly believed to be lost during menstruation but now considered to be only partially disrupted.
s. gangliona´re ner´vi op´ticiganglionic layer of optic nerve
s. gangliona´re ret´inaeganglionic layer of retina
s. ganglio´sum cerebel´lipiriform neuron layer
s. germinati´vums. basale epidermidis
s. germinati´vum un´guisthe deeper layer of the nail that is continuous with the s. germinativum of the surrounding skin and from which the nail plate is continuously formed.germinative layer of nail;
s. granulo´sum cerebel´li [NA] granular layer of cerebellum
s. granulo´sum epider´midis [NA] granular layer of epidermis
s. granulo´sum follic´uli ova´rici vesiculo´sithe layer of small cells that forms the wall of an ovarian follicle.granular layer of a vesicular ovarian follicle, granulosa, membrana granulosa, s. granulosum ovarii;
s. granulo´sum ova´riis. granulosum folliculi ovarici vesiculosi
s. gris´eum collic´uli superio´ris [NA] gray layer of superior colliculus
s. gris´eum me´dium See gray layer of superior colliculus.
s. gris´eum profun´dum See gray layer of superior colliculus.
s. gris´eum superficia´le See gray layer of superior colliculus.
s. interoliva´re lemnis´cithe medial region of the medulla oblongata between the left and right olivary nucleus, traversed longitudinally by the left and right medial lemniscus, and transversely by the decussating olivocerebellar fibers.
s. lemnis´cia largely fibrous (hence whitish) layer of the superior colliculus separating the middle gray layer of superior colliculus from the deep gray layer of superior colliculus and containing, among others, fibers from the spinal and trigeminal lemnisci.fillet layer;
s. longitudina´le tu´nicae muscula´ris [NA] longitudinal layer of muscular coat
s. longitudina´le tu´nicae muscula´ris co´li [NA] longitudinal layer of the muscular tunic of the colon.
s. longitudina´le tu´nicae muscula´ris gas´tricae [NA] longitudinal layer of muscular coat
s. longitudina´le tu´nicae muscula´ris intesti´ni ten´uis [NA] longitudinal layer of muscular coat of small intestine.
s. longitudina´le tu´nicae muscula´ris rec´ti [NA] longitudinal layer of muscular coat of rectum.
s. longitudina´le tu´nicae muscula´ris ventric´uli [NA] longitudinal layer of muscular coat of stomach.
s. lu´ciduma layer of lightly staining corneocytes in the deepest level of the s. corneum; found primarily in the thick epidermis of the palmar and plantar skin.clear layer of epidermis;
malpighian s.the living layer of the epidermis comprising the s. basale, s. spinosum, and s. granulosum.malpighian layer, malpighian rete;
s. molecula´remolecular layer
s. molecula´re cerebel´li [NA] molecular layer of cerebellum
s. molecula´re ret´inaemolecular layer of retina
s. neuroepithelia´le ret´inaeneuroepithelial layer of retina
s. neurono´rum pirifor´mium [NA] piriform neuron layer
s. nuclea´re exter´num et inter´num ret´inaenuclear layers of retina, under layer
s. nuclea´re exter´num ret´inaeneuroepithelial layer of retina
s. nuclea´re inter´num ret´inaeganglionic layer of retina
s. op´ticumoptic layer
s. papilla´re cor´iithe more superficial layer of the corium whose papillae interdigitate with the epidermis.corpus papillare, papillary layer;
s. pigmen´ti bul´bipigmented layer of retina
s. pigmen´ti cor´poris cilia´risthe continuation of the pigment layer of the retina onto the posterior aspect of the ciliary body.pigmented layer of ciliary body;
s. pigmen´ti i´ridisthe double layer of pigmented epithelium on the posterior surface of the iris.pigmented layer of iris;
s. pigmen´ti ret´inaepigmented layer of retina
s. plexifor´me exter´num et inter´num ret´inaeplexiform layers of retina, under layer
s. radia´tum membra´nae tym´panithe connective tissue layer of the tympanic membrane beneath the stratum cutaneum, the fibers of which radiate from the manubrium of the malleus to the peripheral fibrocartilaginous ring of the membrane; absent from the pars flaccida.radiate layer of tympanic membrane;
s. reticula´re co´riithe thicker deep layer of the corium consisting of dense irregularly arranged connective tissue.reticular layer of corium, s. reticulare cutis, tunica propria corii;
s. reticula´re cu´tiss. reticulare corii
s. spino´sum epider´midisthe layer of polyhedral cells in the epidermis; shrinkage artifacts and adhesion of these cells at their desmosomal junctions gives a spiny or prickly appearance.prickle cell layer, spinous layer;
s. spongio´sumthe middle layer of the endometrium formed chiefly of dilated glandular structures; it is flanked by the compacta on the luminal side and the basalis on the myometrial side.
s. subcuta´neumsuperficial fascia
s. synovia´le [NA] synovial membrane, synovial membrane
s. zona´le [NA] zonular layer

Straus Straus

Isidore, French physician, 1845-1896. See S. reaction; S.'s sign.

Strauss Strauss

Lotte, U.S. pathologist, *1913. See Churg-S. syndrome.

Straüssler Straüssler

See Gerstmann-Sträussler syndrome.

streak streak (strek)

A line, stria, or stripe, especially one that is indistinct or evanescent. [A.S. strica]
germinal s.primitive s
gonadal s.a form of aplasia in which the ovary is replaced by a functionless tissue, as found in Turner's syndrome.streak gonad;
Knapp's s.'sangioid streaks
meningitic s.a line of redness resulting from drawing a point across the skin, especially notable in cases of meningitis.tache cérébrale, tache méningéale, Trousseau's spot;
Moore's lightning s.'sphotopsia manifested by vertical flashes of light, seen usually on the temporal side of the affected eye, caused by the involutional shrinkage of vitreous humor.
primitive s.an ectodermal ridge in the midline at the caudal end of the embryonic disk from which arises the intraembryonic mesoderm; achieved by inward and then lateral migration of cells; in human embryos, it appears on day 15 and gives a cephalocaudal axis to the developing embryo.germinal s;

stream stream (strem)

flumen
hair s.'sthe curved lines along which the hairs are arranged on the head and various parts of the body, especially noticeable in the fetus.flumina pilorum [NA] ;

streaming streaming (strem´ing)

See streaming movement.

streblodactyly streblodactyly (streb-lo-dak´ti-le)

camptodactyly [G. streblos, twisted, + daktylos, finger]

Streeter Streeter

George L., U.S. embryologist, 1873-1948. See S.'s bands, under band, developmental horizon(s).

Streeter's developmental horizon(s) Streeter's developmental horizon(s)

A term borrowed from geology and archeology by Streeter to define 23 developmental stages in young human embryos, from fertilization through the first 2 months; each horizon spanned 2 to 3 days and emphasized specific anatomic characteristics, to avoid discrepancies in the determination of age and body dimensions. [G.L. Streeter]

Streiff Streiff

Enrico Bernard, Swiss ophthalmologist, *1908.. See Hallermann-S. syndrome; Hallermann-S.-François syndrome.

stremma stremma (strem´a)

sprain [G. a twist, fr. strepho, to twist]

strength strength

1. The quality of being strong or powerful. 2. The degree of intensity. 3. The property of materials by which they endure the application of force without yielding or breaking.
associative s.in psychology, the s. of a stimulus response linkage as measured by the frequency with which a stimulus elicits a particular response. See conditioning.
biting s.force of mastication
compressive s.tensile s., except that the stress is in compression.
fatigue s.the stress level below which a particular component will survive an indefinite number of load cycles (typically about 50% of the ultimate s. of the component).
ionic s. (I) symbolized as GAMMA/2 or I and set equal to 0.5SIGMAm_iz_i², where m_i equals the molar concentration and z_i the charge of each ion present in solution; if molar concentrations (c_i) are used instead of molality (and the solution is dilute), then I = 0.5(1/rho_o)SIGMAc_iz_i² where rho_o is the density of the solvent; a number of biochemically important events (e.g., protein solubility and rates of enzyme action) vary with the ionic s. of a solution.
tensile s.the maximum tensile stress or load that a material is capable of sustaining; usually expressed in pounds per square inch.
ultimate s.the maximum stress achieved prior to failure of a component on a single application of the load.
yield s.the amount of stress at which a permanent (plastic) deformation in a component becomes measurable (usually taken as 0.2% permanent strain).

strephosymbolia strephosymbolia (stref´o-sim-bo´le-a)

1. Generally, the perception of objects reversed as if in a mirror. 2. Specifically, difficulty in distinguishing written or printed letters that extend in opposite directions but are otherwise similar, such as p and d, or related kinds of mirror reversal. [G. strepho, to turn, + symbolon, a mark or sign]

strepitus strepitus (strep´i-tus)

Rarely used term for a noise, usually an auscultatory sound. [L.]

strepticemia strepticemia (strep-ti-se´me-a)

streptococcemia

streptidine streptidine (strep´ti-den)

streptomycin

strepto- strepto-

Curved or twisted (usually relating to organisms thus described). [G. streptos, twisted, fr. strepho, to twist]

Streptobacillus Streptobacillus (strep-to-ba-sil´us)

A genus of nonmotile, nonsporeforming, aerobic to facultatively anaerobic bacteria (family Bacteroidaceae) containing Gram-negative, pleomorphic cells which vary from short rods to long, interwoven filaments which have a tendency to fragment into chains of bacillary and coccobacillary elements. These organisms are parasitic to pathogenic for rats, mice, and other mammals. The type species is S. moniliformis. [strepto- + bacillus]
S. monilifor´misa species commonly found as an inhabitant of the nasopharynx of rats; it occurs as the etiologic agent of an epizootic septic polyarthritis in mice and of one type of rat-bite fever; it is the type species of the genus S.

streptobiosamine streptobiosamine (strep´to-bI-o´sa-men)

A methylamino disaccharide (streptose + N-methyl-l-glucosamine), with the oxygen link between C-2 of streptose and C-1 of the glucosamine; with streptidine, it forms streptomycin.

streptobiose streptobiose (strep-to-bI´os)

Old term for streptose.

streptocerciasis streptocerciasis (strep´to-ser-kI´a-sis)

Infection of man and higher primates with the nematode Mansonella streptocerca.

streptococcal streptococcal (strep´to-kok´al)

Relating to or caused by any organism of the genus Streptococcus.

streptococcemia streptococcemia (strep´to-kok-se´-me-a)

The presence of streptococci in the blood.strepticemia, streptosepticemia; [streptococcus + G. haima, blood]

streptococci streptococci (strep´to-kok´sI)

Plural of streptococcus.

streptococcic streptococcic (strep´to-kok´sik)

Relating to or caused by any organism of the genus Streptococcus.

streptococcosis streptococcosis (strep´to-ko-ko´sis)

Any streptococcal infection.

Streptococcus Streptococcus (strep-to-kok´us)

A genus of nonmotile (with few exceptions), nonsporeforming, aerobic to facultatively anaerobic bacteria (family Lactobacillaceae) containing Gram-positive, spherical or ovoid cells which occur in pairs or short or long chains. Dextrorotatory lactic acid is the main product of carbohydrate fermentation. These organisms occur regularly in the mouth and intestines of humans and other animals, in dairy and other food products, and in fermenting plant juices. Some species are pathogenic. The type species is S. pyogenes. [strepto- + G. kokkos, berry (coccus)]
S. acidomin´imusa species found in the bovine vagina and on the skin of calves.
S. agalac´tiaea species found in the milk and tissues from udders of cows with mastitis; also reported to be associated with a variety of human infections, especially those of the urogenital tract.
S. angino´susa species found in the human throat, sinuses, abscesses, vagina, skin, and feces; this organism has been associated with glomerular nephritis and various types of mild respiratory diseases.
S. bo´visa species found in the bovine alimentary tract; this organism may also be found in blood and heart lesions in cases of subacute endocarditis.
S. constella´tusa species found in tonsils, purulent pleurisy, appendix, the nose, throat, and gums, and infrequently on the skin and in the vagina.
S. dur´ansa species found in dried milk powder and in the intestines of humans and other animals.
S. dysgalac´tiaea species causing acute mastitis in cattle.
S. e´quia species causing strangles in horses.
S. equi´nusa species that is the predominant organism in the intestines of horses.
S. equi subsp. zooepidem´icusa species causing mastitis in cattle.
S. faeca´lisa species found in human feces and in the intestines of many warm-blooded animals; occasionally found in urinary infections and in blood and heart lesions in cases of subacute endocarditis; associated with European foul brood of bees and with mild outbreaks of food poisoning.
S. lac´tisa species found commonly as a contaminant in milk and dairy products; a common cause of the souring and coagulation of milk; some strains produce nisin, a powerful antibiotic that inhibits the growth of many other Gram-positive organisms.
S. mi´tisa species found in the human mouth, throat, and nasopharynx; ordinarily, it is not considered to be pathogenic, but this organism may be recovered from ulcerated teeth and sinuses and from blood and heart lesions in cases of subacute endocarditis.
S. mu´tansa species associated with the production of dental caries in humans and in some other animals and with subacute endocarditis.
S. pneumo´niaea species of Gram-positive, lancet-shaped diplococci frequently occurring in chains; cells are readily lysed by bile salts. Virulent forms are enclosed in type-specific polysaccharide capsules, the basis for an effective vaccine. Normal inhabitants of the respiratory tract, and perhaps the most common cause of lobar pneumonia, they are relatively common causative agents of meningitis, sinusitis, and other infections. It is the type species of the genus Diplococcus.Fraenkel's pneumococcus, Fraenkel-Weichselbaum pneumococcus, pneumococcus, pneumonococcus;
S. pyog´enesa species found in the human mouth, throat, and respiratory tract and in inflammatory exudates, bloodstream, and lesions in human diseases; it is sometimes found in the udders of cows and in dust from sickrooms, hospital wards, schools, theaters, and other public places; it causes the formation of pus or even fatal septicemias. There is also a specific somatic antigen (M protein) for each of the approximately 85 types. It is the type species of the genus S.
S. saliva´riusa species found in the human mouth, throat, and nasopharynx.
S. san´guisa species originally found in the so-called vegetation on heart valves from cases of subacute bacterial endocarditis; occasionally found in infected sinuses and teeth and in house dust.
S. u´berisa species causing mastitis in cattle.
S. vir´idansa name applied not to a distinct species but rather to the group of a-hemolytic streptococci as a whole; viridans streptococci have been isolated from the mouth and intestines of humans, the intestines of horses, the milk and feces of cows, milk and milk products, and the sputum and lungs in cases of primary atypical pneumonia.
S. zooepide´micusformer name for S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus.

streptococcus streptococcus, pl. streptococci (strep´to-kok´us, -kok´sI)

A term used to refer to any member of the genus Streptococcus.
a-streptococcistreptococci that form a green variety of reduced hemoglobin in the area of the colony on a blood agar medium.
group A streptococcia common bacteria that is the cause of strep throat, scarlet fever, impetigo, cellulitis-erysipelas, rheumatic fever, acute glomerular nephritis, endocarditis, and group A streptococcal necrotizing fasciitis. The prototype is Streptococcus pyogenes.
group B streptococcia leading cause of a form of neonatal sepsis that has a 10-20% mortality rate and leaves a large number of survivors with brain damage. Also a leading cause of meningitis.
hemolytic streptococcibeta-hemolytic streptococci
beta-hemolytic streptococcithose that produce active hemolysins (O and S) which cause a zone of clear hemolysis on the blood agar medium in the area of the colony; beta-hemolytic streptococci are divided into groups (A to O) on the basis of cell wall C carbohydrate (see Lancefield classification); Group A (in the strains pathogenic for man) comprises more than 50 types (designated by Arabic numerals) determined by cell wall M protein, which seems to be associated closely with virulence and is produced chiefly by strains with matt or mucoid colonies, in contrast to nonvirulent, glossy colony-producing strains; other surface protein antigens such as R and T (T substance), and the nucleoprotein fraction (P substance) seem to be of less importance. The more than 20 extracellular substances elaborated by strains of beta-hemolytic streptococci include erythrogenic toxin (elaborated only by lysogenic strains), deoxyribonuclease (streptodornase), hemolysins (streptolysins O and S), hyaluronidase, and streptokinase.hemolytic streptococci;

streptoderma streptoderma (strep-to-der´ma)

Pyoderma due to streptococci.

streptodermatitis streptodermatitis (strep´to-der-ma-tI´tis)

Inflammation of the skin caused by the action of streptococci.

streptodornase (SD) streptodornase (SD) (strep-to-dor´nas)

A "dornase" (deoxyribonuclease) obtained from streptococci; used with streptokinase to facilitate drainage in septic surgical conditions.

streptofuranose streptofuranose (strep-to-fur´a-nos)

streptose

streptokinase (SK) streptokinase (SK) (strep-to-kI´nas)

An extracellular metalloenzyme from hemolytic streptococci that cleaves plasminogen, producing plasmin, which causes the liquefaction of fibrin (same activity as staphylokinase and urokinase); usually used in conjunction with streptodornase; thus, used in the removal of clots.plasminokinase, streptococcal fibrinolysin;

streptokinase-streptodornase streptokinase-streptodornase

A purified mixture containing streptokinase, streptodornase, and other proteolytic enzymes; used by topical application or by injection into body cavities to remove clotted blood and fibrinous and purulent accumulations of exudate; thus, used in the removal of clots.

streptolysin streptolysin (strep-tol´i-sin)

A hemolysin produced by streptococci.
s. Oa hemolysin that is produced by beta-hemolytic streptococci and is hemolytically active only in the reduced state; anti-s. O produced during infection is of diagnostic significance.

Streptomyces Streptomyces (strep-to-mI´sez)

A genus of nonmotile, aerobic, Gram-positive bacteria (family Streptomycetaceae) that grow in the form of a much-branched mycelium; conidia are produced in chains on aerial hyphae. These organisms (several hundred species in the genus) are predominantly saprophytic soil forms; some are parasitic on plants or animals; many produce antibiotics. The type species is S. albus. [strepto- + G. mykes, fungus]
S. al´busa species found in dust, soil, grains, and straw; some strains produce actinomycetin; others produce thiolutin or endomycin; it is the type species of the genus S.
S. gibso´niia species found in human infections.Nocardia gibsonii;
S. somalien´sisa species that causes Bouffardi's white mycetoma.

Streptomycetaceae Streptomycetaceae (strep´to-mI-se-ta´se-e)

A family of aerobic Gram-positive bacteria (order Actinomycetales) that produce a vegetative mycelium which does not fragment into bacillary or coccoid forms; they produce conidia which are borne on sporophores. These organisms occur primarily in the soil; some are thermophiles found in rotting manure, a few are parasitic, and many produce antibiotics. The type genus is Streptomyces.

streptomycete streptomycete (strep´to-mI´set)

A term used to refer to a member of the genus Streptomyces; it is sometimes improperly used to refer to any member of the family Streptomycetaceae.

streptomycin streptomycin (strep-to-mI´sin)

An antibiotic agent obtained from Streptomyces griseus that is active against the tubercle bacillus and a large number of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria; also used in the form of dihydrostreptomycin (aldehyde of s. reduced to CH₂OH). It is a glucoside and contains streptidine and streptobiosamine linked by an oxygen bridge between C-4 of the inositol residue and C-1 of the streptose residue; s. B has a mannose residue attached to the glucosamine and is a natural product, with less activity than s. A. It is used virtually exclusively in the treatment of tuberculosis; toxicity includes eighth cranial nerve damage leading to deafness and/or vestibular dysfunction.streptidine, streptomycin A;

streptomycin A streptomycin A

streptomycin

streptomycosis streptomycosis (strep´to-mI-ko´sis)

Old term for streptococcemia. [strepto- + G. mykes, fungus, + -osis, condition]

streptonivicin streptonivicin (strep´to-ni-vI´sin)

novobiocin

streptose streptose (strep´tos)

5-deoxy-3-C-formyl-l-lyxose;an unusual l-pentose that is a component of streptobiosamine, hence of streptomycin.streptofuranose;

streptosepticemia streptosepticemia (strep´to-sep-ti-se´me-a)

streptococcemia

streptothrichosis streptothrichosis (strep´to-thri-ko´sis)

dermatophilosis

streptotrichiasis streptotrichiasis (strep´to-tri-kI´a-sis)

dermatophilosis

streptotrichosis streptotrichosis (strep´to-tri-ko´sis)

dermatophilosis

streptozocin streptozocin (strep-to-zo´sin)

2-Deoxy-2-(3-methyl-3-nitrosoureido)-d-glucopyranose;an antineoplastic agent used in the treatment of metastatic islet-cell carcinoma of the pancreas.

stress stress (stres)

1. Reactions of the body to forces of a deleterious nature, infections, and various abnormal states that tend to disturb its normal physiologic equilibrium (homeostasis). 2. In dentistry, the forces set up in teeth, their supporting structures, and structures restoring or replacing teeth as a result of the force of mastication. 3. The force or pressure applied or exerted between portions of a body or bodies, generally expressed in pounds per square inch. 4. In rheology, the force in a material transmitted per unit area to adjacent layers. 5. In psychology, a physical or psychological stimulus such as very high heat, public criticism, or another noxious agent or experience which, when impinging upon an individual, produces psychological strain or disequilibrium. [L. strictus, tight, fr. stringo, to draw together]
life s.events or experiences that produce severe strain, e.g., failure on the job, marital separation, loss of a love object.
shear s.the force acting in shear flow expressed per unit area; units in the CGS system: dynes/cm².
tensile s.a s. acting on a body per unit cross-sectional area so as to elongate the body.
yield s.the critical s. that must be applied to a material before it begins to flow, as in a Bingham plastic.

stress breaker stress breaker

A device that relieves the abutment teeth, to which a fixed or removable partial denture is attached, of all or part of the forces generated by occlusal function.

stress riser stress riser

A mechanical defect, such as a hole, in bone or other materials that concentrates stress in the area.

stress shielding stress shielding

Osteopenia occurring in bone as the result of removal of normal stress from the bone by an implant.

stretcher stretcher

A litter, usually a sheet of canvas stretched to a frame with four handles, used for transporting the sick or injured. [A.S. streccan, to stretch]

stria stria, gen and pl. striae (strI´a, strI´e)

1. A stripe, band, streak, or line, distinguished by color, texture, depression, or elevation from the tissue in which it is found.striation (1) ; 2. striae cutis distensae [L. channel, furrow]
acoustic striaemedullary striae of fourth ventricle
stri´ae atroph´icaestriae cutis distensae
auditory striaemedullary striae of fourth ventricle
brown striaeRetzius' striae
stri´ae cilia´resshallow radial grooves on the surface of the orbiculus ciliaris extending from the teeth of the ora serrata and leading into the valleys between the ciliary processes.
stri´ae cu´tis disten´saebands of thin wrinkled skin, initially red but becoming purple and white, which occur commonly on the abdomen, buttocks, and thighs at puberty and/or during and following pregnancy, and result from atrophy of the dermis and overextension of the skin; also associated with ascites and Cushing's syndrome.atrophoderma striatum, lineae albicantes, lineae atrophicae, linear atrophy, stretch marks, stria (2) , striae atrophicae, striate atrophy of skin, traction atrophy, vergeture;
diagonalis s. See Broca's diagonal band.
s. for´nicismedullary s. of thalamus
Gennari's s.line of Gennari
stri´ae gravida´rumstriae cutis distensae related to pregnancy.
Knapp's striaeangioid streaks
stri´ae lanci´sithe lateral longitudinal s. and the medial longitudinal s.
Langhans' s.fibrinoid that accumulates on the chorionic plate between the bases of placental villi during the first half of pregnancy.
lateral longitudinal s.a thin longitudinal band of nerve fibers accompanied by gray matter, near each outer edge of the upper surface of the corpus callosum under cover of the cingulate gyru.s. longitudinalis lateralis [NA] , s. tecta, tectal s;
s. longitudina´lis latera´lis [NA] lateral longitudinal s
s. longitudina´lis media´lis [NA] medial longitudinal s
s. mallea´ris [NA] a bright line seen through the membrana tympani, produced by the attachment of the manubrium of the malleus.mallear stripe;
medial longitudinal s.a thin longitudinal band of nerve fibers accompanied by gray matter, running along the surface of the corpus callosum on either side of the median line. Together with the lateral longitudinal s. it forms part of a thin layer of gray matter on the dorsal surface of the corpus callosum, the indusium griseum, a rudimentary component of the hippocampus.s. longitudinalis medialis [NA] ;
stri´ae medulla´res ventric´uli quar´ti [NA] medullary striae of fourth ventricle
s. medulla´ris thal´ami [NA] medullary s. of thalamus
medullary striae of fourth ventricleslender fascicles of fibers extending transversally below the ependymal floor of the ventricle from the median sulcus to enter the inferior cerebellar peduncle. They arise from the arcuate nuclei on the ventral surface of the medullary pyramid.striae medullares ventriculi quarti [NA] , acoustic striae, auditory striae, Bergmann's cords, medullary teniae, teniae acusticae;
medullary s. of thalamusa narrow, compact fiber bundle that extends along the line of attachment of the roof of the third ventricle to the thalamus on each side and terminates posteriorly in the habenular nucleus. It is composed of fibers originating in the septal area, the anterior perforated substance, the lateral preoptic nucleus, and the medial segment of the globus pallidus.s. medullaris thalami [NA] , s. fornicis, s. ventriculi tertii;
s. na´si transver´saa single deep horizontal groove at the level of the alae, with no associated defects.transverse nasal groove;
Nitabuch's s.Nitabuch's membrane
stri´ae olfacto´riae [NA] olfactory striae
olfactory striaethree distinct fiber bands (s. medialis, s. intermedia, s. lateralis) that caudally extend the olfactory tract beyond its attachment to the olfactory trigone. The medial s. curves dorsally into the tenia tecta; the intermediate, often barely visible, extends straight back and terminates in the olfactory tubercle; the lateral olfactory s., the largest of the three, passes along the lateral side of the olfactory tubercle, curving laterally as far as the limen insulae, then sharply medially to reach the uncus of the parahippocampal gyrus where it terminates in the plexiform layer of the olfactory cortex. See also medial longitudinal s.striae olfactoriae [NA] , olfactory roots;
stri´ae paral´lelaeRetzius' striae
striae ret´inaeconcentric lines on the surface of an abnormal retina.
striae retinaePaton's lines, under line
Retzius' striaedark concentric lines crossing the enamel prisms of the teeth, seen in axial cross sections of the enamel.brown striae, striae parallelae;
Rohr's s.layer of fibrinoid in the intervillous spaces of the placenta.
s. spino´saa faint groove occasionally caused by the chorda tympani nerve on the spine of the sphenoid.Lucas' groove, sulcus spinosus;
s. tec´talateral longitudinal s
tectal s.lateral longitudinal s
terminal s.a slender, compact fiber bundle that connects the amygdala (amygdaloid body) with the hypothalamus and other basal forebrain regions. Originating from the amygdala, the bundle passes first caudalward in the roof of the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle; it follows the medial side of the caudate nucleus forward in the floor of the ventricle's central part (or body) until it reaches the interventricular foramen, in the posterior wall of which it curves steeply down to enter the hypothalamus, with fibers passing both rostral and caudal to the anterior commissure. Coursing caudalward in the medial part of the hypothalamus, the bundle terminates in the anterior and ventromedial hypothalamic nuclei.s. terminalis [NA] , Foville's fasciculus, Tarin's tenia, tenia semicircularis;
s. termina´lis [NA] terminal s
s. vascularis of cochleathe stratified epithelium lining the upper part of the ligamentum spirale cochleae; it is penetrated by capillaries and is believed to be the site of production of endolymph.s. vascularis ductus cochlearis [NA] , psalterial cord, vascular stripe;
s. vascula´ris duc´tus cochlea´ris [NA] s. vascularis of cochlea
s. ventric´uli ter´tiimedullary s. of thalamus
Wickham's striaefine whitish lines, having a network arrangement, on the surface of lichen planus papules.
striae of Zahnlines of Zahn, under line

striatal striatal (strI´a-tal)

Relating to the corpus striatum.

striate striate (strI´at)

Striped; marked by striae. [L. striatus, furrowed]

striation striation (strI-a´shun)

1. stria (1) 2. A striate appearance. 3. The act of streaking or making striae.
basal s.'sthe vertical infranuclear s.'s due to the infolded plasma membrane and mitochondria; they are seen in kidney tubules and certain intralobular salivary ducts.
tabby cat s.tigroid s
tigroid s.linear whitish or yellowish markings on the fatty degenerated heart muscle.tabby cat s;

striatonigral striatonigral (strI-a-to-nI´gral)

Referring to the efferent connection of the striatum with the substantia nigra.

striatum striatum (strI-a´tum)

Collective name for the caudate nucleus and putamen which together with the globus pallidus or pallidum form the striate body. [L. neut. of striatus, furrowed]

stricture stricture (strik´chur)

A circumscribed narrowing or stenosis of a hollow structure, usually consisting of cicatricial contracture or deposition of abnormal tissue. [L. strictura, fr. stringo, pp. strictus, to draw tight, bind]
anastomotic s.narrowing, usually by scarring, of an anastomotic suture line.
annular s.a ringlike constriction encircling the wall of a canal.
bridle s.narrowing of a canal by a band of tissue stretching across part of its lumen.
contractile s.recurrent s
functional s.spasmodic s
Hunner's s.bladder s. produced by interstitial cystitis (Hunner's ulcer).
organic s.a s. due to the presence of cicatricial or other new tissue, not spasmodic.permanent s;
permanent s.organic s
recurrent s.a s. due to the presence of contractile tissue which may be dilated but soon returns.contractile s;
spasmodic s.a s. due to localized spasm of muscular fibers in the wall of the canal.functional s., temporary s;
temporary s.spasmodic s
urethral s.a stenosing lesion of the urethra, due usually to inflammation or to iatrogenic instrumentation and resulting in reduction of urethral caliber which may be focal or may involve virtually the entire length of the urethra.

stricturoplasty stricturoplasty (strik´chur-plas´te)

Surgical procedure for widening a structured segment of intestine that involves incision and closure in opposing directions. [stricture + G. plastos, formed]

stricturotome stricturotome (strik´chur-o-tom)

A stricture knife; an instrument for use in dividing a stricture.

stricturotomy stricturotomy (strik-chur-ot´o-me)

Surgical opening or division of a stricture. [stricture + G. tome, incision]

strident strident (strI´dent)

Creaking; grating; harsh-sounding; denoting an auscultatory sound or rale. [L. stridens, pres. p. of strideo, to creak]

stridor stridor (strI´dor)

A high-pitched, noisy respiration, like the blowing of the wind; a sign of respiratory obstruction, especially in the trachea or larynx. [L. a harsh, creaking sound]
congenital s.crowing inspiration occurring at birth or within the first few months of life; sometimes without apparent cause and sometimes due to abnormal flaccidity of epiglottis or arytenoids.laryngeal s;
s. den´tiumgrinding of the teeth.
expiratory s.a singing sound due to the semi-approximated vocal folds offering resistance to the escape of air.
inspiratory s.a crowing sound during the inspiratory phase of respiration due to pathology involving the epiglottis or larynx.
laryngeal s.congenital s
s. serrat´icusa rough grating like the sound of a saw.

stridulous stridulous (strid´yu-lus)

Having a shrill or creaking sound. [L. stridulus, fr. strideo, to creak, to hiss]

string string

A slender cord or cordlike structure.
auditory s.'sbundles of parallel filaments in the zona pectinata of the lamina basilaris of the cochlea; the length of the s.'s varies from 64 mum in the basal coil to 480 mum in the apex.

stringhalt stringhalt (string´halt)

Myoclonic affliction of one or both hindlimbs in the horse seen as spasmodic overflexion of the joints.

strip strip

1. To express the contents from a collapsible tube or canal, such as the urethra, by running the finger along it.milk (4) ; 2. Subcutaneous excision of a vein in its longitudinal axis, performed with a stripper. 3. Any narrow piece, relatively long and of uniform width. [A.S. strypan, to rob]
abrasive s.a ribbon-like piece of linen on one side of which is bonded abrasive particles; used in dentistry for contouring and polishing proximal surfaces of restorations.
amalgam s.a linen s. without abrasive used to smooth proximal contours of newly placed amalgam restorations.
celluloid s.a clear plastic s. used as a matrix when inserting a silicate cement or acrylic resin cement in proximal cavity preparations of anterior teeth.
lightning s.a s. of metal with abrasive on one side, used to open rough or improper contacts of proximal restorations.

stripe stripe (strIp)

1. In anatomy, a streak, line, band, or stria. 2. In radiography, a linear opacity differing in density from the adjacent parts of the image; usually represents the tangential image of a planar structure such as the pleura or peritoneum. See also psoas margin. [M.E.]
s. of Gennariline of Gennari
Hensen's s.a band on the undersurface of the membrana tectoria of the cochlear duct.
mallear s.stria mallearis
Mees' s.'sMees' lines, under line
pleural s.on a chest radiograph, the soft tissue s. between the opacity of the aerated lung and that of the cortex of the rib.
tracheal wall s.on a chest radiograph, the linear opacity between air in the trachea and in the right upper lobe.
vascular s.stria vascularis of cochlea

Strisower Strisower

See Schellong-Strisower phenomenon.

strobila strobila, pl. strobilae (stro´bi-la, -le)

A chain of segments, less the scolex and unsegmented neck portion, of a tapeworm; in the monozoic tapeworms (subclass Cestodaria and some members of the subclass Cestoda), it may consist of a single proglottid. [G. stobile, a twist of lint]

strobilocercus strobilocercus (stro´bi-lo-ser´kus)

A taenioid tapeworm larva of the cysticercus type, but with a conspicuous segmented neck, small terminal bladder, and everted scolex; the larval form of Taenia taeniaeformis, called Cysticercus fasciolaris. [G. strobile, a twist of lint, + kerkos, tail]

strobiloid strobiloid (stro´bi-loyd)

Resembling a chain of segments of a tapeworm. [G. strobile, strobile, + eidos, resemblance]

stroboscope stroboscope (stro´bo-skop)

An electronic instrument that produces intermittent light flashes of controlled frequency; used to influence electrical activity of the cerebral cortex.

stroboscopic stroboscopic (stro-bo-skop´ik)

Pertaining to the illusion of motion, retarded or accelerated, produced by visual images observed intermittently in rapid succession. [G. strobos, a twisting around, fr. strepho, to twist, + skopeo, to view]

Stroganoff Stroganoff

Vasili V., Russian obstetrician, 1857-1938. See S.'s method.

stroke stroke (strok)

1. Term denoting the sudden development of focal neurological deficits usually related to impaired cerebral blood; more appropriate terms indicate the nature of the disturbance; e.g., thrombosis, hemorrhage, or embolism. 2. A pulsation. 3. To pass the hand or any instrument gently over a surface. See also stroking. 4. A gliding movement over a surface. [A.S. strac]
heart s. 1. impact of the apex of the heart against the wall of the chest; 2. angina pectoris
heat s. See heatstroke.
spinal s.abrupt onset of focal spinal cord dysfunction caused by a disturbance in its blood supply.
sun s. See sunstroke.

stroking stroking (strok´ing)

The nonverbal fondling and nurturance accorded infants or the nonverbal and verbal forms of acceptance, reassurance, and positive reinforcement accorded to children and adults either by an individual to himself or herself or to another person in order to satisfy a basic biopsychological need of all developing humans; various psychopathological conditions are believed to result when such s. is absent or faulty.

stroma stroma, pl. stromata (stro´ma, stro´ma-ta) [NA]

1. The framework, usually of connective tissue, of an organ, gland, or other structure, as distinguished from the parenchyma or specific substance of the part. 2. Aqueous phase of chloroplasts; i.e., chloroplast matrix. 3. Archaic term for mitochondrial matrix. [G. stroma, bed]
s. glan´dulae thyroi´deae [NA] s. of thyroid gland
s. i´ridis [NA] s. of iris
s. of iristhe delicate vascular connective tissue that lies between the anterior surface of the iris and the pars iridica retinae.s. iridis [NA] ;
lymphatic s.the network of reticular fibers and associated reticular cells of lymphatic tissue.
nerve s.the connective tissue supporting structures of peripheral nerve fibers, consisting of endoneurium, perineurium, and epineurium.
s. ova´rii [NA] s. of ovary
s. of ovarythe fibrous tissue of the medulla of the ovary.s. ovarii [NA] ;
Rollet's s.the colorless s. of the red blood cells.
s. of thyroid glandthe connective tissue that supports the lobules and follicles of the thyroid gland.s. glandulae thyroideae [NA] ;
s. of vitreousthe delicate framework of the vitreous body embedded in or enclosing the vitrous humor.s. vitreum [NA] ;
s. vit´reum [NA] s. of vitreous

stromal stromal (stro´mal)

Stromatic; relating to the stroma of an organ or other structure.stromic;

stromatin stromatin (stro´ma-tin)

An insoluble protein in the stroma of erythrocytes.

stromatolysis stromatolysis (stro-ma-tol´i-sis)

Destruction of the enveloping membrane of a cell, such as a red blood cell. [stroma + G. lysis, dissolution]

stromatosis stromatosis (stro-ma-to´sis)

endometrial stromal sarcoma

stromic stromic (stro´mik)

stromal

stromuhr stromuhr (strom´ur)

An instrument for measuring the quantity of blood that flows per unit of time through a blood vessel. [Ger. Strom, stream, + Uhr, clock]
Ludwig's s.one of the first devices for measuring flow in blood vessels.
thermo-s. See thermostromuhr.

Strong Strong

Edward K., Jr., U.S. psychologist, *1884. See S. vocational interest test.

strongyle strongyle (stron´jil)

Common name for members of the family Strongylidae. [G. strongylos, round]

Strongylidae Strongylidae (stron-jil´i-de)

A family of parasitic nematode worms (order Strongyloidea) including the genera Strongylus and Oesophagostomum. [see Strongyloides]

Strongyloidea Strongyloidea (stron-ji-loy´de-a)

A superfamily of strongyle nematode parasites including the genera Ancyclostoma, Necator, Ostertagia, Haemonchus, and Strongylus, as well as the gapeworms of fowl, the lungworms of carnivores, and some of the most important helminth pathogens of man and domestic animals. [see Strongyloides]

Strongyloides Strongyloides (stron-ji-loy´dez)

The threadworm, a genus of small nematode parasites (superfamily Rhabditoidea), commonly found in the small intestine of mammals (particularly ruminants), that are characterized by an unusual life cycle that involves one or several generations of free-living adult worms. Human infection is chiefly by S. stercoralis, the small roundworm of man, widespread in all tropical regions, or by S. fuelleborni, a parasite of non-human primates in African and Asian tropics and of humans in African tropics. The subspecies S. F. kellyi occurs in New Guinea where it causes widespread infection. Fatal infection in 2-month-old infants, possibly infected by transmammary transmission, produces the condition known locally as swollen belly disease or swollen belly syndrome, which causes grossly distended abdomens, invariably fatal in these infants. Other species include S. papillosus in cattle, sheep, and goats, and S. ransomi in swine. [G. strongylos, round, + eidos, resemblance]

strongyloidiasis strongyloidiasis (stron´ji-loy-dI´a-sis)

Infection with soil-borne nematodes of the genus Strongyloides, considered to be a parthenogenetic parasitic female. Larvae passed to the soil develop through 4 larval instars to form free-living adults or develop from first and second free-living stages into infective third stage strongyliform or filariform larvae, which penetrate the skin or enter the buccal mucosa via drinking water. Infection can occur by larvae of a new generation developed in the soil (indirect cycle), by infective larvae developed without an intervening adult stage (direct cycle), or by larvae that develop directly in the feces within the intestine of the host, penetrate the mucosa, and pass by blood-lung migration back to the intestine (autoreinfection); most serious human infections and nearly all fatalities result from autoreinfection, which commonly follow immunosuppression by steroids, ACTH, or other immunosuppressive agents. Autoreinfection also may develop in patients with AIDS.strongyloidosis;

strongyloidosis strongyloidosis (-do´sis)

strongyloidiasis

strongylosis strongylosis (stron-ji-lo´sis)

Disease caused by infection with a species of the nematode Strongylus; effects may be extreme from worm-caused lesions, nodules, and aneurysms.

Strongylus Strongylus (stron´ji-lus)

The palisade worm, a genus of large strongyle nematodes (subfamily Strongylinae, family Strongylidae) parasitic in horses and other equids, and the cause of strongylosis. [G. strongylos, round]
S. asi´nia species that occurs in the large intestine of the ass and other wild equids.
S. edenta´tusa bloodsucking species occurring in the cecum and colon of the horse, ass, mule, and zebra.
S. equi´nusa cosmopolitan bloodsucking species found in the cecum and (rarely) colon of horses and other equids.
S. radia´tusCooperia oncophora
S. ventrico´susCooperia oncophora
S. vulga´risa bloodsucking species found chiefly in the cecum of horses and other equids; in the course of their migration, larvae commonly lodge in the wall of the posterior aorta, causing wall damage and the development of verminous aneurysms in this vessel, especially in the anterior mesenteric arteries.

strontium (Sr) strontium (Sr) (stron´she-um)

A metallic element, atomic no. 38, atomic wt. 87.62; one of the alkaline earth series and similar to calcium in chemical and biological properties. Various salts of s. are used therapeutically for their anions; e.g., s. bromide, iodide, lactate. [Strontian, a town in Scotland]

strontium-85 (85Sr) strontium-85 (⁸⁵Sr)

A radioactive strontium isotope with a half-life of 64.84 days; used in bone imaging.

strontium-87m (87mSr) strontium-87m (^87mSr)

A radioactive strontium isotope with a half-life of 2.80 hours; used in bone imaging.

strontium-89 (89Sr) strontium-89 (⁸⁹Sr)

A radioactive strontium isotope; a beta emitter with half-life of 50.52 days; used as a tracer in studies of strontium absorption by the body, strontium incorporation in bone, etc.

strontium-90 (90Sr) strontium-90 (⁹⁰Sr)

A radioactive strontium isotope; a beta emitter with half-life of 29.1 years; a major component (about 5%) of the uranium fission products; it is incorporated into bone tissue where turnover is slow; used in the therapy of certain eye conditions (e.g., pterygia, traumatic corneal ulceration, etc.).

strophanthin strophanthin (stro-fan´thin)

K-strophanthin;a glycoside or mixture of glycosides from Strophanthus kombé; a cardiac tonic, like ouabain (G-s.); extremely toxic.

Strophanthus Strophanthus (stro-fan´thus)

A genus of vines of east Africa (family Apocynaceae); the dried ripe seeds of S. kombé or S. hispidus contain the cardiac glycoside strophanthin, and were used as an arrow poison; the seeds of S. gratus are the botanical source of ouabain. [G. strophos, a twisted cord, + anthos, flower]

strophocephaly strophocephaly (strof-o-sef´a-le)

Condition characterized by a congenitally distorted head and face, in which there is a tendency toward cyclopia and malformation of the oral region. [G. strophe, a twist, + kephale, head]

strophosomia strophosomia (strof-o-so´me-a)

Severe form of a congenital ventral fissure, extremely rare in humans. [G. strophe, a twist, + soma, body]

strophulus strophulus (strof´yu-lus)

miliaria rubra [Mod. L. dim. of G. strophus, colic]
s. can´didusa form of s. in which the papules are colorless and shining.
s. intertinc´tusa form of s. marked by an eruption of itching papules.s. pruriginosus;
s. prurigino´suss. intertinctus

Stroud Stroud

Bert B., 19th century U.S. physiologist, anatomist, and zoologist. See S.'s pectinated area.

struck struck (struk)

A bacterial disease of adult sheep in Britain caused by Clostridium perfringens type C.

structural structural (struk´chur-al)

Relating to the structure of a part; having a structure.anatomical (2) ;

structuralism structuralism (struk´chur-al-izm.)

A branch of psychology interested in the basic structure and elements of consciousness.

structure structure (struk´chur)

1. The arrangement of the details of a part; the manner of formation of a part. 2. A tissue or formation made up of different but related parts. 3. In chemistry, the specific connections of the atoms in a given molecule. [L. structura, fr. struo, pp. structus, to build]
brush heap s.haphazard interlocking of fibrils in a gel or hydrocolloid impression material.
chi s.a joint between two DNA duplex molecules. See also chi sequence.
cointegrate s.a s. of DNA produced by the fusion of two replicons, one possessing a transposon.
complementary s.'ss.'s that define one another; e.g., the two strands of duplex DNA.
crystal s.the arrangement in space and the interatomic distances and angles of the atoms in crystals, usually determined by x-ray diffraction measurements.
denture-supporting s.'sthe tissues, teeth, and/or residual ridges, which serve as the foundation for removable partial or complete dentures.
fine s.ultrastructure
gel s.brush heap s. of fibrils giving firmness to hydrocolloids.
Holliday s.Holliday junction
primary s.in a macromolecule, the sequence of sub-units that make up that macromolecule; e.g., the amino acid sequence of a protein.
quaternary s.the three-dimensional arrangement and constitution of a multimeric (i.e., a substance containing more than one biopolymer) macromolecule; e.g., the a₂beta₂ tetramer of hemoglobin A.
secondary s.the localized arrangement in space of regions of a biopolymer; often these types of s.'s are regular and recurring along one dimension; e.g., the a-helix often found in proteins.
tertiary s.the three-dimensional configuration of a biopolymer.
tuboreticular s.tubules 20-30 nm in length that lie within cisterns of smooth endoplasmic reticulum; observed in connective tissue diseases such as SLE, and in various cancers and virus infections.

struma struma, pl. strumae (stru´ma, -me)

1. goiter 2. Formerly, any enlargement of a tissue. [L. a scrofulous tumor, fr. struo, to pile up, build]
s. aberra´taaberrant goiter
s. colloi´descolloid goiter
Hashimoto's s.Hashimoto's thyroiditis
ligneous s.Riedel's thyroiditis
s. lymphomato´saHashimoto's thyroiditis
s. malig´naobsolete term for cancer of the thyroid gland.
s. medicamento´sagoiter due to the use of some therapeutic agent.
s. ova´riia rare ovarian tumor, regarded as teratomatous, in which thyroid tissue has surpassed the other elements; occasionally associated with hyperthyroidism.
Riedel's s.Riedel's thyroiditis

strumectomy strumectomy (stru-mek´to-me)

Surgical removal of all or a portion of a goitrous tumor. [struma + G. ektome, excision]
median s.removal of a median goiter or an enlarged isthmus of the thyroid gland.

strumiform strumiform (stru´mi-form)

Resembling a goiter. [struma + L. forma, form]

strumitis strumitis (stru-mI´tis)

Inflammation, with swelling, of the thyroid gland. See also thyroiditis. [struma + G. -itis, inflammation]

strumous strumous (stru´mus)

Denoting or characteristic of a struma.

Strümpell Strümpell

Ernst Adolf von, German physician, 1853-1925. See S.'s disease, phenomenon, reflex; Fleischer-Strumpell ring; S.-Marie disease; Marie-S. disease; S.-Westphal disease; Westphal-S. pseudosclerosis.

Strutt Strutt

See Lord Rayleigh.

struvite struvite (stru´vIt)

MgNH₄PO₄. 6H₂; a;the hexahydrate of magnesium ammonium phosphate; found in some renal calculi. Cf. bobierrite, newberyite. [H. C. G. von Struve, Russian diplomat + -ite 4]

strychnine strychnine (strik´nin, -nen, -nIn)

+L C₂₁H₂₂N₂O₂;an alkaloid from Strychnos nux-vomica; colorless crystals of intensely bitter taste, nearly insoluble in water. It stimulates all parts of the central nervous system, and was used as a stomachic, an antidote for depressant poisons, and in the treatment of myocarditis. S. blocks the inhibitory neurotransmitter, glycine, and thus can cause convulsions. The formerly used salts of s. are s. hydrochloride, s. phosphate, and s. sulfate. It is a potent chemical capable of producing acute or chronic poisoning of humans or animals.

strychninism strychninism (strik´nin-izm)

Chronic strychnine poisoning, the symptoms being those that arise from central nervous system stimulation; the first signs are tremors and twitching, progressing to severe convulsions and respiratory arrest.

Strychnos Strychnos (strik´nos)

A genus of tropical shrubs or trees (family Loganiaceae); most South American species contain chiefly quaternary neuromuscular blocking alkaloids, e.g., curare; the African, Asiatic, and Australian species contain tertiary strychnine-like alkaloids (e.g., strychnine, brucine, and yohimbine-type alkaloids). [G. nightshade]

Stryker Stryker

Garold V., U.S. pathologist, *1896. See S.-Halbeisen syndrome.

Stryker Stryker

Homer H., U.S. orthopedic surgeon. See S. frame, saw.

STSs STSs

Abbreviation for sequence-tagged sites, under site.

Stuart Stuart

Surname of the patient in whom the S. or Stuart-Prower factor was first discovered.

Student Student

Pseudonym for William Sealy Gosset, British statistician, and chemist, 1876-1937. See Student's t test.

study study (stud´e)

Research, detailed examination, and/or analysis of an organism, object, or phenomena. [L. studium, study, inquiry]
analytic s.in epidemiology, a s. designed to examine associations, commonly putative or hypothesized causal relationships; usually concerned with identifying or measuring the effects of risk factors or with the health effects of specific exposures.
blind s.a s. in which the experimenter is unaware of which group is subject to which procedure.
case control s.an epidemiological method that begins by identifying persons with the disease or condition of interest (the cases) and compares their past history of exposure to identified or suspected risk factors with the past history of similar exposures among persons who resemble the cases but do not have the disease or condition of interest (the controls).
cohort s.a s. using epidemiological methods, such as a clinical trial, in which a cohort with a particular attribute (e.g., smokers, recipients of a drug) is followed prospectively and compared for some outcome (e.g., disease, cure) with another cohort not possessing the attribute.
cross-over s.a s. in which the subject is switched from the experimental to the control procedure (or vice versa).
cross-sectional s.a s. in which groups of individuals of different types are composed into one large sample and studied at only a single point in time (e.g., a survey of all voters regardless of age, religion, gender, or geographic location are sampled in one day).synchronic s. (1) ;
diachronic s.a s. of the natural course of a life or disorder in which a cohort of subjects is serially observed over a period of time and no assumptions need be made about the stability of the system.longitudinal s;
double blind s.a s. in which neither the experimenter nor any other assessor of the results, including patients, know which group is subject to which procedure, thus helping assure that the biases or expectations of either will not influence the results.
follow-up s. 2. study in which persons exposed to risk or given a designated preventive or therapeutic regimen are observed over a period or at intervals to determine the outcome of the exposure or regimen.
Framingham Heart S.ongoing epidemiologic study of a cohort of over 5,000 of the population of Framingham, MA conducted since 1949 under the auspices of the National Institutes of Health and Boston University.
longitudinal s.diachronic s
multivariate s.'sthe use of statistical techniques for the simultaneous investigations of the influence of several variables.
synchronic s. 1. cross-sectional s

stump stump (stump)

1. The extremity of a limb left after amputation. 2. The pedicle remaining after removal of the tumor attached to it. [M.e. stumpe]

stun stun (stun)

To stupefy; to render unconscious by cerebral trauma. [A.S. stunian, to make a loud noise]

stupe stupe (stup)

A compress or cloth wrung out of hot water, usually impregnated with turpentine or other irritant, applied to the surface to produce counterirritation. [L. stupa, oakum, tow]

stupefacient stupefacient (stu-pe-fa´shent)

Causing stupor.stupefactive; [L. stupefacio]

stupefactive stupefactive (-fak´tiv)

stupefacient

stupor stupor (stu´per)

A state of impaired consciousness in which the individual shows a marked diminution in reactivity to environmental stimuli; only continual stimulation arouses the individual. [L. fr. stupeo, to be stunned]
benign s.a stuporous syndrome from which recovery is the rule, as opposed to malignant s.depressive s;
catatonic s.s. associated with catatonia.
depressive s.benign s
malignant s.a stuporous condition from which recovery is infrequent, as opposed to benign s.

stuporous stuporous (stu´per-us)

Relating to or marked by stupor.carotic;

Sturge Sturge

William A., English physician, 1850-1919. See S.-Weber syndrome, disease.

Sturm Sturm

Johann C., 1635-1703. See S.'s conoid, interval.

Sturmdorf Sturmdorf

A., U.S. gynecologist, 1861-1934. See S.'s operation.

stutter stutter (stut´er)

To enunciate certain words with difficulty and with frequent halting and repetition of the initial consonant of a word or syllable. [frequentative of stut, from Goth. stautan, to strike]

stuttering stuttering (stut´er-ing)

A phonatory or articulatory disorder, characteristically beginning in childhood, with intense anxiety about the efficiency of oral communications, and characterized by hesitations, repetitions, and prolongations of sounds and syllables, interjections, broken words, circumlocutions, and words produced with excess tension.logospasm (1) ;
urinary s.frequent involuntary interruption occurring during the act of urination.stammering of the bladder;

sty sty, stye, pl. stiesstyes (stI, stIz)

hordeolum externum
meibomian s.hordeolum internum
zeisian s.inflammation of one of Zeis' glands.

style style (stIl)

stylet

stylet stylet, stylette (stI´let, stI-let´)

1. A flexible metallic rod inserted in the lumen of a flexible catheter to stiffen it and give it form during its passage. 2. A slender probe.style, stylus (3) , stilus; [It. stilletto, a dagger; dim. of L. stilus or stylus, a stake, a pen]
endotracheal s.a rod of malleable metal used to maintain the desired curve of a tracheal tube for its insertion into the trachea.

styliform styliform (stI´li-form)

styloid [L. stilus (stylus), a stake, + forma, form]

stylo- stylo-

Styloid (specifically the styloid process of the temporal bone). [G. stylos, pillar, post]

styloauricularis styloauricularis (stI´lo-aw-rik-yu-la´ris)

See styloauricular muscle.

styloglossus styloglossus (stI´lo-glos´us)

Relating to the styloid process and the tongue. See styloglossus muscle.

stylohyal stylohyal (stI-lo-hI´al)

Relating to the styloid process of the temporal bone and to the hyoid bone.stylohyoid (1) ;

stylohyoid stylohyoid (stI-lo-hI´oyd)

1. stylohyal 2. Relating to the stylohyoid muscle.

styloid styloid (stI´loyd)

Peg-shaped; denoting one of several slender bony processes. See styloid process of third metacarpal bone, styloid process of temporal bone, styloid process of radius, styloid process of ulna.styliform; [stylo- + G. eidos, resemblance]

styloiditis styloiditis (stI-loy-dI´tis)

Inflammation of a styloid process.

stylolaryngeus stylolaryngeus (stI´lo-lar-in-je´us)

See musculus stylolaryngeus.

stylomandibular stylomandibular (stI´lo-man-dib´yu-lar)

Relating to the styloid process of the temporal bone and the mandible; denoting the stylomandibular ligament.stylomaxillary;

stylomastoid stylomastoid (stI´lo-mas´toyd)

Relating to the styloid and the mastoid processes of the temporal bone; denoting especially a small artery and a foramen.

stylomaxillary stylomaxillary (stI´lo-mak´si-lar-e)

stylomandibular

stylopharyngeus stylopharyngeus (stI´lo-far-in-je´us)

See stylopharyngeus muscle.

stylopodium stylopodium (stI-lo-po´de-um)

The proximal intermediate segment of the limb skeleton, the humerus and the femur, in the embryo. [stylo- + G. podion, small foot]

stylostaphyline stylostaphyline (stI-lo-staf´i-lIn)

Relating to the styloid process of the temporal bone and the uvula.

stylosteophyte stylosteophyte (stI-los´te-o-fIt)

A peg-shaped bony outgrowth. [G. stylos, post, + osteon, bone, + phyton, growth]

Styloviridae Styloviridae (stI-lo-vir´i-de)

Provisional name for a family of bacterial viruses with long, noncontractile tails and isometric or elongated heads, containing double-stranded DNA (MW 25 to 79 x 10⁶); includes the lambda temperate phage group and probably other genera. [G. stylos, pillar, column]

stylus stylus, stilus (stI´lus, stI´lus)

1. Any pencil-shaped structure. 2. A pencil-shaped medicinal preparation for external application; e.g., a medicated bougie, or a pencil or stick of silver nitrate or other caustic. 3. stylet [L. stilus or stylus, a stake or pen]

stype stype (stIp)

A tampon. [G. stype, tow]

styptic styptic (stip´tik)

1. Having an astringent or hemostatic effect. 2. An astringent hemostatic agent used topically to stop bleeding.hemostyptic; staltic; [G. styptikos, astringent]

styramate styramate (stI´ra-mat)

Carbamic acid beta-hydroxyphenethyl ester;an orally effective skeletal muscle relaxant with a relatively long duration of action.

styrax styrax (stI´raks)

storax

styrene styrene (stI´ren)

C₆H₅CH=CH₂; phenylethylene;the monomer from which polystyrenes, plastics, and synthetic rubber are made; together with divinylbenzene (for cross-linking), it is the basis of many synthetic ion exchangers.cinnamene, ethenylbenzene, styrol, vinylbenzene;

styrol styrol (stI´rol)

styrene

styrone styrone (stI´ron)

C₉H₁₀O;obtained from storax by distillation with potassium hydroxide; used as a deodorant in 12% glycerin solution, and as a decolorizing agent in histology.cinnamic alcohol;

sub- sub-

Prefix, to words formed from L. roots, denoting beneath, less than the normal or typical, inferior. Cf. hypo-. [L. sub, under]

subabdominal subabdominal (sub-ab-dom´i-nal)

Below the abdomen.

subabdominoperitoneal subabdominoperitoneal (sub-ab-dom´i-no-per-i-to-ne´-al)

Beneath the abdominal, as distinguished from the pelvic, peritoneum.subperitoneoabdominal;

subacetate subacetate (sub-as´e-tat)

A mixture or complex of a base and its acetate.

subacromial subacromial (sub-a-kro´me-al)

Beneath the acromion process.

subacute subacute (sub-a-kyut´)

Between acute and chronic; denoting the course of a disease of moderate duration or severity.

subalimentation subalimentation (sub´al-i-men-ta´shun)

A condition of insufficient nourishment.hypoalimentation;

subanal subanal (sub-a´nal)

Below the anus.

subaortic subaortic (sub´a-or´tik)

Below the aorta.

subapical subapical (sub-ap´i-kal)

Below the apex of any part.

subaponeurotic subaponeurotic (sub-ap-o-nu-rot´ik)

Beneath an aponeurosis.

subarachnoid subarachnoid (sub-a-rak´noyd)

Underneath the arachnoid membrane.

subarcuate subarcuate (sub-ar´kyu-at)

Slightly arcuate or bowed.

subareolar subareolar (sub-a-re´o-lar)

Beneath an areola; especially the areola of the mamma.

subastragalar subastragalar (sub-as-trag´a-lar)

Beneath the calcaneus (astragalus).

subatomic subatomic (sub-a-tom´ik)

Pertaining to particles making up the intra-atomic structure; e.g., protons, electrons, neutrons.

subaural subaural (sub-aw´ral)

Below the ear.

subauricular subauricular (sub-aw-rik´yu-lar)

Below an auricle; especially the concha or pinna of the ear.

subaxial subaxial (sub-ak´se-al)

Below the axis of the body or any part.

subaxillary subaxillary (sub-ak´si-lar-e)

Below the axillary fossa.infra-axillary;

subbasal subbasal (sub-ba´sal)

Beneath any base or basal membrane.

subbrachycephalic subbrachycephalic (sub-brak-e-se-fal´ik)

Slightly brachycephalic; having a cephalic index of 80.01 to 83.33.

subcalcarine subcalcarine (sub-kal´ka-rIn)

Below the calcarine fissure; denoting the lingual gyrus.

subcallosal subcallosal (sub-ka-lo´sal)

Below the corpus callosum; denoting either the subcallosal gyrus or the fasciculus.

subcapsular subcapsular (sub-kap´su-lar)

Beneath any capsule.

subcarbonate subcarbonate (sub-kar´bon-at)

A mixture or complex of a base and its carbonate.

subcardinal subcardinal (sub-kar´di-nal)

Lying ventral to the anterior or posterior cardinal veins in the embryo.

subcartilaginous subcartilaginous (sub´kar-ti-laj´i-nus)

1. Partly cartilaginous. 2. Beneath a cartilage.

subcecal subcecal (sub-se´kal)

Below the cecum; denoting a fossa.

subcellular subcellular (sub-sel´yu-lar)

noncellular (1)

subception subception (sub-sep´shun)

Subliminal perception as in the reaction to a stimulus not fully perceived. See subliminal. [sub- + L. -ceptum, perceived]

subchloride subchloride (sub-klor´Id)

The chloride of a series that contains proportionally the greatest amount of the other element in the compound; e.g., s. of mercury is Hg₂Cl₂, whereas chloride or perchloride of mercury is HgCl₂.

subchondral subchondral (sub-kon´dral)

Beneath or below the cartilages of the ribs.

subchorionic subchorionic (sub´ko-re-on´ik)

Beneath the chorion.

subchoroidal subchoroidal (sub-ko-roy´dal)

Beneath the choroid coat of the eye.

subclass subclass (sub´klas)

In biologic classification, a division between class and order.

subclavian subclavian (sub-kla´ve-an)

1. Beneath the clavicle.infraclavicular; 2. Pertaining to the s. artery or vein.

subclavicular subclavicular (sub-kla-vik´yu-lar)

Pertaining to the region beneath the clavicle.

subclavius subclavius (sub-kla´ve-us)

See subclavius muscle.

subclinical subclinical (sub-klin´i-kal)

Denoting the presence of a disease without manifest symptoms; may be an early stage in the evolution of a disease.

subcloning subcloning (sub´klon-ing)

The process by which a DNA clone is cleaved into smaller pieces and recloned; analysis of overlapping regions of these smaller DNA fragments can confirm the entire sequence of the original DNA clone.

subcollateral subcollateral (sub-ko-lat´er-al)

Below the collateral fissure; denoting a cerebral convolution, or gyrus.

subconjunctival subconjunctival (sub´kon-junk-tI´val)

Beneath the conjunctiva.

subconjunctivitis subconjunctivitis (sub´kon-junk-ti-vI´tis)

episcleritis periodica fugax

subconscious subconscious (sub-kon´shus)

1. Not wholly conscious. 2. Denoting an idea or impression which is present in the mind, but of which there is at the time no conscious knowledge or realization.

subconsciousness subconsciousness (sub-kon´shus-nes)

1. Partial unconsciousness. 2. The state in which mental processes take place without the conscious perception of the individual.

subcoracoid subcoracoid (sub-kor´a-koyd)

Beneath the coracoid process.

subcortex subcortex (sub-kor´teks)

Any part of the brain lying below the cerebral cortex, and not itself organized as cortex.

subcortical subcortical (sub-kor´ti-kal)

Relating to the subcortex; beneath the cerebral cortex.

subcostal subcostal (sub-kos´tal)

1. Beneath a rib or the ribs.infracostal; 2. Denoting certain arteries, veins, and nerves.

subcostalgia subcostalgia (sub-kos-tal´je-a)

Pain in the subcostal region. [subcostal + G. algos, pain]

subcostosternal subcostosternal (sub-kos´to-ster´nal)

Below or beneath the ribs and sternum.

subcranial subcranial (sub-kra´ne-al)

Beneath or below the cranium.

subcrepitant subcrepitant (sub-krep´i-tant)

Nearly, but not frankly, crepitant; denoting a rale.

subcrepitation subcrepitation (sub´krep-i-ta´shun)

1. The presence of subcrepitant rales. 2. A sound approaching crepitation in character.

subcruralis subcruralis (-kru-ra´lis)

articularis genu muscle

subcrureus subcrureus (sub-kru-re-us)

articularis genu muscle [sub- + L. crus, leg]

subculture subculture (sub-kul´chur)

1. A culture made by transferring to a fresh medium microorganisms from a previous culture; a method used to prolong the life of a particular strain where there is a tendency to degeneration in older cultures. 2. To make a fresh culture with material obtained from a previous one.

subcurative subcurative (sub-kyur´a-tiv)

Denoting a dose less than that necessary for a curative effect.

subcutaneous (s.c., SQ) subcutaneous (s.c., SQ) (sub-kyu-ta´ne-us)

Beneath the skin.hypodermic (1) , subdermic, subintegumental, subtegumental; [sub- + L. cutis, skin]

subcuticular subcuticular (sub-kyu-tik´yu-lar)

Beneath the cuticle or epidermis.subepidermal, subepidermic;

subcutis subcutis (sub-kyu´tis)

superficial fascia

subdelirium subdelirium (sub-de-lir´e-um)

Slight or not continuous delirium.

subdeltoid subdeltoid (sub-del´toyd)

Beneath the deltoid muscle; denoting a bursa.

subdental subdental (sub-den´tal)

Beneath the roots of the teeth.

subdermic subdermic (sub-der´mik)

subcutaneous

subdiaphragmatic subdiaphragmatic (sub´dI-a-frag-mat´ik)

Beneath the diaphragm.infradiaphragmatic, subphrenic;

subdorsal subdorsal (sub-dor´sal)

Below the dorsal region.

subduce subduce, subduct (sub-dus´, sub-dukt´)

To pull or draw downward. [L. sub-duco, pp. -ductus, to lead away]

subdural subdural (sub-du´ral)

Beneath the dura mater or between it and the arachnoid. See spatium subdurale.

subendocardial subendocardial (sub-en-do-kar´de-al)

Beneath the endocardium.

subendothelial subendothelial (sub´en-do-the´le-al)

Beneath the endothelium.

subendothelium subendothelium (sub´en-do-the´le-um)

The connective tissue between the endothelium and inner elastic membrane in the intima of arteries.

subendymal subendymal (sub-en´di-mal)

Beneath the endyma, or ependyma.subependymal;

subependymal subependymal (sub-ep-en´di-mal)

subendymal

subependymoma subependymoma (sub-ep-en-di-mo´ma)

Discrete lobulated ependymal nodules in the walls of the anterior third or posterior fourth ventricles commonly found at autopsy.

subepidermal subepidermal, subepidermic (sub´ep-i-der´mal, -der´mik)

subcuticular

subepithelial subepithelial (sub´ep-i-the´le-al)

Beneath the epithelium.

subepithelium subepithelium (sub´ep-i-the´le-um)

Any structure beneath the epithelium.

suberic acid suberic acid (su-ber´ik)

HOOC-(CH₂)₆-COOH;used in plastics and in the cross-linking of biopolymers; found in the urine as a product of omega-oxidation of fatty acids.octandioic acid; [L. suber, cork oak, + -ic]

suberosis suberosis (su-ber-o´sis)

Extrinsic allergic alveolitis caused by inhalation of mold spores from contaminated cork. [L. suber, cork, + G. -osis, condition]

subfamily subfamily (sub-fam´i-le)

In biologic classification, a division between family and tribe or between family and genus.

subfascial subfascial (sub-fash´e-al)

Beneath a fascia.

subfertility subfertility (sub-fer-til´i-te)

Less than normal capacity for reproduction.

subfissure subfissure (sub-fish´er)

A cerebral fissure beneath the surface, concealed by overlapping convolutions.

subfolium subfolium (sub-fo´le-um)

A secondary division of a cerebellar folium.

subgallate subgallate (sub-gal´at)

Partially neutralized gallic acid; a basic gallate, such as bismuth s.

subgemmal subgemmal (sub-jem´al)

Below a gemma or bud (e.g., a taste bud).

subgenus subgenus (sub-je´nus)

In biologic classification, a division between genus and species.

subgingival subgingival (sub-jin´ji-val)

Below the gingival margin.

subglenoid subglenoid (sub-gle´noyd)

infraglenoid

subglossal subglossal (sub-glos´al)

Below or beneath the tongue.sublingual;

subglottic subglottic (sub-glot´ik)

infraglottic

subgranular subgranular (sub-gran´yu-lar)

Slightly granular.

subgrundation subgrundation (sub-grun-da´shun)

The depression of one fragment of a broken cranial bone below the other. [sub- + A.S. grund, bottom, foundation]

subhepatic subhepatic (sub-he-pat´ik)

Below the liver.infrahepatic;

subhyaloid subhyaloid (sub-hI´a-loyd)

Beneath, on the vitreous side of, the hyaloid (vitreous) membrane.

subhyoid subhyoid, subhyoidean (sub-hI´oyd, sub-hI-oyd´e-an)

infrahyoid

subicteric subicteric (sub-ik´ter-ik)

Slightly elevated serum bilirubin without clinical evidence of jaundice. [sub- + G. ikterikos, jaundiced]

subicular subicular (su-bik´yu-lar, su-bik´)

Relating to the subiculum.

subiculum subiculum, pl. subicula (su-bik´yu-lum, su-bik´; -la)

1. A support or prop. 2. The zone of transition between the parahippocampal gyrus and Ammon's horn of the hippocampus. [L. dim. of subex, support]
s. promonto´rii [NA] support of the promontory; a bony ridge bounding the fossula fenestrae cochleae posteriorly.ponticulus promontorii;

subiliac subiliac (sub-il´e-ak)

1. Below the ilium. 2. Relating to the subilium.

subilium subilium (sub-il´e-um)

The portion of the ilium contributing to the acetabulum.

subinfection subinfection (sub-in-fek´shun)

A secondary infection occurring in one exposed to and successfully resisting an epidemic of another infectious disease.

subinflammatory subinflammatory (sub-in-flam´a-to-re)

Denoting a slightly inflammatory irritation of the tissues.

subintegumental subintegumental (sub´in-teg-yu-men´tal)

subcutaneous

subintimal subintimal (sub-in´ti-mal)

Beneath the intima.

subintrant subintrant (sub-in´trant)

proleptic [L. sub-intro, pres. p. -ans, to enter by stealth]

subinvolution subinvolution (sub-in-vo-lu´shun)

Arrest of the normal involution of the uterus following childbirth with the organ remaining abnormally large.

subiodide subiodide (sub-I´o-dId)

That one of a series of iodine compounds with a given cation containing the least iodine; analogous to subchloride.

subjacent subjacent (sub-ja´sent)

Below or beneath another part. [L. sub-jaceo, to lie under]

subject subject (sub´jekt)

A person or organism that is the object of research, treatment, experimentation, or dissection. [L. subjectus, lying beneath]

subjective subjective (sub-jek´tiv)

1. Perceived by the individual only and not evident to the examiner; said of certain symptoms, such as pain. 2. Colored by one's personal beliefs and attitudes. Cf. objective (2) . [L. subjectivus, fr. subjicio, to throw under]

subjective assessment data subjective assessment data

Those facts that are observable and measurable by the nurse.

subjugal subjugal (sub-ju´gal)

Below the zygomatic (jugal) bone.

subkingdom subkingdom (sub-king´dom)

In biologic classification, a division between kingdom and phylum.

sublation sublation (sub-la´shun)

Detachment, elevation, or removal of a part. [L. sublatio, a lifting up]

sublethal sublethal (sub-le´thal)

Not quite lethal.

subleukemia subleukemia (sub-lu-ke´me-a)

subleukemic leukemia

sublimate sublimate (sub´lim-at)

1. To perform or accomplish sublimation. 2. Any substance that has been submitted to sublimation. [L. sublimo, pp. -atus, to raise on high, fr. sublimis, high]
corrosive s.mercuric chloride

sublimation sublimation (sub-lim-a´shun)

1. The process of converting a solid into a gas without passing through a liquid state; analogous to distillation. 2. In psychoanalysis, an unconscious defense mechanism in which unacceptable instinctual drives and wishes are modified into more personally and socially acceptable channels.

sublime sublime (sub-lIm´)

1. To sublimate. 2. To undergo a process of sublimation.

subliminal subliminal (sub-lim´i-nal)

Below the threshold of perception or excitation; below the limit or threshold of consciousness. [sub- + L. limen (limin-), threshold]

sublimis sublimis (sub-lI´mis)

1. At the top. 2. superficialis [L.]

sublingual sublingual (sub-ling´gwal)

subglossal

sublobular sublobular (sub-lob´yu-lar)

Beneath a lobule, as of the liver.

sublumbar sublumbar (sub-lum´bar)

Below the lumbar region.

subluminal subluminal (sub-lu´mi-nal)

Below or beneath the structure facing the lumen of an organ.

subluxation subluxation (sub-luk-sa´shun)

An incomplete luxation or dislocation; though a relationship is altered, contact between joint surfaces remains.semiluxation; [sub- + L. locatio, luxation (dislocation)]

sublymphemia sublymphemia (sub-lim-fe´me-a)

A blood state in which there is a great increase in the proportion of lymphocytes although the total number of white cells is normal. [sub- + L. lympha, lymph, + G. haima, blood]

submammary submammary (sub-mam´a-re)

1. Deep to the mammary gland. 2. inframammary

submandibular submandibular (sub-man-dib´yu-lar)

Beneath the mandible or lower jaw.inframandibular, submaxillary (2) ;

submarginal submarginal (sub-mar´ji-nal)

Near the margin of any part.

submaxilla submaxilla (sub-mak-sil´a)

mandible

submaxillary submaxillary (sub-mak´si-lar-e)

1. mandibular 2. submandibular

submedial submedial, submedian (sub-me´de-al, sub-me´de-an)

Almost, but not exactly in the middle.

submembranous submembranous (sub-mem´bra-nus)

Partly or nearly membranous.

submental submental (sub-men´tal)

Beneath the chin.

submerged submerged (sub-merjd´)

In dentistry, describing a field of operation covered by saliva.

submetacentric submetacentric (sub´met-a-sen´trik)

See submetacentric chromosome.

submicronic submicronic (sub-mI-kron´ik)

Smaller than 1 micron in size.

submicroscopic submicroscopic (sub´mI-kro-skop´ik)

Too minute to be visible with a light microscope.amicroscopic, ultramicroscopic;

submorphous submorphous (sub-mor´fus)

Neither definitely amorphous nor definitely crystalline, denoting the structure of certain calculi.

submucosa submucosa (sub-mu-ko´sa)

A layer of tissue beneath a mucous membrane. the layer of connective tissue beneath the tunica mucosa.tela submucosa [NA] , tunica submucosa;

submucous submucous (sub-myu´kus)

Beneath a mucous membrane.

subnarcotic subnarcotic (sub-nar-kot´ik)

Slightly narcotic.

subnasal subnasal (sub-na´sal)

Under the nose.

subnasion subnasion (sub-na´ze-on)

The point of the angle between the septum of the nose and the surface of the upper lip.

subneural subneural (sub-nu´ral)

Below the neural axis.

subnitrate subnitrate (sub-nI´trat)

A basic nitrate; a salt of nitric acid having one or more atoms of the base still capable of combining with the acid.

subnormal subnormal (sub-nor´mal)

Below the normal standard of some quality.

subnormality subnormality (sub-nor-mal´i-te)

A subnormal state or condition.

subnotochordal subnotochordal

Lying beneath the notochord.

subnucleus subnucleus (sub-nu´kle-us)

A secondary nucleus.

suboccipital suboccipital (sub-ok-sip´i-tal)

Below the occiput or the occipital bone.

suboptimal suboptimal (sub-op´ti-mal)

Below or less than the optimum.

suborbital suborbital (sub-or´bi-tal)

infraorbital

suborder suborder (sub-or´der)

In biologic classification, a division between order and family.

suboxidation suboxidation (sub´oks-i-da´shun)

Deficient oxidation.

suboxide suboxide (sub-ok´sId)

That one of a series of oxides containing the least oxygen.protoxide;

subpapular subpapular (sub-pap´yu-lar)

Denoting the eruption of few and scattered papules, in which the lesions are very slightly elevated, being scarcely more than macules.

subparietal subparietal (sub-pa-rI´e-tal)

Below or beneath any structure called parietal: bone, lobe, layer of a serous membrane, etc.

subpatellar subpatellar (sub-pa-tel´ar)

1. Deep to the patella. 2. infrapatellar

subpectoral subpectoral (sub-pek´to-ral)

Beneath the pectoralis muscle.

subpelviperitoneal subpelviperitoneal (sub-pel´vi-per-i-to-ne´al)

Beneath the pelvic, as distinguished from the abdominal, peritoneum.subperitoneopelvic;

subpericardial subpericardial (sub-per-i-kar´de-al)

Beneath the pericardium.

subperiosteal subperiosteal (sub-per-e-os´te-al)

Beneath the periosteum.

subperitoneal subperitoneal (sub-per-i-to-ne´al)

Beneath the peritoneum.

subperitoneoabdominal subperitoneoabdominal (sub-per-i-to-ne´o-ab-dom´i-nal)

subabdominoperitoneal

subperitoneopelvic subperitoneopelvic (sub-per-i-to-ne´o-pel´vik)

subpelviperitoneal

subpetrosal subpetrosal (sub-pe-tro´sal)

1. Denoting the inferior petrosal. 2. Denoting a dural venous sinus.

subpharyngeal subpharyngeal (sub-fa-rin´je-al)

Below the pharynx.

subphrenic subphrenic (sub-fren´ik)

subdiaphragmatic

subphylum subphylum (sub-fI´lum)

In biologic classification, a division between phylum and class.

subpial subpial (sub-pI´al)

Beneath the pia mater.

subplacental subplacental (sub-pla-sen´tal)

Beneath the placenta; denoting the decidua basalis.

subpleural subpleural (sub-plu´ral)

Beneath the pleura.

subplexal subplexal (sub-plek´sal)

Below or beneath any plexus.

subpreputial subpreputial (sub-pre-pyu´she-al)

Beneath the prepuce.

subpubic subpubic (sub-pyu´bik)

Beneath the pubic arch; denoting a ligament, arcuate pubic ligament, connecting the two pubic bones below the arch.

subpulmonary subpulmonary (sub-pul´mo-nar-e)

Below the lungs.

subpyramidal subpyramidal (sub-pi-ram´i-dal)

1. Below any pyramid; denoting especially the tympanic sinus. 2. Nearly pyramidal in shape.

subretinal subretinal (sub-ret´i-nal)

1. Between the sensory retina and the retinal pigment epithelium. 2. Between the retinal pigment epithelium and the choroid.

subsalt subsalt (sub´salt)

A basic salt; a salt in which the base has not been completely neutralized by the acid.

subsartorial subsartorial (sub-sar-to´re-al)

Beneath the sartorius muscle; denoting a nerve plexus and a fascia.

subscapular subscapular (sub-skap´yu-lar)

1. Deep to the scapula. 2. infrascapular

subscapularis subscapularis (sub-skap-yu-la´ris)

See subscapularis muscle.

subscleral subscleral (sub-skle´ral)

Beneath the sclera of the eye, i.e., on the choroidal side of this layer.subsclerotic (1) ;

subsclerotic subsclerotic (sub-skle-rot´ik)

1. subscleral 2. Partly or slightly sclerotic or sclerosed.

subscription subscription (sub-skrip´shun)

The part of a prescription preceding the signature, in which are the directions for compounding. [L. subscriptio, fr. subscribo, pp. -scriptus, to write under, subscribe]

subserous subserous, subserosal (sub-se´rus, sub-se-ro´sal)

Beneath a serous membrane.

subsibilant subsibilant (sub-sib´i-lant)

Rarely used term denoting a rale with a quality between blowing and whistling.

subsidence subsidence (sub-sI´dens)

Sinking or settling in bone, as of a prosthetic component of a total joint implant.

subspinale subspinale (sub-spi-na´le)

In cephalometrics, the most posterior midline point on the premaxilla between the anterior nasal spine and the prosthion.point A;

subspinous subspinous (sub-spI´nus)

1. infraspinous 2. Tendency to spininess.

substage substage (sub´staj)

An attachment to a microscope, below the stage, supporting the condenser or other accessory.

substance substance (sub´stans)

Stuff; material.substantia [NA] , matter; [L. substantia, essence, material, fr. sub- sto, to stand under, be present]
alpha s.reticular s. (1)
anterior perforated s.a region at the base of the brain through which numerous small branches of the anterior and middle cerebral arteries (lenticulostriate arteries) enter the depth of the cerebral hemisphere; it is bordered medially by the optic chasm and anterior half of the optic tract, rostrally and laterally by the lateral olfactory stria; its anteromedial part corresponds to the olfactory tubercle.substantia perforata anterior [NA] , locus perforatus anticus, olfactory area;
autacoid s. (aw-ta´-koyd) a s. formed metabolically by one set of cells, which alters the function of other cells. (This term is sometimes used in place of the term hormone.)
bacteriotropic s.opsonin or other s. that alters bacterial cells in such a manner that they are more susceptible to phagocytic action.
basophil s.Nissl s
basophilic s.Nissl s
blood group s.blood group antigen
blood group-specific s.'s A and Bsolution of complexes of polysaccharides and amino acids that reduces the titer of anti-A and anti-B isoagglutinins in serum from group O persons; used to render group O blood reasonably safe for transfusion into persons of group A, B, or AB, but does not affect any incompatibility that results from various other factors, such as Rh.
central gray s. 1. in general: the predominantly small-celled gray matter adjoining or surrounding the central canal of the spinal cord and the third and fourth ventricles of the brainstem; 2. in particular: the thick sleeve of gray matter surrounding the cerebral sylvian aqueduct in the midbrain, rostrally continuous with the posterior nucleus of the hypothalamus; in sections stained for myelin it stands out from the adjoining tectum and tegmentum by the poverty of its myelinated fibers.substantia grisea centralis [NA] ;
central and lateral intermediate s.the central gray matter of the spinal cord surrounding the central canal.substantia intermedia centralis et lateralis [NA] , anterior gray column, Stilling's gelatinous s., substantia gelatinosa centralis;
chromidial s.granular endoplasmic reticulum
chromophil s.Nissl s
compact s.compact bone
controlled s.a s. subject to the Controlled Substances Act (1970), which regulates the prescribing and dispensing, as well as the manufacturing, storage, sale, or distribution of s.'s assigned to five schedules according to their 1) potential for or evidence of abuse, 2) potential for psychic or physiologic dependence, 3) contributing a public health risk, 4) harmful pharmacologic effect, or 5) role as a precursor of other controlled s.'s.
cortical s.cortical bone
exophthalmos-producing s. (EPS) a factor found in crude extract of pituitary tissue that produced exophthalmos in laboratory animals (especially fish). Its existence and role in producing exophthalmopathy in Graves' disease is questioned.
filar s.reticular s. (1)
gelatinous s.the apical part of the posterior horn (dorsal horn; posterior gray column) of the spinal cord's gray matter, composed largely of very small nerve cells; its gelatinous appearance is due to its very low content of myelinated nerve fibers.substantia gelatinosa [NA] , Rolando's gelatinous s., Rolando's s;
glandular s. of prostatethe glandular tissue of the prostate as distinct from the stroma and capsule.substantia glandularis prostatae;
gray s.gray matter
ground s.the amorphous material in which structural elements occur; in connective tissue, it is composed of proteoglycans, plasma constituents, metabolites, water, and ions present between cells and fibers.substantia fundamentalis;
H s.designation given by Sir Thomas Lewis to a diffusible s. in skin, indistinguishable in action from histamine, that is liberated by injury and causes the triple response.released s;
innominate s.the region of the forebrain that lies ventral to the anterior half or so of the lentiform nucleus, extending in the frontal plane from the lateral preopticohypothalamic zone laterally over the optic tract to the amygdala (amygdaloid body); rostrally it tapers off over the dorsal border of the olfactory tubercle, caudally it ends where the internal capsule reaches the surface to form the cerebral peduncle or pes pedunculi. Notable among its polymorphic cell population is the large-celled basal nucleus of Meynert. These magnocellular elements within the s. i. are present in the medial septum and the diagonal band of Broca, but occur in largest numbers ventral to the globus pallidus. Histochemical evidence indicates that magnocellular elements distribute cholinergic fibers widely in the cerebral cortex and that these cells undergo selective degeneration in Alzheimer's disease.substantia innominata;
interspongioplastic s.obsolete term for cytochylema.
Kendall's s.Kendall's compounds, under compound
s. of lens of eyethat which constitutes the lens of the eye, composed of a nucleus and a cortex and covered by an epithelium.substantia lentis [NA] ;
medullary s. 1. the lipid material present in the myelin sheath of nerve fibers;Schwann's white s; 2. medulla of bones and other organs.substantia medullaris (2) ;
müllerian inhibiting s. (MIS) a 535 amino acid glycoprotein secreted by the Sertoli cells of the testis. It is related to inhibin.müllerian inhibiting factor;
muscular s. of prostatethe smooth muscle in the stroma of the prostate.substantia muscularis prostatae [NA] , musculus prostaticus;
neurosecretory s.the secretion of nerve cell bodies located in the hypothalamus; the s. is transported by way of hypothalamo-hypophysial tract fibers into the neurohypophysis where the terminals of the nerve fibers contain the secretion. As seen in the fibers and terminals with a light microscope, the s. appears as Herring bodies or hyaline bodies of the pituitary (see under body). See hyaline bodies of pituitary, under body.
Nissl s.the material consisting of granular endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes that occurs in nerve cell bodies and dendrites.basophil s., basophilic s., chromophil s., Nissl bodies, Nissl granules, substantia basophilia, tigroid bodies, tigroid s;
s. Pa peptide neurotransmitter composed of eleven amino acid residues (with the carboxyl group amidated), normally present in minute quantities in the nervous system and intestines of man and various animals and found in inflamed tissue, that is primarily involved in pain transmission and is one of the most potent compounds affecting smooth muscle (dilation of blood vessels and contraction of intestine) and thus presumed to play a role in inflammation.
posterior perforated s.the bottom of the interpeduncular fossa at the base of the midbrain, extending from the anterior border of the pons forward to the mamillary bodies, and containing numerous openings for the passage of perforating branches of the posterior cerebral arteries.substantia perforata posterior [NA] , locus perforatus posticus, Malacarne's space;
pressor s.pressor base
proper s. See substantia propria of cornea, substantia propria membranae tympani, substantia propria sclerae.
Reichstein's s.one of several steroids; e.g., Reichstein's s. F (cortisone), Reichstein's s. H (corticosterone), Reichstein's s. M (cortisol), Reichstein's s. Q (cortexone), and Reichstein's s. S (cortexolone).Reichstein's compound;
released s.H s
reticular s. 1. a filamentous plasmatic material, beaded with granules, demonstrable by means of vital staining in the immature red blood cells;alpha s., filar mass, filar s., substantia reticularis (1) , substantia reticulofilamentosa; 2. reticular formation
Rolando's gelatinous s., Rolando's s.gelatinous s
Schwann's white s.medullary s. (1)
sensitizing s.complement-fixing antibody
slow-reacting s. (SRS) , slow-reacting s. of anaphylaxis (SRS-A) a leukotriene of low molecular weight which is released in anaphylactic shock and produces slower and more prolonged contraction of muscle than does histamine; it is active in the presence of antihistamines (but not epinephrine) and seems not to occur preformed in mast cells, but as a result of an antigen-antibody reaction on the granules. Cf. peptidyl leukotrienes. slow-reacting factor of anaphylaxis;
soluble specific s. (SSS) specific capsular s
specific capsular s.a soluble type-specific polysaccharide produced during active growth of virulent pneumococci composing a large part of the capsule.pneumococcal polysaccharide, soluble specific s., specific soluble polysaccharide, specific soluble sugar;
spongy s.substantia spongiosa
standard s.a pure, authentic s. used for identification purposes.
Stilling's gelatinous s.central and lateral intermediate s
threshold s.any material (e.g., glucose) that is excreted in the urine only when its plasma concentration exceeds a certain value, termed its threshold. threshold body;
tigroid s.Nissl s
vasodepressor s.an incompletely characterized chemical, apparently produced during liver damage, that tends to decrease vascular pressures and relax arterial walls.
white s.white matter
zymoplastic s.thromboplastin

substantia substantia, pl. substantiae (sub-stan´she-a, -she-e) [NA]

substance [L.]
s. adamanti´naenamel
s. al´ba [NA] white matter
s. basophi´liaNissl substance
s. cine´reagray matter
s. compac´ta [NA] compact bone
s. compac´ta os´siumcompact bone
s. cortica´lis [NA] cortical bone
s. ebur´neadentin
s. ferrugin´ea [NA] locus ceruleus
s. fundamenta´lisground substance
s. gelatino´sa [NA] gelatinous substance
s. gelatino´sa centra´liscentral and lateral intermediate substance
s. glandula´ris pros´tataeglandular substance of prostate
s. gris´ea [NA] gray matter
s. gris´ea centra´lis [NA] central gray substance
s. innomina´tainnominate substance
s. interme´dia centra´lis et latera´lis [NA] central and lateral intermediate substance
s. len´tis [NA] substance of lens of eye
s. medulla´ris 1. medulla 2. medullary substance
s. muscula´ris prosta´tae [NA] muscular substance of prostate
s. ni´gra [NA] a large cell mass, crescentic on transverse section, extending forward over the dorsal surface of the crus cerebri from the rostral border of the pons into the subthalamic region; it is composed of a dorsal stratum of closely spaced pigmented (i.e., melanin-containing) cells, the pars compacta, and a larger ventral region of widely scattered cells, the pars reticulata; the pars compacta in particular includes numerous cells that project forward to the striatum (caudate nucleus and putamen) and contain dopamine, which acts as the transmitter substance at their synaptic endings; other, apparently non-dopaminergic cells of the s. nigra project to a rostral part of the ventral nucleus of thalmus, the middle layers of the superior colliculus and to restricted parts of the reticular formation of the midbrain; the nigrostriatal projection is reciprocated by a massive striatonigral fiber system with multiple neurotransmitters, chief among which is gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA); s. n. receives smaller afferent projections from the subthalamic nucleus, the lateral segment of the globus pallidus, the dorsal nucleus of the raphe and the pedunculopontine nucleus of the midbrain. The pars reticulata forms part of the output system for the striate body. The s. n. is involved in the metabolic disturbances associated with Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease.locus niger, nucleus niger, Soemmerring's ganglion;
s. os´sea den´tiscementum
s. perfora´ta ante´rior [NA] anterior perforated substance
s. perfora´ta poste´rior [NA] posterior perforated substance
s. pro´pria cor´neae [NA] substantia propria of cornea
s. pro´pria membra´nae tym´paniproper substance of tympanic membrane, the layer of radial and circular collagenous fibers of the tympanic membrane.
s. pro´pria scle´rae [NA] proper substance of the sclera, the dense white fibrous tissue arranged in interlacing bundles that forms the main mass of the sclera, continuous anteriorly with the substantia propria corneae.
s. reticula´ris 1. reticular substance (1) 2. reticular formation
s. reticulofilamento´sareticular substance (1)
s. spongio´sa [NA] bone in which the spicules or trabeculae form a three-dimensional latticework (cancellus) with the interstices filled with embryonal connective tissue or bone marrow.s. trabecularis [NA] , cancellous bone, spongy bone (1) , spongy substance, trabecular bone;
s. trabecula´ris [NA] s. spongiosa
s. vit´reaenamel

substernal substernal (sub-ster´nal)

1. Deep to the sternum. 2. infrasternal

substernomastoid substernomastoid (sub-ster´no-mas´toyd)

Beneath the sternomastoid muscle; denoting a group of deep cervical lymph nodes.

substitute substitute (sub´sti-tut)

1. Anything that takes the place of another. 2. In psychology, a surrogate.
blood s.any material (e.g., human plasma, serum albumin, or a solution of such substances as dextran) used for transfusion in hemorrhage and shock.
plasma s.a solution of a substance (e.g., dextran) used for transfusion in hemorrhage or shock as a s. for plasma.plasma expander;
volume s.infusion of cell-free or volume-expanding fluids such as dextran for replacement of fluid lost from the circulation as part of the prevention or treatment of circulatory shock.

substitution substitution (sub-sti-tu´shun)

1. In chemistry, the replacement of an atom or group in a compound by another atom or group (e.g., s. of H by Cl in CH₄ to give CH₃Cl). 2. In psychoanalysis, an unconscious defense mechanism by which an unacceptable or unattainable goal, object, or emotion is replaced by one that is more acceptable or attainable; the process is more acute and direct, and less subtle, than sublimation. [L. substitutio, to put in place of another]
stimulus s.classical conditioning
symptom s.an unconscious psychological process by which a repressed impulse is indirectly manifested through a particular symptom, e.g., anxiety, compulsion, depression, hallucination, obsession.symptom formation;

substrate (S) substrate (S) (sub´strat)

1. The substance acted upon and changed by an enzyme; the reactant considered to be attacked in a chemical reaction. 2. The base on which an organism lives or grows; e.g., the s. on which microorganisms and cells grow in cell culture. [L. sub-sterno, pp. -stratus, to spread under]
suicide s.a competitive inhibitor that is converted to an irreversible inhibitor at the active site of the enzyme.mechanism-based inhibitor;

substratum substratum (sub-stra´tum)

Any layer or stratum lying beneath another. [L. see substrate]

substructure substructure (sub-struk´chur)

A tissue or structure wholly or partly beneath the surface.
implant denture s.the metal framework which is placed beneath the soft tissues in contact with, or embedded into, bone for the purpose of supporting an implant denture superstructure.

subsulfate subsulfate (sub-sul´fat)

A basic sulfate; a sulfate that contains some base unneutralized and still capable of combining with the acid.

subsultus subsultus (sub-sul´tus)

A twitching or jerking. [L. subsilio, pp. -sultus, to leap up, fr. salio, to leap]
s. clo´nuss. tendinum
s. ten´dinuma twitching of the tendons, especially noticeable at the wrist, occurring in low fevers.s. clonus, tremor tendinum;

subtarsal subtarsal (sub-tar´sal)

Below the tarsus.

subtegumental subtegumental (sub´teg-yu-men´tal)

subcutaneous

subtentorial subtentorial (sub-ten-to´re-al)

Beneath the tentorium cerebelli.

subterminal subterminal (sub-ter´mi-nal)

Situated near the end or extremity of an oval or rod-shaped body.

subtetanic subtetanic (sub-te-tan´ik)

Denoting tonic muscular spasms or convulsions that are not entirely sustained but have brief remissions.

subthalamic subthalamic (sub-tha-lam´ik)

Related to the subthalamus region or to the subthalamic nucleus.

subthalamus subthalamus (sub-thal´a-mus)

That part of the diencephalon that lies wedged between the thalamus on the dorsal side and the cerebral peduncle ventrally, lateral to the dorsal half of the hypothalamus from which it cannot be sharply delineated. It is composed of the subthalamic nucleus (corpus luysi), the zona incerta, and the fields of Forel; laterally it expands in a winglike fashion into the reticular nucleus of the thalamus; caudally it is continuous with the midbrain tegmentum.

subthyroideus subthyroideus (sub-thI-royd´e-us)

A muscular bundle formed of fibers derived from the thyroarytenoid and vocalis muscles.

subtilisin subtilisin (sub-ti-lI´sin)

A proteinase formed by Bacillus subtilis and other species, similar to the serine proteinases of other molds and bacteria; it catalyzes the hydrolysis of a few specific peptide bonds in certain proteins, converting chymotrypsinogen to chymotrypsin and ovalbumin to plakalbumin in this manner, and cleaves pancreatic ribonuclease into S-peptide and S-protein.subtilopeptidase;

subtilopeptidase subtilopeptidase (sub´ti-lo-pep´ti-das)

subtilisin

subtraction subtraction (sub-trak´shun)

A technique used to enhance detectability of opacified anatomic structures on radiographic or scintigraphic images; a negative of an image made before introduction of contrast medium or radionuclide is photographically or electronically removed from a later image; commonly used in cerebral angiography. See also digital subtraction angiography, mask.

subtrapezial subtrapezial (sub-tra-pe´ze-al)

Beneath the trapezius muscle; denoting a nerve plexus.

subtribe subtribe (sub-trIb)

In biologic classification, a division between tribe and genus.

subtrochanteric subtrochanteric (sub-tro-kan-ter´ik)

Below any trochanter.

subtrochlear subtrochlear (sub-trok´le-ar)

Below any trochlea.

subtuberal subtuberal (sub-tu´ber-al)

Lying below any tuber.

subtympanic subtympanic (sub-tim-pan´ik)

Below the tympanic cavity.

subumbilical subumbilical (sub-um-bil´i-kal)

infraumbilical

subungual subungual, subunguial (sub-ung´gwal, sub-ung´gwi-al)

Beneath the finger or toe nail.hyponychial (1) ; [L. unguis, nail]

subunit subunit (sub´u-nit)

A unit that forms a distinct part of a larger structure. See also monomer. 2. The single protein or polypeptide chain that can be separated from an oligomer protein without cleaving covalent bonds other than disulfide bridges between cysteinyl residues. 3. A single biopolymer separated from a larger multimeric structure.

suburethral suburethral (sub-yu-re´thral)

Beneath the male or female urethra.

subvaginal subvaginal (sub-vaj´i-nal)

1. Below the vagina. 2. On the inner side of any tubular membrane serving as a sheath.

subvalvar subvalvar, subvalvular (sub-val´var, sub-val´vyu-lar)

Below any valve.

subvertebral subvertebral (sub-ver´te-bral)

Beneath, or on the ventral side, of a vertebra or the vertebral column.

subvirile subvirile (sub-vir´il)

Deficient in virility.

subvitrinal subvitrinal (sub-vit´ri-nal)

Beneath the vitreous body.

subvolution subvolution (sub-vo-lu´shun)

Obsolete term for turning over a flap of mucous membrane, as in the operation for pterygium, to prevent adhesion. [L. sub, under, + volvo, pp. volutus, to turn]

subwaking subwaking (sub-wak´ing)

Denoting the mental state between sleeping and waking.

subzonal subzonal (sub-zo´nal)

Below or beneath any zona or zone, such as the zona radiata or zona pellucida.

subzygomatic subzygomatic (sub-zI-go-mat´ik)

Below or beneath the zygomatic bone or arch.

succagogue succagogue (suk´a-gog)

1. Stimulating the flow of juice. 2. An agent having such an effect. [L. succus, juice, + G. agogos, leading]

succedaneous succedaneous (suk-se-da´ne-us)

1. Relating to a succedaneum. 2. Relating to the permanent or second teeth that replace the deciduous or primary teeth. [see succedaneum]

succedaneum succedaneum (suk-se-da´ne-um)

A substitute; a drug or any therapeutic agent that has the properties of and can be used in place of another. [L. succedaneus, following after, substituting, fr. suc-cedo, to follow, to take the place of, fr. sub, under, + cedo, to go]

succenturiate succenturiate (suk-sen-tyu´re-at)

In anatomy, substituting for, or accessory to, some organ. [L. suc-centurio, pp. -atus, to substitute]

succinate succinate (suk´si-nat)

A salt of succinic acid.
active s.succinyl-coenzyme A
s. dehydrogenasea flavoenzyme that catalyzes the removal of hydrogen from succinic acid and converts it into fumaric acid; e.g., s. + FAD <-> fumarate + FADH₂; this complex is a part of the tricarboxylic acid cycle.fumarate reductase (NADH), fumaric hydrogenase;

succinate semialdehyde succinate semialdehyde (suk´sin-at sem-e-al-de -hId)

^-OOC-CH₂-CH₂-CHO;an intermediate in the catabolism of gamma-aminobutyrate.
s.s. dehydrogenasean enzyme that catalyzes the reaction of s.s. and either NAD⁺ or NADP+ to form succinate and NADH (or NADPH); a deficiency of this enzyme is associated with 4-hydroxybutyric aciduria.

succinic acid succinic acid (suk-sin´ik)

HOOC(CH₂)₂COOH; 1,4-Butanedioic acid; ethylenedicarboxylic acid;an intermediate in the tricarboxylic acid cycle; several of its salts have been variously used in medicine.

succinic thiokinase succinic thiokinase

succinyl-CoA synthetase

succinimide succinimide (suk´sin-a-mId)

Chemical class of drugs from which the antiepileptic agents ethosuximide, methsuximide, and phensuximide are derived. Unsubstituted s. has been used as an antiurolithic.

succinylacetone succinylacetone (suk´sin-il-as´e-ton)

A minor metabolite that is elevated in individuals with tyrosinemia IA.

N-succinyladenylic acid N-succinyladenylic acid (suk-sin-il-ad-e-nil´ik)

adenylosuccinic acid

succinylcholine succinylcholine (suk´si-nil-ko´len)

A neuromuscular relaxant with short duration of action which characteristically first depolarizes the motor endplate (phase I block) but which is often later associated with a curare-like, nondepolarizing neuromuscular block (phase II block); used to produce relaxation for tracheal intubation and during surgical anesthesia.diacetylcholine;

succinyl-CoA succinyl-CoA (suk´sin-il)

succinyl-coenzyme A
s.-CoA synthetase 1. a ligase reversibly reacting succinate and CoA with ATP to produce ADP, inorganic phosphate, and succinyl-CoA; 2. a similar synthetase, but one able to use itaconate as well as succinate and GTP (or ITP) in place of ATP; a part of the tricarboxylic acid cycle.succinic thiokinase, succinyl-CoA ligase;

succinyl-CoA ligase succinyl-CoA ligase

succinyl-CoA synthetase

succinyl-CoA synthetase succinyl-CoA synthetase

See under succinyl-CoA.

succinyl-coenzyme A succinyl-coenzyme A (suk´si-nil-ko-en´zIm a)

The condensation product of succinic acid and CoA; one of the intermediates of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and a precursor in the synthesis of heme.active succinate, succinyl-CoA;

succinyldicholine succinyldicholine (suk´si-nil-dI-ko´len)

Succinylcholine chloride.

O-succinylhomoserine (thiol)-lyase O-succinylhomoserine (thiol)-lyase (suk´si-nil-ho´mo-ser´en)

An enzyme catalyzing the reaction between cystathionine and succinate to form l-cysteine and O-succinyl-l-homoserine.cystathionine gamma-synthase;

succinylsulfathiazole succinylsulfathiazole (suk´si-nil-sul´fa-thI´a-zol)

4´-(2-Thiazolylsulfamoyl)succinanilic acid;the most effective of the poorly absorbed bacteriostatic sulfonamides used for sterilization of the intestinal tract.

succisulfone iminodiethanol succisulfone iminodiethanol (suk-si-sul´fon im´i-no-dI-eth´a-nol)

4´-Sulfanilylsuccinanilic acid 2,2´-iminodiethanol salt;an antimicrobial agent.

succorrhea succorrhea (suk-o-re´a)

An abnormal increase in the secretion of a digestive fluid. [L. succus, juice, + G. rhoia, a flow]

succubus succubus (suk´yu-bus)

A demon, in female form, believed to have sexual intercourse with a man during sleep. Cf. incubus. [L. succubo, to lie under]

succus succus, gen and pl. succi (suk´us, suk´sI)

1. Obsolete term for the fluid constituents of the body tissues. 2. Obsolete term for a fluid secretion, especially the digestive fluid. 3. Formerly, a pharmacopeial preparation obtained by expressing the juice of a plant and adding to it sufficient alcohol (1 part to 3 of juice) to preserve it. See also juice. [L.]

succuss succuss (su-kus´)

To make succussion.

succussion succussion (su-kush´un)

A diagnostic procedure that consists in shaking the body so as to elicit a splashing sound in a cavity containing both gas and fluid. [L. sucussio, fr. suc-cutio (subc-), pp. -cussus, to shake up, fr. quatio, to shake]
hippocratic s.a splashing noise produced by shaking the body when there is gas or air and fluid in the stomach or intestine, or free in the peritoneum, thorax, and, rarely, the pericardium.

suck suck (suk)

1. To draw a fluid through a tube by exhausting the air in front. 2. To draw a fluid into the mouth; specifically, to draw milk from the breast. [A.S. sucan]

suckle suckle (suk´l)

1. To nurse; to feed by milk from the breast. 2. To suck; to draw sustenance from the breast.

Sucquet Sucquet

J.P., French anatomist, 1840-1870. See S.'s anastomoses, under anastomosis, canals, under canal; S.-Hoyer anastomoses, under anastomosis, canals, under canal.

sucralfate sucralfate (su-kral´fat)

Sucrose octakis (hydrogen sulfate) aluminum complex; a polysaccharide with antipeptic activity, used to treat duodenal ulcers.

sucrase sucrase (su´kras)

sucrose a-d-glucohydrolase

sucrate sucrate (su´krat)

A compound of sucrose.

sucrose sucrose (su´kros)

A nonreducing disaccharide made up of d-glucose and d-fructose obtained from sugar cane, Saccharum officinarum (family Gramineae), from several species of sorghum, and from the sugar beet, Beta vulgaris (family Chenopodiaceae); the common sweetener, used in pharmacy in the manufacture of syrup, confections, etc.saccharose, saccharum;
s. octaacetatean alcohol denaturant.

sucrose a-d-glucohydrolase sucrose a-d-glucohydrolase

An enzyme hydrolyzing sucrose and maltose; in a complex with isomaltase; hence, hydrolyzes both sucrose and isomaltose; found in the intestinal mucosa; a deficiency of this enzyme results in defective digestion of sucrose and linear a1,4-glucans.sucrase;

sucrosemia sucrosemia (su-kro-se´me-a)

The presence of sucrose in the blood. [sucrose + G. haima, blood]

sucrosuria sucrosuria (su-kro-su´re-a)

The excretion of sucrose in the urine. [sucrose + G. ouron, urine]

suction suction (suk´shun)

The act or process of sucking. See also aspiration (1) , aspiration (2) . [L. sugo, pp. suctus, to suck]
posttussive s.a s. sound heard on auscultation over a pulmonary cavity at the end of a cough.
Wangensteen s.a modified siphon that maintains constant negative pressure, used with a duodenal tube for the relief of gastric and intestinal distention.Wangensteen tube;

suctorial suctorial (suk-to´re-al)

Relating to suction, or the act of sucking; adapted for sucking.

sudamen sudamen, pl. sudamina (su-da´men, -dam´i-na)

A minute vesicle due to retention of fluid in a sweat follicle, or in the epidermis. [Mod. L., fr. L. sudo, to sweat]

sudamina sudamina (su-dam´i-na)

1. Plural of sudamen. 2. miliaria crystallina

sudaminal sudaminal (su-dam´i-nal)

Relating to sudamina.

Sudan III Sudan III [C.I. 26100]

A red stain, (C₆H₅)N=N(C₆H₄)N=N(C₁₀H₆)OH, used for neutral fat in histologic technique; it also stains the fatty envelope of the tubercle bacillus.Sudan red III;

Sudan IV Sudan IV [C.I. 26105]

scarlet red

Sudan black B Sudan black B [C.I. 26150]

A diazo dye, C₂₉H₂₄N₆, used as a stain for fats.

Sudan brown Sudan brown [C.I. 12020]

A brown stain, (C₁₀H₇)N=N(C₁₀H₆)OH, derived from a-naphthylamine and used as a stain for fats.

sudanophilia sudanophilia (su-dan-o-fil´e-a)

1. Affinity for an oil-soluble or Sudan dye. 2. A condition in which leukocytes contain minute fat droplets that take a brilliant red stain when treated with 0.2% Sudan III and 0.1% cresyl blue in absolute alcohol.

sudanophilic sudanophilic (su-dan-o-fil´ik)

Staining easily with Sudan dyes, usually referring to lipids in tissues.

sudanophobic sudanophobic (su-dan-o-fo´bik)

Denoting tissue that fails to stain with a Sudan or fat-soluble dye.

Sudan red III Sudan red III

Sudan III

Sudan yellow Sudan yellow

Metadioxyazobenzene;a yellow stain for fats.

sudation sudation (su-da´shun)

perspiration (1) [L. sudatio, fr. sudo, pp. -atus, to sweat]

Sudeck Sudeck

Paul H.M., German surgeon, 1866-1938. See S.'s atrophy, critical point, syndrome.

sudomotor sudomotor (su-do-mo´ter)

Denoting the autonomic (sympathetic) nerves that stimulate the sweat glands to activity. [L. sudor, sweat, + motor, mover]

sudor sudor (su´dor)

perspiration (3) [L.]
s. sanguin´eushematidrosis
s. urino´susuridrosis

sudor- sudor-

Sweat, perspiration. [L. sudor]

sudoral sudoral (su´dor´al)

Relating to perspiration.

sudor anglicus sudor anglicus (su´dor ang´lI- cus)

English sweating disease

sudoresis sudoresis (su-do-re´sis)

Profuse sweating. [sudor- + G. -esis, condition]

sudoriferous sudoriferous (su-do-rif´er-us)

Carrying or producing sweat. [sudor- + L. fero, to bear]

sudorific sudorific (su-do-rif´ik)

Causing sweat. [sudor- + L. facio, to make]

sudorikeratosis sudorikeratosis (su´dor-i-ker-a-to´sis)

Keratosis of the sudoriferous ducts.

sudoriparous sudoriparous (su-do-rip´a-rus)

Secreting sweat. [sudor- + L. pario, to produce]

sudorometer sudorometer (su-do-rom´e-ter)

An instrument for measuring the amount of perspiration. [sudor- + G. metron, measure]

sudorrhea sudorrhea (su-do-re´a)

hyperhidrosis [sudor- + G. rhoia, a flow]

suet suet (su´et)

The hard fat around the kidneys of cattle and sheep; when rendered it yields tallow.
prepared s.the internal fat of the abdomen of the sheep, Ovis aries, purified by melting and straining; used in pharmacy in making ointments.prepared mutton tallow;

sufentanil citrate sufentanil citrate (su-fen´ta-nil)

N-[4-(Methoxymethyl)-1-[2-(2-thienyl)ethyl]-4-p iperidyl]proprionanilide;an injectable narcotic with short duration of effect resembling fentanil; used in "balanced anesthesia".

suffocate suffocate (suf´o-kat)

1. To impede respiration; to asphyxiate. 2. To be unable to breathe; to suffer from asphyxiation. [L. suffoco (subf-), pp. -atus, to choke, strangle]

suffocation suffocation (suf-o-ka´shun)

The act or condition of suffocating or of asphyxiation.

suffusion suffusion (su-fyu´zhun)

1. The act of pouring a fluid over the body. 2. A reddening of the surface. 3. The condition of being wet with a fluid. 4. extravasate (2) [L. suffusio, fr. suffundo (subf-), to pour out]

sugar sugar (shu-ger)

One of the sugars; q.v., pharmaceutical forms are compressible s. and confectioner's s. See also sugars. [G. sakcharon; L. saccharum]
amino s.'ss.'s in which a hydroxyl group has been replaced with an amino group; e.g., d-glucosamine.
beechwood s.d-xylose. See xylose.
beet s.d-sucrose. See sucrose.
blood s. See d-glucose.
brain s.d-galactose. See galactose.
cane s.d-sucrose. See sucrose.
corn s. See d-glucose.
deoxy s.a s. containing fewer oxygen atoms than carbon atoms and in which, consequently, one or more carbons in the molecule lack an attached hydroxyl group.desoxy s;
desoxy s.deoxy s
fruit s.d-fructose. See fructose.
gelatin s.glycine
grape s. See d-glucose.
invert s.a mixture of equal parts of d-glucose and d-fructose produced by hydrolysis of sucrose (inversion).
s. of leadlead acetate
malt s.maltose
manna s.mannitol
maple s.sucrose extracted from the sap of the sugar maple, Acer saccharinum.saccharum canadense;
milk s.lactose
oil s.oleosaccharum
pectin s.d-arabinose. See arabinose.
reducing s.a s., such as glucose in the urine, that has the property of reducing various inorganic ions, notably cupric ion to cuprous ion.
specific soluble s.specific capsular substance
starch s. See d-glucose.
wood s.d-xylose. See xylose.

sugar acids sugar acids

Acids, such as gluconic, glycuronic, and saccharic acid, produced by the oxidation of glucose.

sugar alcohol sugar alcohol

The polyalcohol resulting from the reduction of the carbonyl group in a monosaccharide to a hydroxyl group.

sugar aldehyde sugar aldehyde

A sugar that contains an internal acetal.

sugars sugars (shug´erz)

Those carbohydrates (saccharides) having the general composition (CH₂O)_n and simple derivatives thereof. Although the simple monomeric s. (glycoses) are often written as polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones, e.g., HOCH₂-(CHOH)₄-CHO for aldohexoses (e.g., glucose) or HOCH₂-(CHOH)₃-CO-CH₂OH for 2-ketoses (e.g., fructose), cyclization can give rise to varied structures as described below. S. are generally identifiable by the ending -ose or, if in combination with a nonsugar (aglycon), -oside or -osyl. S. especially d-glucose, are the chief source of energy, by oxidation, in nature, and they and their derivatives (e.g., d-glucosamine, d-glucuronic acid), in polymeric form, are major constituents of mucoproteins, bacterial cell walls, and plant structural material (e.g., cellulose). S. are often found in combination with steroids (steroid glycosides) and other aglycons.
Fischer projection formulas of s.representations, by projection, of cyclic s., or derivatives thereof, in which the carbon chain is depicted vertically. The lowest-numbered asymmetric carbon atom (C-1 in aldoses; C-2 in 2-ketoses, e.g., fructose) is drawn at the top, and the rest of the carbon atoms of the chain are drawn in sequence below the top carbon atom. For each carbon atom, depicted in projection as lying in the plane of the paper, the carbon-to-carbon bond(s), which actually point away from the viewer, are drawn as vertical lines. The left-hand and right-hand bonds of each carbon atom, which actually point toward the viewer, are, in projection, depicted as horizontal lines.
The conventions for the Fischer formulas of cyclic s. are as follows: 1) If the highest-numbered asymmetric carbon atom has its OH (or its replacement) lying to the right, as is the 2-OH of d-glyceraldehyde, the sugar has the d configuration; if the OH is to the left, the sugar has the l configuration. 2) On the anomeric carbon atom (C-1 in the aldoses; C-2 in the 2-ketoses), an OH or substituted OH that lies to the right, with the OH of the highest-numbered asymmetric carbon atom also to the right is defined to be a; if it is to the left, with the OH of the highest-numbered carbon atom still to the right, it is beta; the reverse applies if the latter OH is to the left. 3) The orientation of a terminal CH₂OH group in the aldoses carries no configurational significance, as it contains no asymmetric carbon atom.
Haworth conformational formulas of cyclic s.for the pyranoses, these depict those shapes (conformations) on which none, one, or two ring-atoms lie outside the plane of the ring. If there are two such atoms para to each other, they can lie 1) on opposite sides of the plane (trans), giving chair forms, or 2) on the same side of the plane (cis), giving boat forms. For beta-d-ribopyranose, the two chair forms (⁴C₁ and ¹C₄) are depicted.
Similarly, there are six boat conformations. If the two (trans) exoplanar atoms are meta to each other, the conformation is a skew form; if the two atoms are ortho to each other, the conformation is a half-chair form.
For the furanoses, the envelope conformations have one ring-atom exoplanar. If there are three adjacent, coplanar ring-atoms (the two exoplanar ring-atoms on opposite sides of the plane), the conformations are twist forms.
Haworth perspective formulas of cyclic s.perspective representations of furanose or pyranose structures as pentagons or hexagons, respectively, with the connecting bonds so shaded as to make them appear as though the plane of the ring is at an angle of 30° to the plane of the paper, and the bonds to H and OH are at right angles to the plane of the ring. These formulas depict the planar conformation, a situation not usually met. Other conformational formulas, e.g., Haworth conformational formulas of cyclic s., attempt to depict the many deviations from planarity.
The basic conventions in Haworth formulas of cyclic s. (cyclic glycoses) are as follows: 1) The lowest-numbered asymmetric ring-carbon atom is depicted at the right. 2) If the highest-numbered asymmetric carbon atom is d, the sugar is d; the formula of an l-glycose may be derived from that of its d-isomer by reversing the up or down direction of all groups attached to the ring-carbon atoms. 3) If the hydroxyl group attached to the anomeric carbon (C-1 in aldoses; C-2 in 2-ketoses) is below the plane of the ring of a d-glycose, it is a; if above, it is beta; the reverse applies if the sugar is l. See also Fischer projection formulas of s.

suggestibility suggestibility (sug-jes´tI-bil´i-te)

Responsiveness or susceptibility to a psychological process such as a hypnotic command whereby an idea is induced into, or adopted by, an individual without argument, command, or coercion.sympathism;

suggestible suggestible (sug-jes´tI-bl)

Susceptible to suggestion.

suggestion suggestion (sug-jes´chun)

The implanting of an idea in the mind of another by some word or act on one's part, the subject's conduct or physical condition being influenced to some degree by the implanted idea. See also autosuggestion. [L. sug-gero (subg-), pp. -gestus, to bring under, supply]
posthypnotic s.s. given to a subject who is under hypnosis for certain actions to be performed after he or she is "awakened" from the hypnotic trance.

suggestive suggestive (sug-jes´tiv)

Relating to suggestion.

suggillation suggillation (sug-ji-la´shun, suj-i-)

A bruise or livedo. See also contusion. [L. sugillo, pp. -atus, to beat black and blue]
postmortem s.postmortem livedo

Sugiura Sugiura

M., 20th century Japanese surgeon. See S. procedure.

SUI SUI

Abbreviation for stress urinary incontinence.

suicide suicide (su´i-sId)

1. The act of taking one's own life. 2. A person who commits such an act. [L. sui, self, + caedo, to kill]

suicidology suicidology (su´i-sI-dol´o-je)

A branch of the behavioral sciences devoted to the study of the nature, causes, and prevention of suicide. [suicide + G. logos, study]

suint suint (swint)

The natural grease in sheep's wool, from which the official wool fat (anhydrous lanolin) is extracted. [Fr. wool-grease]

suit suit (sut)

An outer garment designed for protection against specific environmental conditions.
anti-G s.a garment with bladders that expand to apply external pressure to the abdomen and lower extremities during positive G maneuvers in flight or on a human centrifuge; the anti-G s. is worn to prevent the pooling of blood and serves to increase the wearer's ability to withstand exposure to higher G forces.

sulbactam sulbactam (sul-bak´tam)

A beta-lactamase inhibitor with weak antibacterial action; when used in conjunction with penicillins (e.g., ampicillin) with little beta-lactamase inhibiting action, it greatly increases their effectiveness against organisms which would ordinarily not be susceptible.

sulbactam sulbactam (sul´bak-tam)

A semisynthetic beta-lactamase inhibitor resembling clavulanic acid in its action; used in combination with beta-lactam antibiotics such as aminopenicillins and cephalosporins as antibacterial agents.

sulbentine sulbentine (sul-ben´ten)

dibenzthione

sulcal sulcal (sul´kal)

Relating to a sulcus.

sulcate sulcate (sul´kat)

Grooved; furrowed; marked by a sulcus or sulci.

sulciform sulciform (sul´si-fom)

Having the form of a groove or sulcus.

sulculus sulculus, pl. sulculi (sul´ku-lus, -lI)

A small sulcus. [Mod. L. dim. of L. sulcus, furrow]

sulcus sulcus, gen and pl. sulci (sul´kus, sul´sI)

1. [NA] One of the grooves or furrows on the surface of the brain, bounding the several convolutions or gyri; a fissure. See also fissure. 2. [NA] Any long narrow groove, furrow, or slight depression. See also groove. 3. A groove or depression in the oral cavity or on the surface of a tooth. [L. a furrow or ditch]
alveolobuccal s.alveolobuccal groove
alveololabial s.alveololabial groove
alveololingual s.alveololingual groove
s. ampulla´ris [NA] ampullary s
ampullary s.the groove on the external surface of the ampulla of each semicircular duct where the nerve enters the crista ampullaris.s. ampullaris [NA] ;
s. angula´risangular notch
anterior intermediate s.a furrow occasionally seen in the adult between the anterior median fissure and the anterior lateral s. of the spinal cord but usually present only in the fetus. It indicates the lateral border of the anterior corticospinal fasciculus.anterior intermediate groove, s. intermedius anterior;
anterior parolfactory s.a fissure marking the anterior border of the parolfactory area.s. parolfactorius anterior;
anterolateral s.an indistinct furrow on the ventral surface of the spinal cord and medulla oblongata, on either side marking the line of exit of the anterior nerve roots.s. lateralis anterior [NA] , anterolateral groove;
s. anthel´icis transver´sus [NA] transverse anthelicine groove
aortic s.a broad deep groove on the medial aspect of the left lung above and behind the hilum receiving the arch of the aorta and the thoracic aorta.s. aorticus;
s. aor´ticusaortic s
s. arte´riae occipita´lis [NA] occipital groove
s. arte´riae tempora´lis me´diae [NA] groove for middle temporal artery
s. arte´riae vertebra´lis [NA] groove for vertebral artery
sul´ci arterio´si [NA] arterial grooves, under groove
atrioventricular s.coronary groove
s. auric´ulae ante´rioranterior notch of ear
s. auric´ulae poste´rior [NA] posterior auricular groove
basilar s.basilar pontine s
s. basila´ris pon´tis [NA] basilar pontine s
basilar pontine s.a median groove on the ventral surface of the pons varolii in which lies the basilar artery.s. basilaris pontis [NA] , basilar s;
s. bicipita´lis latera´lis [NA] lateral bicipital groove
s. bicipita´lis media´lis [NA] medial bicipital groove
calcaneal s.interosseous groove of calcaneus
s. calca´nei [NA] interosseous groove of calcaneus
calcarine s.a deep fissure on the medial aspect of the cerebral cortex, extending on an arched line from the isthmus of the fornicate gyrus back to the occipital pole, marking the border between the lingual gyrus below and the cuneus above it. The cortex in the depth of the sulcus corresponds to the horizontal meridian of the contralateral half of the visual field.s. calcarinus [NA] , calcarine fissure, fissura calcarina, posthippocampal fissure;
s. calcari´nus [NA] calcarine s
callosal s.s. of corpus callosum
callosomarginal s.cingulate s
s. callosomargina´liscingulate s
s. carot´icus [NA] carotid groove
carotid s.carotid groove
s. car´pi [NA] carpal groove
central s.a double-S-shaped fissure extending obliquely upward and backward on the lateral surface of each cerebral hemisphere at the boundary between frontal and parietal lobes.s. centralis [NA] , fissure of Rolando;
s. centra´lis [NA] central s
cerebellar sulcigrooves between the folia cerebelli; commonly called fissures in cerebellum.
cerebral sulcithe grooves between the cerebral gyri or convolutions.sulci cerebri [NA] ;
sul´ci cer´ebri [NA] cerebral sulci
chiasmatic s.chiasmatic groove
cingulate s.a fissure on the mesial surface of the cerebral hemisphere, bounding the upper surface of the cingulate gyrus (callosal convolution); the anterior portion is called the pars subfrontalis; the posterior portion which curves up to the superomedial margin of the hemisphere and borders the paracentral lobule posteriorly, the pars marginalis.s. cinguli [NA] , callosomarginal fissure, callosomarginal s., s. callosomarginalis, s. of cingulum;
s. cin´guli [NA] cingulate s
s. of cingulumcingulate s
circular s. of insulaa semicircular fissure demarcating the insula from the opercula above, below, and behind.s. circularis insulae [NA] , circular s. of Reil, limiting s. of Reil;
s. circula´ris in´sulae [NA] circular s. of insula
circular s. of Reilcircular s. of insula
collateral s.a long, deep sagittal fissure on the undersurface of the temporal lobe, marking the border between the fusiform gyrus laterally and the hippocampal and lingual gyri medially; the great depth of the collateral s. results in a bulging of the floor of the occipital and temporal horn of the lateral ventricle, the collateral eminence.s. collateralis [NA] , s. occipitotemporalis [NA] , collateral fissure, fissura collateralis, occipitotemporal s;
s. collatera´lis [NA] collateral s
s. corona´rius [NA] coronary groove
coronary s.coronary groove
s. cor´poris callo´si [NA] s. of corpus callosum
s. of corpus callosumthe fissure between the corpus callosum and the cingulate gyrus.s. corporis callosi [NA] , callosal s;
s. cos´tae [NA] costal groove
s. costae arte´riae subcla´viae [NA] costal groove for subclavian artery
costophrenic s.the recess between the ribs and the lateral-most portion of the diaphragm, partially occupied by the most caudal part of the lung; seen on radiographs as the costophrenic angle.
s. cru´ris heli´cis [NA] groove of crus of the helix
sul´ci cu´tis [NA] skin furrows, under furrow
s. ethmoida´lis [NA] ethmoidal groove
external spiral s.a concavity in the outer wall of the cochlear duct between the prominentia spiralis and the spiral organ.s. spiralis externus [NA] ;
fimbriodentate s.a shallow groove between the fimbria and the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus.s. fimbriodentatus;
s. fimbriodenta´tusfimbriodentate s
s. fronta´lis infe´rior [NA] inferior frontal s
s. fronta´lis me´diusmiddle frontal s
s. fronta´lis supe´rior [NA] superior frontal s
s. frontomargina´lis See middle frontal s
gingival s.the space between the surface of the tooth and the free gingiva.s. gingivalis [NA] , gingival crevice, gingival space, subgingival space;
s. gingiva´lis [NA] gingival s
gingivobuccal s.alveolobuccal groove
gingivolabial s.alveololabial groove
gingivolingual s.alveololingual groove
s. glu´teus [NA] gluteal fold
s. for greater palatine nervegreater palatine groove
habenular s.a small groove located between the habenular trigone and the adjacent dorsal thalamus.
s. ham´uli pterygoi´dei [NA] groove of pterygoid hamulus
hippocampal s.a shallow groove between the dentate gyrus and the parahippocampal gyrus; the remains of a fissure extending deep into the hippocampus between Ammon's horn and the dentate gyrus which becomes obliterated during fetal development.s. hippocampi [NA] , dentate fissure, fissura dentata, fissura hippocampi, hippocampal fissure;
s. hippocam´pi [NA] hippocampal s
hypothalamic s.a groove in the lateral wall of the third ventricle on either side leading from the interventricular foramen to the aditus ad aqueductum cerebri; the s.-demarcated boundary between dorsal thalamus and hypothalamus.s. hypothalamicus [NA] , Monro's s;
s. hypothalam´icus [NA] hypothalamic s
inferior frontal s.a sagittal fissure on the lateral convex surface of each frontal lobe of the cerebrum demarcating the middle from the inferior frontal gyrus.s. frontalis inferior [NA] ;
inferior petrosal s.groove for inferior petrosal sinus
inferior temporal s.the s. on the basal aspect of the temporal lobe that separates the fusiform gyrus from the inferior temporal gyrus on its lateral side.s. temporalis inferior [NA] , Clevenger's fissure;
s. infraorbita´lis [NA] infraorbital groove
infrapalpebral s.the hollow or furrow below the lower eyelid.s. infrapalpebralis;
s. infrapalpebra´lisinfrapalpebral s
s. interme´dius ante´rioranterior intermediate s
s. interme´dius poste´rior [NA] posterior intermediate s
internal spiral s.a concavity in the floor of the cochlear duct formed by the overhanging labium vestibulare.s. spiralis internus [NA] ;
interparietal s.intraparietal s
intertubercular s.intertubercular groove
s. intertubercula´ris [NA] intertubercular groove
s. interventricula´ris ante´rior [NA] anterior interventricular groove
s. interventricula´ris cor´dis See anterior interventricular groove, posterior interventricular groove.
s. interventricula´ris poste´rior [NA] posterior interventricular groove
intragracile s.a fissure between the gracilis minor and gracilis posterior lobuli of the cerebellum.s. intragracilis;
s. intragra´cilisintragracile s
intraparietal s.a horizontal s. extending back from the postcentral s. over some distance, then dividing perpendicularly into two branches so as to form, with the postcentral s., a figure H. It divides the parietal lobe into superior and inferior parietal lobules.s. intraparietalis [NA] , interparietal s., intraparietal s. of Turner, Turner's s;
s. intraparieta´lis [NA] intraparietal s
intraparietal s. of Turnerintraparietal s
labial s.a furrow between the developing lip and gum.labiodental s., lip s., primary labial groove;
labiodental s.labial s
s. lacrima´lis [NA] lacrimal groove
lateral cerebral s.the deepest and most prominent of the cortical fissures, extending from the anterior perforated substance first laterally at the deep incisure between the frontal and temporal lobes, then back and slightly upward over the lateral aspect of the cerebral hemisphere, with the superior temporal gyrus as its lower bank, the insula forming its greatly expanded floor. Two short side branches, the ramus anterior and ramus ascendens, divide the inferior frontal gyrus into an orbital part, triangular part, and opercular part.s. lateralis cerebri [NA] , fissura cerebri lateralis, lateral cerebral fissure, sylvian fissure, fissure of Sylvius;
s. latera´lis ante´rior [NA] anterolateral s
s. latera´lis cer´ebri [NA] lateral cerebral s
s. latera´lis poste´rior [NA] posterolateral s
lateral occipital s.one of several variable sulci on the lateral aspect of the occipital lobe of each cerebral hemisphere, bounding the lateral occipital convolutions.s. occipitalis lateralis;
s. lim´itans [NA] limiting s
s. lim´itans fos´sae rhomboi´deae [NA] limiting s. of rhomboid fossa
limiting s.the medial longitudinal groove on the inner surface of the neural tube separating the alar and basal plates.s. limitans [NA] ;
limiting s. of Reilcircular s. of insula
limiting s. of rhomboid fossaa lateral groove running the whole length of the floor of the rhomboid fossa on either side of the midline, representing the remains of the s. demarcating the alar (dorsal) from the basal (ventral) plate of the embryonic rhombencephalon.s. limitans fossae rhomboideae [NA] ;
lip s.labial s
longitudinal s. of heart See anterior interventricular groove, posterior interventricular groove.
lunate s.lunate cerebral s
lunate cerebral s.a small, inconstant semilunar groove on the cortical convexity near the occipital pole, marking the anterior border of the striate cortex (area 17) and considered homologous with the major s. of the same name that is a more constant feature of the cerebral cortex in monkeys and apes.s. lunatus cerebri [NA] , ape fissure, lunate fissure, lunate s., simian fissure;
s. luna´tus cer´ebri [NA] lunate cerebral s
malleolar s.groove for tibialis posterior tendon
s. malleola´ris [NA] groove for tibialis posterior tendon
s. ma´tricis un´guisthe cutaneous furrow in which the lateral border of the nail is situated.groove of nail matrix, vallecula unguis;
medial s. of crus cerebria groove in the lateral wall of the interpeduncular fossa of the midbrain from which the rootlets of the oculomotor nerve emerge.s. medialis cruris cerebri [NA] , s. nervi oculomotorii, s. of the oculomotor nerve;
s. media´lis cru´ris cer´ebri [NA] medial s. of crus cerebri
median s. of fourth ventriclethe shallow midline groove in the floor of the ventricle.s. medianus ventriculi quarti [NA] ;
median frontal s.middle frontal s
s. media´nus lin´guae [NA] median groove of tongue
s. media´nus poste´rior medul´lae oblonga´tae [NA] posterior median s. of medulla oblongata
s. media´nus poste´rior medul´lae spina´lis [NA] posterior median s. of spinal cord
s. media´nus ventric´uli quar´ti [NA] median s. of fourth ventricle
mentolabial s.the indistinct line separating the lower lip from the chin.mentolabial furrow, s. mentolabialis;
s. mentolabia´lismentolabial s
middle frontal s.a relatively shallow sagittal fissure of the brain dividing the middle frontal convolution into an upper and lower part; this s. is found only in humans and anthropoid apes; at its anterior extremity it bifurcates, the two branches spreading out laterally and constituting the frontomarginal s.median frontal s., s. frontalis medius;
middle temporal s.the s. between the middle temporal gyrus and inferior temporal gyrus.s. temporalis medius;
s. for middle temporal arterygroove for middle temporal artery
Monro's s.hypothalamic s
s. mus´culi subcla´vii [NA] subclavian groove
s. mylohyoi´deus [NA] mylohyoid groove
s. nasolabia´lisnasolabial groove
s. ner´vi oculomoto´riimedial s. of crus cerebri
s. ner´vi petro´si majo´ris [NA] groove of greater petrosal nerve
s. ner´vi petro´si mino´ris [NA] groove of lesser petrosal nerve
s. ner´vi radia´lis [NA] groove for radial nerve
s. ner´vi spina´lis [NA] groove for spinal nerve
s. ner´vi ulna´ris [NA] groove for ulnar nerve
nymphocaruncular s.a groove between the labium minor and the border of the remains of the hymen, in which is the opening of the duct of the greater vestibular gland on either side.nymphohymenal s., s. nymphocaruncularis;
s. nymphocaruncula´risnymphocaruncular s
nymphohymenal s.nymphocaruncular s
s. obturato´rius [NA] obturator groove
s. of occipital arteryoccipital groove
s. occipita´lis latera´lislateral occipital s
s. occipita´lis supe´riorsuperior occipital s
s. occipita´lis transver´sus [NA] transverse occipital s
occipitotemporal s.collateral s
s. occipitotempora´lis [NA] collateral s
s. of the oculomotor nervemedial s. of crus cerebri
s. olfacto´rius [NA] olfactory s
s. olfacto´rius cavum na´si [NA] olfactory s. of nasal cavity
olfactory s.the sagittal s. on the inferior or orbital surface of each frontal lobe of the cerebrum, demarcating the straight gyrus from the orbital gyri, and covered on the orbital surface by the olfactory bulb and tract.s. olfactorius [NA] , olfactory groove;
olfactory s. of nasal cavitythe narrow groove in the nasal cavity above the agger nasi that leads from the atrium to the olfactory area.s. olfactorius cavum nasi [NA] ;
orbital sulcia number of irregularly disposed, variable sulci dividing the inferior or orbital surface of each frontal lobe of the cerebrum into the orbital gyri.sulci orbitales [NA] ;
sul´ci orbita´les [NA] orbital sulci
s. palati´nus, pl. sul´ci palati´ni [NA] palatine groove
s. palati´nus ma´jor [NA] greater palatine groove
s. palatovagina´lis [NA] palatovaginal groove
sul´ci paraco´lici [NA] paracolic gutters, under gutter
paraglenoid s.preauricular groove
s. paraglenoida´lispreauricular groove
parieto-occipital s.a very deep, almost vertically oriented fissure on the medial surface of the cerebral cortex, marking the border between the parietal lobe and the cuneus of the occipital lobe; its lower part curves forward and fuses with the anterior extent of the calcarine fissure (sulcus calcarinus); the great depth of this combined fissure causes a bulge in the medial wall of the occipital horn of the lateral ventricle, the calcar avis.s. parieto-occipitalis [NA] , fissura parietooccipitalis, parieto-occipital fissure;
s. parieto-occipita´lis [NA] parieto-occipital s
s. parolfacto´rius ante´rioranterior parolfactory s
s. parolfacto´rius poste´riorposterior parolfactory s
periconchal s.fossa of anthelix
s. poplit´euspopliteal groove
postcentral s.the s. that demarcates the postcentral gyrus from the superior and inferior parietal lobules.s. postcentralis [NA] ;
s. postcentra´lis [NA] postcentral s
posterior intermediate s.a longitudinal furrow between the posterior median and the posterolateral sulci of the spinal cord in the cervical region, marking the gracile fasciculus from the cuneate fasciculus.s. intermedius posterior [NA] , posterior intermediate groove;
posterior median s. of medulla oblongatathe longitudinal groove marking the posterior midline of the medulla oblongata; continuous below with the posterior median s. of the spinal cord.s. medianus posterior medullae oblongatae [NA] , posterior median fissure of the medulla oblongata;
posterior median s. of spinal corda shallow furrow in the median line of the posterior surface of the spinal cord.s. medianus posterior medullae spinalis [NA] , posterior median fissure of spinal cord;
posterior parolfactory s.a shallow groove on the medial surface of the hemisphere demarcating the subcallosal gyrus or precommissural septum from the parolfactory area.s. parolfactorius posterior;
posterolateral s.a longitudinal furrow on either side of the posterior median s. of the spinal cord marking the line of entrance of the posterior nerve roots.s. lateralis posterior [NA] , posterolateral groove;
preauricular s.preauricular groove
precentral s.an interrupted fissure anterior to and in general parallel with the central s., marking the anterior border of the precentral gyrus.s. precentralis [NA] , s. verticalis;
s. precentra´lis [NA] precentral s
prechiasmatic s.chiasmatic groove
s. prechias´matis [NA] chiasmatic groove
s. promonto´rii cavitatis tympanicae [NA] s. of promontory of tympanic cavity
s. of promontory of tympanic cavitya narrow branched groove running vertically over the surface of the promontory in the middle ear, lodging the tympanic plexus.s. promontorii cavitatis tympanicae [NA] ;
s. of pterygoid hamulusgroove of pterygoid hamulus
s. pterygopalati´nusgreater palatine groove
s. pulmona´lis [NA] paravertebral gutter
pulmonary s.paravertebral gutter
rhinal s.the shallow rostral continuation of the collateral s. that delimits the rostral part of the parahippocampal gyrus from the fusiform or lateral occipitotemporal gyrus. One of the oldest sulci of the pallium, it marks the border between the neocortex and the allocortical (olfactory).s. rhinalis [NA] , rhinal fissure;
s. rhina´lis [NA] rhinal s
sagittal s.groove for superior sagittal sinus
s. of sclerascleral s
s. scle´rae [NA] scleral s
scleral s.a slight groove on the external surface of the eyeball indicating the line of union of the sclera and cornea or limbus of cornea.s. sclerae [NA] , s. of sclera;
sigmoid s.groove for sigmoid sinus
s. si´nus petro´si inferio´ris [NA] groove for inferior petrosal sinus
s. si´nus petro´si superio´ris [NA] groove for superior petrosal sinus
s. si´nus sagitta´lis superio´ris [NA] groove for superior sagittal sinus
s. si´nus sigmoi´dei [NA] groove for sigmoid sinus
s. si´nus transver´si [NA] groove for transverse sinus
s. spino´susstria spinosa
s. spira´lis exter´nus [NA] external spiral s
s. spira´lis inter´nus [NA] internal spiral s
subclavian s.subclavian groove
s. subclavia´nussubclavian groove
s. subcla´viusgroove of lung for subclavian artery
subparietal s.a s. continuing the direction of the cingulate s. from where the marginal part of that fissure bends upward; it forms the upper boundary of the posterior portion of the cingulate gyrus.s. subparietalis [NA] ;
s. subparieta´lis [NA] subparietal s
superior frontal s.a sagittal fissure on the superior surface of each frontal lobe of the cerebrum starting from the precentral s.; it forms the lateral boundary of the superior frontal convolution.s. frontalis superior [NA] ;
superior longitudinal s.groove for superior sagittal sinus
superior occipital s.one of several small and variable sulci bordering the superior occipital gyri on the upper aspect of the occipital lobe of the cerebrum.s. occipitalis superior;
superior petrosal s.groove for superior petrosal sinus
superior temporal s.the longitudinal s. that separates the superior and middle temporal gyri.s. temporalis superior [NA] , superior temporal fissure;
supra-acetabular s.supra-acetabular groove
s. supra-acetabula´ris [NA] supra-acetabular groove
talar s.interosseous groove of talus
s. ta´li [NA] interosseous groove of talus
sul´ci tempora´les transver´si [NA] transverse temporal sulci
s. tempora´lis infe´rior [NA] inferior temporal s
s. tempora´lis me´diusmiddle temporal s
s. tempora´lis supe´rior [NA] superior temporal s
s. ten´dinis mus´culi fibula´ris lon´gi [NA] * official alternate term for groove for tendon of peroneus longus muscle
s. ten´dinis mus´culi flexo´ris hal´lucis lon´gi [NA] groove for tendon of flexor hallucis longus
s. ten´dinis mus´culi perone´i lon´gi [NA] groove for tendon of peroneus longus muscle 2. the groove distal to the tuberosity of the cuboid bone.
terminal s.s. terminalis
s. termina´lis [NA] 1. s. terminalis linguae [NA]; a V-shaped groove, with apex pointing backward, on the surface of the tongue, marking the separation between the oral, or horizontal, and the pharyngeal, or vertical, parts; 2. s. terminalis atrii dextri [NA]; a groove on the surface of the right atrium of the heart, marking the junction of the primitive sinus venosus with the atrium.terminal s;
tonsillolingual s.the space between the palatine tonsil and the tongue.
transverse occipital s.the posterior, vertical limb of the intraparietal s.s. occipitalis transversus [NA] ;
s. for transverse sinusgroove for transverse sinus
transverse temporal sulcithe shallow sulci that demarcate the transverse temporal gyri on the opercular surface of the superior temporal gyrus.sulci temporales transversi [NA] ;
s. tu´bae auditi´vae [NA] groove for auditory tube
Turner's s.intraparietal s
s. tympan´icus [NA] tympanic groove
s. of umbilical veinthe s. on the fetal liver occupied by the umbilical vein.s. venae umbilicalis [NA] ;
s. for vena cavagroove for inferior venae cava
s. ve´nae ca´vae [NA] groove for inferior venae cava
s. ve´nae ca´vae crania´lisgroove for superior vena cava
s. ve´nae subcla´viae [NA] groove for subclavian vein
s. ve´nae umbilica´lis [NA] s. of umbilical vein
sul´ci veno´si [NA] venous grooves, under groove
s. ventra´lisanterior median fissure of spinal cord
s. for vertebral arterygroove for vertebral artery
s. vertica´lisprecentral s
vomeral s.vomeral groove
s. vomera´lis [NA] vomeral groove, vomeral groove
s. vo´meris [NA] vomeral groove
s. vomerovagina´lis [NA] vomerovaginal groove

sulf- sulf-, sulfo-

1. Prefix denoting that the compound to the name of which it is attached contains a sulfur atom. This spelling (rather than sulph-, sulpho-) is preferred by the American Chemical Society and has been adopted by the USP and NF, but not by the BP. 2. Prefix form of sulfonic acid or sulfonate.

sulfa sulfa (sul´fa)

Denoting the sulfa drugs, or sulfonamides.

sulfabenzamide sulfabenzamide (sul-fa-ben´za-mId)

An antimicrobial of the sulfonamide group.N-sulfanilylbenzamide;

sulfacetamide sulfacetamide (sul-fa-set´a-mId)

An antibacterial agent of the sulfonamide group, primarily used topically; s. sodium has the same uses as s. and also is used locally for eye infections and for prevention of gonorrheal ophthalmia in newborn infants.N-sulfanilylacetamide;

sulfacid sulfacid (sulf-as´id)

thioacid

sulfacytine sulfacytine (sul-fa-sI´ten)

A sulfonamide used as an oral antibiotic in the treatment of urinary tract infections.

sulfadiazine sulfadiazine (sul-fa-dI´a-zen)

N¹-2-Pyrimidinylsulfanilamide;one of a group of diazine derivatives of sulfanilamide, the pyrimidine analogue of sulfapyridine and sulfathiazole; one of the components of the triple sulfonamide mixture. It is an inhibitor of bacterial folic acid synthesis, which has been highly effective against pneumococcal, staphylococcal, and streptococcal infections, against infections with Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae, and in acute gonococcal arthritis; s. sodium has the same uses.

sulfadimethoxine sulfadimethoxine (sul´fa-dI-me-thok´sen)

2,4-Dimethoxy-6-sulfanilamide-1,3-diazine;a long-acting sulfonamide that is rapidly absorbed after oral administration and is slowly excreted by the kidney; it accumulates in the tissue and requires lower doses to attain effective tissue concentrations than do the other sulfonamides.

sulfadimidine sulfadimidine (sul-fa-dim´i-den)

sulfamethazine

sulfadoxine sulfadoxine (sul-fa-dok´sen)

N¹-(5,6-dimethoxy-4-pyrimidyl)sulfanilamide;a long-acting sulfonamide, used with quinine and pyrimethamine to reduce the relapse rate of malaria.sulformethoxine;

sulfaethidole sulfaethidole (sul-fa-eth´i-dol)

N¹-(5-Ethyl-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-yl)sulfanilamide;a sulfonamide used in the treatment of systemic and urinary tract infections.

sulfafurazole sulfafurazole (sul-fa-fyur´a-zol)

sulfisoxazole

sulfaguanidine sulfaguanidine (sul-fa-gwahn´i-den)

N¹-amidinosulfanilamide;the guanidine derivative of sulfanilamide. It is poorly absorbed from the gastroenteric tract; useful for bacterial infections of the lower intestinal tract and for preoperative sterilization of the intestinal tract; a goitrogen.sulfaguine;

sulfaguine sulfaguine

sulfaguanidine

sulfalene sulfalene (sul´fa-len)

N¹-(3-Methoxy-2-pyrimidyl)sulfanilamide;a very long-acting sulfonamide that enhances, as do other sulfonamides and sulfones, the effectiveness of antimalarial agents such as pyrimethamine, chloroguanide, or cycloguanil.

sulfamerazine sulfamerazine (sul-fa-mer´a-zen)

N¹-(4-Methyl-2-pyrimidinyl)sulfanilamide; an antibacterial agent;one of the components of the triple sulfonamide mixtures.

sulfameter sulfameter (sulf´a-me-ter)

2-(4-aminobenzenesulfon-amido)-5-methoxypyrimidine;a slowly excreted sulfonamide once used in the treatment of acute and chronic urinary tract infections.sulfamethoxydiazine;

sulfamethazine sulfamethazine (sul-fa-meth´a-zen)

N¹-(4,6-dimethyl-2-pyrimidinyl)sulfanilamide; an antibacterial agent;one of the components of the triple sulfonamide mixture.sulfadimidine;

sulfamethizole sulfamethizole (sul-fa-meth´i-zol)

N¹-(5-Methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulfanilamide;a sulfonamide useful for the treatment of urinary tract infection, because of its high solubility.

sulfamethoxazole sulfamethoxazole (sul´fa-meth-ok´sa-zol)

N¹-(5-Methyl-3-isoxazoyl)sulfanilamide;a sulfonamide related chemically to sulfisoxazole, with a similar antibacterial spectrum, but a slower rate of absorption from the gastrointestinal tract and urinary excretion.

sulfamethoxydiazine sulfamethoxydiazine (sul´fa-me-thok´si-dI´a-zen)

sulfameter

sulfamethoxypyridazine sulfamethoxypyridazine (sul´fa-me-thok´si-pi-rid´a-zen)

A long-acting sulfonamide that requires a single daily dose for maintaining effective tissue concentrations. S. acetyl is a preparation well suited for pediatric use because it is tasteless; it is also used to enhance the actions of quinine and other suppressants in the chemoprophylaxis of malaria.

sulfamoxole sulfamoxole (sul-fa-mok´sol)

Sulfadimethyloxazole; N¹-(4,5-dimethyl-2-oxazolyl)sulfanilamide;an antimicrobial agent of the sulfonamide group.

p-sulfamylacetanilide p-sulfamylacetanilide (sul´fa-mil-as-e-tan´il-Id)

N⁴-acetylsulfanilamide

sulfanilamide sulfanilamide (sul-fa-nil´a-mId)

p-Aminobenzenesulfonamide;the first sulfonamide used for its chemotherapeutic effect in infections caused by some beta-hemolytic streptococci, meningococci, gonococci, Clostridium welchii, and in certain infections of the urinary tract, especially those due to Escherichia coli and Proteus vulgaris; less effective than sulfapyridine in the treatment of pneumococcic, staphylococcic, and Klebsiella pneumoniae infections. Toxic manifestations include acidosis, cyanosis, hemolytic anemia, and agranulocytosis.

N-sulfanilylacetamide N-sulfanilylacetamide (sul-fan´i-lil-a-set´a-mId)

sulfacetamide

N-sulfanilylbenzamide N-sulfanilylbenzamide (sul-fan´i-lil-ben´za-mId)

sulfabenzamide

sulfanitran sulfanitran (sul-fa-nI´tran)

4´-[(p-Nitrophenyl)sulfamoyl]acetanilide;an antimicrobial agent of the sulfonamide group.

sulfaperin sulfaperin (sul´fa-per-in)

N´-(5-methyl-2-pyrimidinyl)sulfanilamide;an antimicrobial agent of the sulfonamide group.isosulfamerazine;

sulfaphenazole sulfaphenazole (sul-fa-fen´a-zol)

A long-acting sulfonamide that is rapidly absorbed after oral administration; one dose is sufficient to maintain effective tissue concentration for 24 hours.

sulfapyrazine sulfapyrazine (sul-fa-pir´a-zen)

N¹-2-Pyrazinylsulfanilamide;an antibacterial agent of the sulfonamide group.

sulfapyridine sulfapyridine (sul-fa-pir´i-den)

An antibacterial agent of the sulfonamide group.

sulfasalazine sulfasalazine (sul-fa-sal´a-zen)

5-[p-(2-pyridylsulfamyl)phenylazo]salicylic acid;a sulfonamide (acid-azosulfa compound) with a marked affinity for connective tissues, especially for those rich in elastin, used in chronic ulcerative colitis; it is broken down in the body to amino salicylic acid and sulfapyridine.salicylazosulfapyridine;

sulfatase sulfatase (sul´fa-tas)

1. Trivial name for enzymes in EC group 3.1.6, the sulfuric ester hydrolases, which catalyze the hydrolysis of sulfuric esters (sulfates) to the corresponding alcohols plus inorganic sulfate; includes aryl-, sterol, glycol-, chondroitin, choline-, cellulose, cerebroside, and chondro- sulfatases. 2. arylsulfatase
multiple s. deficiencyan inherited disorder (autosomal recessive) in which there is a failure to hydrolyze sulfatides and sulfated mucopolysaccharides; this failure leads to their accumulation in neural and extraneural tissues causing demyelination, sulfatiduria, facial and skeletal dysmorphism, etc.

sulfate sulfate (sul´fat)

A salt or ester of sulfuric acid.
acid s.bisulfate
active s.adenosine 3´-phosphate 5´-phosphosulfate
s. adenylyltransferasean enzyme that catalyzes a step in the pathway for the synthesis of active sulfate; the enzyme reacts ATP with s. to produce pyrophosphate and adenosine 5´-phosphosulfate (APS).ATP sulfurylase;
codeine s.a water-soluble salt of codeine, often used in solid pharmaceutical dosage forms. Also used in cough preparations, where the drug suppresses the cough reflex.
dermatan s.an anticoagulant with properties similar to heparin and sharing with heparin a sulfated mucopolysaccharide structure; a repeating polymer of L-iduronic acid and N-acetyl-D-galactosamine. O-sulfation of iduronic acid residues at the C-2 position and of galactosamine residues at the C-4 and C-6 positions occurs to a variable extent.chondroitin sulfate B;
iron s.a soluble iron salt frequently used as an iron supplement in tablets and liquid preparations.ferrous sulfate;
polysaccharide s. esterss. esters of polysaccharides often found in cell walls.

sulfathiazole sulfathiazole (sul-fa-thI´a-zol)

2-Sulfanilylaminothiazole; 2-(p-aminobenzenesulfonamido)thiazole;an antibacterial agent of the sulfonamide group.

sulfatidates sulfatidates (sul´fa-ti-dats)

sulfatides

sulfatides sulfatides (sul´fa-tIdz)

Cerebroside sulfuric esters containing one or more sulfate groups in the sugar portion of the molecule.sulfatidates;

sulfatidosis sulfatidosis (sul´fa-ti-do´sis) [MIM*272200]

A combination of metachromatic leukodystrophy and mucopolysaccharidosis caused by deficiency of sulfatase enzymes such as arylsulfatases A, B, and C, and steroid sulfatases; characterized by coarse facial features, ichthyosis, hepatosplenomegaly, and skeletal abnormalities, with increased urinary excretion of dermatan and heparan sulfates. See also metachromatic leukodystrophy.

sulfation sulfation (sul-fa´shun)

Addition of sulfate groups as esters to preexisting molecules.

sulfhemoglobin sulfhemoglobin (sulf-he´mo-glo-bin)

sulfmethemoglobin

sulfhemoglobinemia sulfhemoglobinemia (sulf-he´mo-glo-bi-ne´me-a)

A morbid condition due to the presence of sulfhemoglobin in the blood; it is marked by a persistent cyanosis, but the blood count does not reveal any special abnormality in that fluid; it is thought to be caused by the action of hydrogen sulfide absorbed from the intestine.

sulfhydrate sulfhydrate (sulf-hI´drat)

A compound (hydrosulfide) containing the ion HS^-.sulfohydrate;

sulfhydryl (SH) sulfhydryl (SH) (sulf-hI´dril)

The radical -SH; contained in glutathione, cysteine, coenzyme A, lipoamide (all in the reduced state), and in mercaptans (R-SH).thiel;

sulfide sulfide (sul´fId)

A compound of sulfur in which the sulfur has a valence of -2; e.g., Na₂S, HgS; also, a thioether (i.e., R-S-R´, such as lanthionine).sulfuret;

sulfikinase sulfikinase (sul´fo-kIn´as)

sulfotransferase

sulfindigotic acid sulfindigotic acid (sul´fin-dI-got´ik)

C₈H₅NOSO₃;formed by the action of sulfuric acid on indigo, a reaction that also yields indigo carmine.

sulfinpyrazone sulfinpyrazone (sul-fin-pir´a-zon)

1,2-Diphenyl-4-(2-phenylsulfinylethyl)pyrazolidine-3,5-dione;an analgesic and uricosuric agent, useful in gout, that promotes the excretion of uric acid, probably by interfering with the tubular reabsorption of uric acid.

beta-sulfinylpyruvic acid beta-sulfinylpyruvic acid (sul´fi-nil-pI-ru´vik)

HO₂S-CH₂-CO-COOH, an intermediate product of l-cysteine catabolism in mammalian tissue.

sulfisomidine sulfisomidine (sul-fi-so´mi-den)

N¹-(2,6-Dimethyl-4-pyrimidinyl)sulfanilamide;the structural isomer of sulfamethazine, used in the treatment of systemic and urinary tract infections.

sulfisoxazole sulfisoxazole (sul-fi-sok´sa-zol)

N¹-(3,4-dimethyl-5-isoxazolyl)sulfanilamide;a sulfonamide used chiefly in bacterial infections of the urinary tract.sulfafurazole;
s. diolaminethe 2,2´-iminodiethanol salt of s.; used for intravenous, subcutaneous, or intramuscular administration.

sulfite sulfite (sul´fIt)

A salt of sulfurous acid; elevated in cases of molybdenum cofactor deficiency.
s. dehydrogenasean oxidoreductase catalyzing the reaction of sulfite with 2 ferricytochrome c and water to sulfate and 2-ferrocytochrome c.
s. oxidasea liver oxidoreductase (hemoprotein) catalyzing the reaction of inorganic sulfite ion with O₂ and water to produce sulfate ion and H₂O₂; a lower activity of this enzyme is observed in cases of molybdenum cofactor deficiency.
s. reductaseoxidoreductase catalyzing reduction of sulfite to H₂S using some reduced acceptor.

sulfituria sulfituria (sulf´It-ur-e-a)

Elevated levels of sulfites in the urine.

sulfmethemoglobin sulfmethemoglobin (sulf-met-he´mo-glo-bin)

The complex formed by H₂S (or sulfides) and ferric ion in methemoglobin.sulfhemoglobin;

sulfo- sulfo-

See sulf-.

sulfoacid sulfoacid (sul´fo-as-id)

1. thioacid 2. sulfonic acid

3-sulfoalanine 3-sulfoalanine (sul-fo-al´a-nen)

cysteic acid

sulfobromophthalein sodium sulfobromophthalein sodium (sul´fo-bro-mo-thal´e-in)

A triphenylmethane derivative excreted by the liver, used in testing hepatic function, particularly of the reticuloendothelial cells.bromosulfophthalein, bromsulfophthalein;

sulfocyanate sulfocyanate (sul-fo-sI´a-nat)

thiocyanate

sulfocyanic acid sulfocyanic acid (sul-fo-sI-an´ik)

thiocyanic acid

S-sulfocysteine S-sulfocysteine (sul-fo-sis´te-en)

A sulfated derivative of cysteine that is elevated in individuals with a molybdenum cofactor deficiency.

3-sulfogalactosylceramide 3-sulfogalactosylceramide (sul´fo-kIn-as)

A sulfatide that accumulates in individuals with metachromatic leukodystrophy.

sulfogel sulfogel (sul´fo-jel)

A hydrogel with sulfuric acid instead of water as the dispersion means.

sulfohydrate sulfohydrate (sul-fo-hI´drat)

sulfhydrate

sulfokinase sulfokinase

sulfotransferase

sulfolysis sulfolysis (sul-fol´i-sis)

Lysis brought on or accelerated by sulfuric acid.

sulfomucin sulfomucin (sul-fo-myu´sin)

A mucin containing sulfuric esters in its mucopolysaccharides or glycoproteins.

sulfomyxin sodium sulfomyxin sodium (sul-fo-mik´sin)

A mixture of sulfomethylated polymyxin B and sodium bisulfite; an antibacterial agent.

sulfonamides sulfonamides (sul-fon´a-mIdz)

The sulfa drugs, a group of bacteriostatic drugs containing the sulfanilamide group (sulfanilamide, sulfapyridine, sulfathiazole, sulfadiazine, and other sulfanilamide derivatives).

sulfonate sulfonate (sul´fo-nat)

A salt or ester of sulfonic acid.

sulfone sulfone (sul-fon)

A compound of the general structure R´-SO₂-R".

sulfonic acid sulfonic acid (sul-fon´ik)

Any of the compounds in which a hydrogen atom of a CH group is replaced by the s.a. group, -SO₃H; general formula: R-SO₃H.sulfoacid (2) ;

sulfonium salts sulfonium salts (sul-fo´ne-um)

Compounds containing sulfur covalently linked to three moieties; e.g., RS⁺(R´)R´´´, such as S-adenosyl-l-methionine.

sulfonylureas sulfonylureas (sul´fo-nil-yu-re´az)

Derivatives of isopropylthiodiazylsulfanilamide, chemically related to the sulfonamides, which possess hypoglycemic action. Belonging to this series are acetohexamide, azepinamide, chlorpropamide, fluphenmepramide, glymidine, hydroxyhexamide, heptolamide, indylamide, thiohexamide, tolazamide, and tolbutamide.

sulfoprotein sulfoprotein (sul-fo-pro´ten)

A protein molecule containing sulfate groups.

6-sulfoquinovosyl diacylglycerol 6-sulfoquinovosyl diacylglycerol (sul´fo-kwI´no-vo-sil, -kwin´o)

Quinovose containing an SO₃H on C-6 and a doubly substituted glycerol on C-1; the sulfolipid occurring in all photosynthetic tissues.

sulforhodamine B sulforhodamine B (sul-fo-ro´da-men) [C.I. 45100]

C₂₇H₂₉N₂0₇S₂Na;a xanthene dye derivative, a fluorochrome used for tagging proteins by a sulfamido condensation; employed in immuno-fluorescence alone or in combination with fluorescein isothiocyanate for the simultaneous microscopic detection of two antigens in contrasting red and green colors.lissamine rhodamine B 200;

sulformethoxine sulformethoxine (sul´for-me-thok´sen)

sulfadoxine

sulfosalicylic acid sulfosalicylic acid (sul´fo-sal-i-sil´ik)

HOC₆H₃(CO₂H)SO₃H; 3-carboxy-4-hydroxybenzenesulfonic acid;used as a test for albumin and ferric ion.salicylsulfonic acid;

sulfosol sulfosol (sul´fo-sol)

A hydrosol with sulfuric acid instead of water as the dispersion means.

sulfotransferase sulfotransferase (sul-fo-trans´fer-as)

Generic term for enzymes in EC sub-subclass 2.8.2 catalyzing the transfer of a sulfate group from 3´-phosphoadenylyl sulfate (active sulfate) to the hydroxyl group of an acceptor, producing the sulfated derivative and 3´-phosphoadenosine 5´-phosphate.sulfikinase, sulfokinase;

sulfoxide sulfoxide (sul-fok´sId)

The sulfur analog of a ketone, R´-SO-R".

sulfoxone sodium sulfoxone sodium (sul-fok´son)

Disodium sulfonyl-bis(p-phenyleneimino)dimethanesulfinate;an antileprotic.

sulfur (S) sulfur (S) (sul´fer)

An element, atomic no. 16, atomic wt. 32.066, that combines with oxygen to form s. dioxide (SO₂) and s. trioxide (SO₃), and these with water to make strong acids, and with many metals and nonmetallic elements to form sulfides; mildly laxative; has been used to treat rheumatism, gout, and bronchitis, and externally in the treatment of skin diseases.brimstone; [L. sulfur, brimstone, sulfur]
s. dioxide SO₂;a colorless, nonflammable gas with a strong, suffocating odor; a powerful reducing agent used to prevent oxidative deterioration of food and medicinal products. See also sulfurous acid.sulfurous oxide;
s. iodidehas been used in the treatment of certain skin diseases.
liver of s.sulfurated potash
precipitated s.sublimed s. boiled with lime water, the lime being removed from the precipitate by washing with diluted hydrochloric acid; used in preparing s. ointment and in the treatment of various skin disorders.lac sulfuris, milk of sulfur;
roll s.sublimed s. melted and cast in cylindrical molds; sometimes called brimstone.
soft s.an allotropic form obtained by dropping very hot melted s. into water; it is then temporarily of a viscid or waxy consistency.
sublimed s.used in preparing s. ointment and in the treatment of various skin disorders.flowers of sulfur;
s. trioxide SO₃;forms sulfuric acid, H₂SO₄, by its reaction with water.sulfuric oxide;
vegetable s.lycopodium
washed s.sublimed s. macerated in diluted ammonia water to remove the free acid; same therapeutic uses as sublimed s.
wettable s.s. prepared from calcium polysulfide solution containing a protective colloid such as casein; it is easily dispersed and suspended in water.

sulfur-35 (35S) sulfur-35 (³⁵S)

A radioactive sulfur isotope; a beta emitter with a half-life of 87.2 days; used as a tracer in the study of metabolism of cysteine, cystine, methionine, etc.; also used to estimate, with labeled sulfate, extracellular fluid volumes.

sulfuret sulfuret (sul´fer-et)

sulfide

sulfur group sulfur group

The elements sulfur, selenium, and tellurium; they form dibasic acids with hydrogen, and their oxyacids are also dibasic.

sulfuric acid sulfuric acid (sul-fyur´ik)

H₂SO₄;a colorless, nearly odorless, heavy, oily, corrosive liquid containing 96% of the absolute acid; used occasionally as a caustic.oil of vitriol;
fuming s.a.Nordhausen s.a
Nordhausen s.a.s.a. containing sulfurous acid gas in solution.fuming s.a; [named for Nordhausen, a town in Saxony where it was first prepared]

sulfuric ether sulfuric ether (sul-fyur´ik)

diethyl ether

sulfuric oxide sulfuric oxide

sulfur trioxide

sulfurous sulfurous (sul´fur-us)

Designating a sulfur compound in which sulfur has a valence of +4 as contrasted to sulfuric compounds in which sulfur has a valence of +6, or sulfides (-2).

sulfurous acid sulfurous acid

H₂SO₃;a solution of about 6% sulfur dioxide in water; used chiefly as a disinfectant and bleaching agent, and occasionally as a spray in tonsillitis; it has been used externally for its parasiticidal effect in various skin diseases.

sulfurous oxide sulfurous oxide

sulfur dioxide

sulfuryl sulfuryl (sul´fur-il)

The bivalent radical, -SO₂-.

sulfydrate sulfydrate (sul-fI´drat)

A compound of SH^-.

sulindac sulindac (sul-in´dak)

cis-5-Fluoro-2-methyl-1-[(p-methylsu lfinyl]benzylidene)]indene-3-acetic acid;a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic actions. S. is a prodrug which is reduced to an active drug.

sulisobenzone sulisobenzone (su-lI´so-ben´zon)

5-Benzoyl-4-hydroxy-2-methoxybenzene sulfonic acid;a sunscreen agent.

Sulkowitch Sulkowitch

Hirsh W., U.S. physician, *1906. See S.'s reagent.

sulph- sulph-, sulpho-

See sulf-.

sulpiride sulpiride (sul´pir-Id)

N-[(1-Ethyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)methyl]-5-sulfamoyl-o-anisamide;an antidepressant.

sulthiame sulthiame (sul-thi´am)

p-Tetrahydro-2H-1,2-thiazin-2-yl)benzenenesulfonamide, S,S-dioxide;an anticonvulsant used in the treatment of temporal lobe epilepsy and grand mal with psychomotor seizures; may cause ataxia, paresthesias, and psychotic episodes.

Sulzberger Sulzberger

Marion B., U.S. dermatologist, 1895-1983. See Bloch-S. disease; syndrome; S.-Garbe disease, syndrome.

summation summation (sum-a´shun)

The aggregation of a number of similar neural impulses or stimuli. [Mediev. L. summatio, fr. summo, pp. -atus, to sum up, fr. L. summa, sum]
s. of stimulicumulative muscular or neural effects produced by the frequent repetition of stimuli.

Sumner Sumner

F.W., 20th century British surgeon. See S.'s sign.

sunburn sunburn (sun´bern)

Erythema with or without blistering caused by exposure to critical amounts of ultraviolet light, usually within the range of 260 to 320 nm in sunlight (UVB).erythema solare;

sundowning sundowning (sun´down-ing)

The onset or exacerbation of delirium during the evening or night with improvement or disappearance during the day; most often seen in mid and later stages of dementing disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease.

sunflower seed oil sunflower seed oil (sun´flow-er)

Oil from the seeds of Helianthus annuus (family Compositae); the glycerides consist mainly of the mixed triglycerides, each containing one or two linoleic acid radicals; used as a food, and in dietary supplements.

sunscreen sunscreen (sun´skren)

A topical product that protects the skin from ultraviolet-induced erythema and resists washing off; its use also reduces formation of solar keratoses and may prevent ultraviolet-B-induced skin cancer and wrinkling.

sunstroke sunstroke (sun´strok)

A form of heatstroke resulting from undue exposure to the sun's rays, probably caused by the action of actinic rays combined with high temperature; symptoms are those of heatstroke, but often without fever.heliosis, ictus solis, insolation (2) , siriasis, solar fever (2) ;

super- super-

(Properly prefixed to words of L. derivation) denoting in excess, above, superior, or in the upper part of; often the same usage as L. supra-. Cf. hyper-. [L. super, above, beyond]

superabduction superabduction (su-per-ab-duk´shun)

Abduction of a limb beyond the normal limit.

superacidity superacidity (su´per-a-sid´i-te)

An excess of acid; excessive acidity.

superacromial superacromial (su-per-a-kro´me-al)

Above the acromion process.supra-acromial;

superactivity superactivity (su-per-ak-tiv´i-te)

Abnormally great activity.hyperactivity (1) ;

superacute superacute (su´per-a-kyut´)

Extremely acute; marked by extreme severity of symptoms and rapid progress, as of the course of a disease.

superalimentation superalimentation (su´per-al´i-men-ta´shun)

hyperalimentation

superanal superanal (su-per-a´nal)

supra-anal

superantigen superantigen

An antigen that interacts with the T cell receptor in a domain outside of the antigen recognition site. This type of interaction induces the activation of larger numbers of T cells compared to antigens that are presented in the antigen recognition site. See also antigen.

superciliary superciliary (su-per-sil´e-ar-e)

Relating to or in the region of the eyebrow.supraciliary;

supercilium supercilium, pl. supercilia (su´per-sil´e-um, -a) [NA]

1. eyebrow 2. An individual hair of the eyebrow. [L. fr. super, above, + cilium, eyelid]

supercoiling supercoiling

superhelicity

superdicrotic superdicrotic (su-per-dI-krot´ik)

hyperdicrotic

superdistention superdistention (su´per-dis-ten´shun)

hyperdistention

superduct superduct (super-dukt)

To elevate or draw upward. [L. super-duco, pp. -ductus, to lead over]

superego superego (su-per-e´go)

In psychoanalysis, one of the three components of the psychic apparatus in the freudian structural framework, the other two being the ego and the id. It is an outgrowth of the ego that has identified itself unconsciously with important persons, such as parents, from early life, and which results from incorporating the values and wishes of these persons and subsequently societal norms as part of one's own standards to form the "conscience."

supereruption supereruption

Movement of a tooth beyond the normal plane of occlusion due to the loss of its antagonist(s).

superexcitation superexcitation (su´per-ek-sI-ta´shun)

1. The act of exciting or stimulating unduly. 2. A condition of extreme excitement or stimulation.

superextension superextension (su-per-eks-ten´shun)

hyperextension

superfatted superfatted (su´per-fat´ed)

With additional fat added, as in the case of soap.

superfetation superfetation (su´per-fe-ta´shun)

The presence of two fetuses of different ages, not twins, in the uterus, due to the impregnation of two ova liberated at successive periods of ovulation; an obsolete concept.hypercyesis, hypercyesia, multifetation, superimpregnation;

superficial superficial (su-per-fish´al)

1. Cursory; not thorough. 2. Pertaining to or situated near the surface. 3. superficialis [L. superficialis, fr. superficies, surface]

superficialis superficialis (su´per-fish-e-a´lis) [NA]

Situated nearer the surface of the body in relation to a specific reference point. Cf. profundus. sublimis (2) , superficial (3) ; [L.]
s. vo´laesuperficial palmar branch of radial artery

superficies superficies (su-per-fish´I-ez)

Outer surface; facies. [L. the top surface, fr. super, above, + facies, figure, form]

superflexion superflexion (su-per-flek´shun)

hyperflexion

superfuse superfuse (su-per-fyus´)

To flush a fluid over the top of a tissue. Cf. perfuse, perifuse.

superfusion superfusion (su-per-fyu´zhun)

The act of superfusing.

supergenual supergenual (su-per-jen´yu-al)

Above the knee or any genu.

superhelicity superhelicity (su´per-he-li´si-te)

Referring to native duplex DNA structure in which there is further twisting or coiling of the double helix.supercoiling;

superimpregnation superimpregnation (su´per-im-preg-na´shun)

superfetation

superinduce superinduce (su´per-in-dus)

To induce or bring on in addition to something already existing.

superinfection superinfection (su´per-in-fek´shun)

A new infection in addition to one already present.

superinvolution superinvolution (su´per-in-vo-lu´shun)

An extreme reduction in size of the uterus, after childbirth, below the normal size of the nongravid organ.hyperinvolution;

superior superior (su-per´e-or)

1. Situated above or directed upward. 2. [NA] In human anatomy, situated nearer the vertex of the head in relation to a specific reference point; opposite of inferior.cranial (2) ; [L. comparative of superus, above]

superlactation superlactation (su´per-lak-ta´shun)

The continuance of lactation beyond the normal period.hyperlactation;

superligamen superligamen (su-per-lig´a-men)

A retentive dressing; a bandage retaining a surgical dressing in place. [L. ligamen, bandage]

supermedial supermedial (su-per-me´de-al)

Above the middle of any part.

supermotility supermotility (su´per-mo-til´i-te)

hyperkinesis

supernatant supernatant (su-per-na´tant)

See supernatant fluid. [super- + L. natare, to swim]

supernumerary supernumerary (su-per-nu´mer-ar-e)

Exceeding the normal number.epactal; [super- + L. numerus, number]

supernutrition supernutrition (su´per-nu-trish´un)

Overeating leading to obesity.hypernutrition;

superolateral superolateral (su-per-o-lat´er-al)

At the side and above.

superovulation superovulation (su´per-o-vyu-la´shun)

Ovulation of a greater than normal number of ova; usually the result of the administration of exogenous gonadotropins.

superoxide superoxide (su-per-oks´Id)

An oxygen free radical, O₂^-, which is toxic to cells.
s. dismutase (SOD) an enzyme that the dismutation reaction, 2O₂. ^- + 2H⁺ -> H₂O₂ + O₂; there are three isozymes of SOD: an extracellular form (ECSOD) that contains copper and zinc, a cytoplasmic form that also contains copper and zinc, and a mitochondrial form that contains manganese; a deficiency of SOD is associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

superparasite superparasite (su-per-par´a-sIt)

A member of a large population of parasites living on a host, usually a parasitic hymenopteran larva in its insect host. See also parasitoid.

superparasitism superparasitism (su-per-par´a-si-tizm)

1. Association between parasitic Hymenoptera and their insect hosts. 2. An excess of parasites of the same species in a host, overtaxing the defense mechanism to the degree that disease or death results, in contrast to multiple parasitism.

superpetrosal superpetrosal (su-per-pe-tro´sal)

Above or at the upper part of the petrous portion of the temporal bone.

superpigmentation superpigmentation (su´per-pig-men-ta´shun)

hyperpigmentation

supersaturate supersaturate (su-per-sach´u-rat)

To make a solution hold more of a salt or other substance in solution than it will dissolve when in equilibrium with that salt in the solid phase; such solutions are usually unstable with respect to precipitating the excess salt or substance and becoming saturated.

superscription superscription (su´per-skrip´shun)

The beginning of a prescription, consisting of the injunction, recipe, take, usually denoted by the sign ¿. [L. super-scribo, pp. -scriptus, to write upon or over]

supersonic supersonic (su´per-son´ik)

1. Pertaining to or characterized by a speed greater than the speed of sound. See also hypersonic. 2. Pertaining to sound vibrations of high frequency, above the level of human audibility. See also ultrasonic. [super- + L. sonus, sound]

superstructure superstructure (su-per-struk´chur)

A structure above the surface.
implant denture s.the denture which is retained and stabilized by the implant denture substructure.

supertension supertension (su-per-ten´shun)

Extreme tension; incorrectly used as a synonym of high blood pressure, or hyperpiesis.

supervoltage supervoltage (su´per-vol´tij)

In radiation therapy, a descriptor for high energy radiation above one thousand volts.

supinate supinate (su´pi-nat)

1. To assume, or to be placed in, a supine (face upward) position. 2. To perform supination of the forearm or of the foot. [L. supino, pp. -atus, to bend backwards, place on back, fr. supinus, supine]

supination supination (su´pi-na´shun)

The condition of being supine; the act of assuming or of being placed in a supine position.
s. of the footinversion and abduction of the foot, causing an elevation of the medial edge.
s. of the forearmrotation of the forearm in such a way that the palm of the hand faces foreward when the arm is in the anatomical position, or upward when the arm is extended at a right angle to the body.

supinator supinator (su´pi-na-ter, -tor)

A muscle that produces supination of the forearm. See supinator muscle, biceps brachii muscle.

supine supine

Body position when lying on the back with the face up.

supine supine (su-pIn´)

1. Denoting the body when lying face upward. 2. Supination of the forearm or of the foot. [L. supinus]

suppedanium suppedanium, pl. suppedania (sup-e-da´ne-um, -a)

An application to the sole of the foot. [Late L., a footstool, fr. L. sub, beneath, + pes, foot]

support support (su-port´)

1. supporter 2. In dentistry, a term used to denote resistance to vertical components of masticatory force. [L. supporto, to carry]

supporter supporter (su-port´er)

An apparatus intended to hold in place a dependent or pendulous part, prolapsed organ, or joint.support (1) ; [see support]

suppository suppository (su-poz´i-tor-e)

A small solid body shaped for ready introduction into one of the orifices of the body other than the oral cavity (e.g., rectum, urethra, vagina), made of a substance, usually medicated, which is solid at ordinary temperatures but melts at body temperature. S. bases usually used are theobroma oil, glycerinated gelatin, hydrogenated vegetable oils, mixtures of polyethylene glycols of various molecular weights, and fatty acid esters of polyethylene glycol. [L. suppositorium, fr. suppositorius, placed underneath]
glycerin s.a conical translucent dosage form for rectal administration intended for the relief of constipation; frequently used in young children. Contains glycerin and a stiffening agent such as sodium stearate (a soap). Action is produced by lubrication, water retention, and local irritation.

suppression suppression (su-presh´un)

1. Deliberately excluding from conscious thought. Cf. repression. 2. Arrest of the secretion of a fluid, such as urine or bile. Cf. retention (2) . 3. Checking of an abnormal flow or discharge, as in s. of a hemorrhage. 4. The effect of a second, mutation which overwrites a phenotypic change caused by a previous mutation at a different point on the chromosome. See epistasis. 5. Inhibition of vision in one eye when dissimilar images fall on corresponding retinal points. [L. sub-primo (subp-), pp. -pressus, to press down]
immune s.s. of the immune response by some compound or agent.
intergenic s. See suppressor mutation (2) .
intragenic s. See suppressor mutation (2) .

suppressor suppressor (su-pres´or)

A compound that suppresses the effects of mutation or suppresses what would be a normal course of events.
amber s.a mutant gene that codes for a tRNA whose anticodon has been altered so that the altered tRNA responds to UAG codons as well.

suppurant suppurant (sup´yur-ant)

1. Causing or inducing suppuration. 2. An agent with this action. [L. suppurans, causing suppuration]

suppurate suppurate (sup´yur-at)

To form pus. [L. sup-puro (subp-), pp. -atus, to form pus (pur), pus]

suppuration suppuration (sup´yu-ra´shun)

The formation of pus.pyesis, pyogenesis, pyopoiesis, pyosis; [L. suppuratio (see suppurate)]

suppurative suppurative (sup´yur-a-tiv)

Forming pus.

supra- supra-

A position above the part indicated by the word to which it is joined; in this sense, the same as super-; opposite of infra-. [L. supra, on the upper side]

supra-acromial supra-acromial (su-pra-a-kro´me-al)

superacromial

supra-anal supra-anal (su-pra-a´nal)

Above the anus.superanal;

supra-auricular supra-auricular (su-pra-aw-rik´yu-lar)

Above the auricle or pinna of the ear.

supra-axillary supra-axillary (su´pra-ak´si-lar´e)

Above the axilla.

suprabuccal suprabuccal (su-pra-buk´al)

Above the cheek.

suprabulge suprabulge (su´pra-bulj)

The portion of the crown of a tooth that converges toward the occlusal surface of the tooth.

supracardinal supracardinal (su-pra-kar´di-nal)

Lying dorsal to the anterior or posterior cardinal veins in the embryo.

supracerebellar supracerebellar (su-pra-ser-e-bel´ar)

On or above the surface of the cerebellum.

supracerebral supracerebral (su-pra-ser´e-bral, -se-re´bral)

On or above the surface of the cerebrum.

suprachoroid suprachoroid (su-pra-ko´royd)

On the outer side of the choroid of the eye.

suprachoroidea suprachoroidea (su´pra-ko-roy´de-a)

suprachoroid lamina

supraciliary supraciliary (su-pra-sil´e-ar-e)

superciliary

supraclavicular supraclavicular (su-pra-kla-vik´yu-lar)

Above the clavicle, denoting some cutaneous nerves.

supraclavicularis supraclavicularis (su´pra-kla-vik´yu-lar´is)

See supraclavicular muscle.

supracondylar supracondylar (su-pra-kon´di-lar)

Above a condyle.supracondyloid;

supracondyloid supracondyloid (-kon´di-loyd)

supracondylar

supracostal supracostal (su-pra-kos´tal)

Above the ribs.

supracotyloid supracotyloid (su-pra-kot´i-loyd)

Above the cotyloid cavity, or acetabulum.

supracristal supracristal (su-pra-kris´tal)

Above a crest or ridge; specifically used to denote a line or plane across the summits of the iliac crests.

supradiaphragmatic supradiaphragmatic (su-pra-dI-a-frag-mat´ik)

Above the diaphragm.

supraduction supraduction (su-pra-duk´shun)

The upward rotation of one eye.sursumduction;

supraepicondylar supraepicondylar (su-pra-ep´i-kon´di-lar)

Above an epicondyle.

supraglenoid supraglenoid (su-pra-gle´noyd)

Above the glenoid cavity or fossa.

supraglottic supraglottic (su-pra-glot´ik)

Above the glottis.

suprahepatic suprahepatic (su-pra-he-pat´ik)

Above the liver.

suprahyoid suprahyoid (su-pra-hI´oyd)

Above the hyoid bone, denoting, among other things, a group of muscles.

suprainguinal suprainguinal (su-pra-ing´gwin-al)

Above the inguinal region, or groin.

supraintestinal supraintestinal (su-pra-in-tes´ti-nal)

Above the intestine.

supraliminal supraliminal (su-pra-lim´i-nal)

More than just perceptible; above the threshhold for conscious awareness. Cf. subliminal. [supra- + L. limen, threshold]

supralumbar supralumbar (su-pra-lum´bar)

Above the lumbar region.

supramalleolar supramalleolar (su-pra-mal-e-o-lar)

Above a malleolus.

supramammary supramammary (su-pra-mam´a-re)

Above the mammary gland.

supramandibular supramandibular (su-pra-man-dib´yu-lar)

Above the mandible.

supramarginal supramarginal (su-pra-mar´jin-al)

Above any margin; denoting especially the s. gyrus.

supramastoid supramastoid (su-pra-mas´toyd)

Above the mastoid process of the temporal bone.

supramaxilla supramaxilla (su´pra-mak-sil´a)

Obsolete term for maxilla.

supramaxillary supramaxillary (su-pra-mak´si-lar-e)

Above the maxilla.

supramental supramental (su-pra-men´tal)

Above the chin.

supramentale supramentale (su´pra-men-ta´le)

In cephalometrics, the most posterior midline point, above the chin, on the mandibula between the infradentate and the pogonion.point B; [supra- + L. mentum, chin]

supranasal supranasal (su-pra-na´sal)

Above the nose.

supraneural supraneural (su-pra-nu´ral)

Above the neural axis.

supranuclear supranuclear (su-pra-nu´kle-er)

Above (cranial to) the level of the motor neurons of the spinal or cranial nerves; the pathways the suprasegmental nerve fibers follow to reach the motor cell bodies in the brainstem; as used in clinical neurology, s. indicates disorders of movement caused by destruction or functional impairment of brain structures other than the motor neurons, such as the motor cortex, pyramidal tract, or striate body; e.g., supranuclear palsy, as distinguished from the nuclear (or flaccid, or "lower motor neuron") paralysis that results from destruction or functional impairment of the motor neurons or their axons in a peripheral nerve.

supraocclusion supraocclusion (su´pra-o-klu´zhun)

An occlusal relationship in which a tooth extends beyond the occlusal plane.

supraorbital supraorbital (su-pra-or´bi-tal)

Above the orbit, either on the face or within the cranium; denoting numerous structures. See canal, foramen, notch, nerve.

supraorbitomeatal supraorbitomeatal (soo´pra-or-bit-o-me-at´al)

Above or at the top of both the orbit and the external acoustic meatus; denotes a line or plane.

suprapatellar suprapatellar (su-pra-pa-tel´ar)

Above the patella, denoting especially a bursa.

suprapelvic suprapelvic (su-pra-pel´vik)

Above the pelvis.

supraphysiologic supraphysiologic, supraphysiological (su´pra-fiz-e-o-loj´ik, -loj´i-kal)

Denoting any dose (of a chemical agent that either is or mimics a hormone, neurotransmitter, or other naturally occurring agent) that is larger or more potent than would occur naturally, or the effects of such a dose. Cf. homeopathic (2) , pharmacologic (2) , physiologic (4) .

suprapubic suprapubic (su-pra-pyu´bik)

Above the pubic bone.

suprarenal suprarenal (su´pra-re´nal)

1. Above the kidney.surrenal; 2. Pertaining to the suprarenal glands. [supra- + L. ren, kidney]

suprascapular suprascapular (su-pra-skap´yu-lar)

Above the scapula, denoting especially an artery, vein and nerve.

suprascleral suprascleral (su-pra-skler´al)

On the outer side of the sclera, denoting the s. or perisclerotic space between the sclera and the fascia bulbi.

suprasellar suprasellar (su-pra-sel´ar)

Above or over the sella turcica.

supraspinal supraspinal (su-pra-spI´nal)

Above the vertebral column or any spine.

supraspinalis supraspinalis (su-pra-spi-na´lis)

See supraspinalis muscle.

supraspinatus supraspinatus (su-pra-spI-na´tus)

See supraspinatus muscle.

supraspinous supraspinous (su-pra-spI´nus)

Above any spine; especially above one or more of the vertebral spines (e.g., supraspinous ligament) or the spine of the scapula.

suprastapedial suprastapedial (su-pra-sta-ped´e-al)

Above the stapes.

suprasternal suprasternal (su-pra-ster´nal)

Above the sternum.

suprasylvian suprasylvian (sup-ra-sil´ve-an)

Above the fissure of Sylvius or lateral cerebral sulcus.

suprasymphysary suprasymphysary (su-pra-sim-phiz´a-re)

Above the pubic symphysis.

supratemporal supratemporal (su-pra-tem´po-ral)

Above the temporal region.

supratentorial supratentorial (su´pra-ten-tor´e-al)

Denoting cranial contents located above the tentorium cerebelli.

suprathoracic suprathoracic (su-pra-tho-ras´ik)

Above or in the upper part of the thorax.

supratonsillar supratonsillar (su-pra-ton´si-lar)

Above the tonsil; denoting a recess above and slightly back of the tonsil.

supratrochlear supratrochlear (su-pra-trok´le-ar)

Above a trochlea, denoting a nerve.

supraturbinal supraturbinal (su-pra-ter´bi-nal)

supreme nasal concha

supratympanic supratympanic (su-pra-tim-pan´ik)

Above the tympanic cavity.

supravaginal supravaginal (su-pra-vaj´i-nal)

Above the vagina, or above any sheath.

supravalvar supravalvar (su-pra-val´var)

Above the valves, either pulmonary or aortic.supravalvular;

supravalvular supravalvular (-val´vyu-lar)

supravalvar

supraventricular supraventricular (su-pra-ven-trik´yu-lar)

Above the ventricles; especially applied to rhythms originating from centers proximal to the ventricles, namely in the atrium, A-V node, or A-V junction, in contrast to rhythms arising in the ventricles themselves.

supravergence supravergence (su-pra-ver´jens)

Obsolete term for upward rotation of an eye. [supra- + L. vergo, to incline or turn]

supraversion supraversion (su-pra-ver´zhun)

1. A turning (version) upward. 2. In dentistry, the position of a tooth when it is out of the line of occlusion in an occlusal direction; a deep overbite. 3. In ophthalmology, binocular conjugate rotation upward. [supra- + L. verto, pp. versus, to turn]

suprofen suprofen (su-pro´fen)

p-2-Thenoylhydratropic acid;a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent with antipyretic and analgesic properties; similar to ibuprofen.

sura sura (su´ra) [NA]

sural region [L.]

sural sural (su´ral)

Relating to the calf of the leg.

suralimentation suralimentation (ser-al´i-men-ta´shun)

hyperalimentation [Fr. sur, fr. L. super, above]

suramin sodium suramin sodium (su´ra-min)

C₅₁H₃₄N₆O₂₃S₆Na₆;a complex derivative of urea; used in the treatment of trypanosomiasis, onchocerciasis, and pemphigus.

surface surface (ser´fas)

The outer part of any solid.face (2) , facies (2) ; [F. fr. L. superficius, see superficial]
acromial articular s. of claviclea small oval facet on the lateral end of the clavicle for articulation with the acromion.facies articularis acromialis claviculae [NA] , acromial articular facies of clavicle;
anterior s.the surface of a structure or part of the body that faces forward. The NA recognizes an anterior surface (facies anterior ...) without qualification on the following structures: pancreas (... pancreatis [NA]); patella (... patellae [NA]); prostate (... prostatae [NA]); radius (... radii [NA]); suprarenal gland (... glandulae suprarenalis [NA]); ulna (... ulnae [NA]).facies anterior [NA] ;
anterior s. of armanterior region of arm
anterior articular s. of densthe curved articular facet on the anterior aspect of the dens of the axis that articulates with the facet for the dens of the axis anterior arch of the atlas.facies articularis anterior dentis [NA] ;
anterior s. of corneathe external surface of the cornea.facies anterior corneae [NA] ;
anterior s. of elbowanterior region of elbow
anterior s. of eyelidsfacies anterior palpebrarum
anterior s. of forearmanterior region of forearm
anterior s. of iristhe anterior surface of the iris of the eye.facies anterior iridis [NA] ;
anterior s. of kidneythe anterior surface of the kidney.facies anterior renis [NA] ;
anterior s. of leganterior region of leg
anterior s. of lensthe anterior surface of the lens of the eye.facies anterior lentis [NA] ;
anterior s. of lower limbthe anterior surface of the inferior limb.facies anterior membri inferioris;
anterior s. of maxillathe surface of the maxilla below the orbit and lateral to the nasal aperture.facies anterior corporis maxillae [NA] ;
anterior s. of pancreasthe anterior surface of the pancreas.facies anterior pancreatis [NA] ;
anterior s. of patellathe anterior surface of the patella.facies anterior patellae [NA] ;
anterior s. of petrous part of temporal bonethe surface of the petrous part of the temporal bone contributing to the floor of the middle cranial fossa.facies anterior partis petrosae ossis temporalis [NA] ;
anterior s. of prostatethe anterior surface of the prostate.facies anterior prostatae [NA] ;
anterior s. of radiusthe anterior surface of the radius.facies anterior radii [NA] ;
anterior s. of suprarenal glandthe anterior surface of the suprarenal gland.facies anterior glandulae suprarenalis [NA] ;
anterior s. of thighanterior region of thigh
anterior talar articular s. of calcaneusunderlies the head of the talus and contributes to the talocalcaneonavicular joint.facies articularis talaris anterior calcanei [NA] ;
anterior s. of ulnathe anterior surface of the ulna.facies anterior ulnae [NA] ;
anterolateral s. of shaft of humerusthe surface of the humerus lateral to the intertubercular groove.facies anterior lateralis corporis humeri [NA] , facies anterolateralis corporis humeri [NA] ;
anteromedial s. of shaft of humerusthe surface of the humerus between the anterior and medial borders of the bone.facies anterior medialis corporis humeri [NA] , facies anteromedialis corporis humeri [NA] ;
articular s.any articular surface.facies articularis [NA] ;
articular s. of acromiona small oval facet on the medial border of the acromion for articulation with the lateral end of the clavicle.facies articularis acromii [NA] ;
articular s. of arytenoid cartilagethe oval surface on the undersurface of the muscular process of the arytenoid for articulation with the cricoid cartilage.facies articularis cartilaginis arytenoideae [NA] ;
articular s. of head of fibulathe flat circular surface on the head of the fibula for articulation with the corresponding facet on the lateral condyle of the tibia.facies articularis capitis fibulae [NA] ;
articular s. of head of riban articular surface on the head of a rib that articulates with the body of a vertebra.facies articularis capitis costae [NA] ;
articular s. of patellathe posterior surface of the patella, covered with hyaline cartilage and subdivided by a vertical ridge into a larger lateral and a smaller medial surface for articulation with the corresponding condyles of the femur.facies articularis patellae [NA] ;
articular s. of temporal bonethe smooth portion of the mandibular articular fossa and eminence of the temporal bone that articulates with the disk of the temporomandibular joint.facies articularis ossis temporalis [NA] ;
articular s. of tubercle of riban oval facet on the inferomedial part of the tubercle of a rib for articulation with a facet on the transverse process of a vertebra.facies articularis tuberculi costae [NA] ;
arytenoidal articular s. of cricoidone of two oval facets on the superiorelateral margin of the cricoid lamina for articulation with the arytenoid cartilages.facies articularis arytenoidea cricoideae [NA] ;
auricular s. of iliumthe irregular, L-shaped articular surface on the medial aspect of the ilium that articulates with the sacrum.facies auricularis ossis ilii [NA] ;
auricular s. of sacrumthe rough articular surface on the lateral aspect of the sacrum that articulates with the ilium on each side.facies auricularis ossis sacri [NA] ;
axial s.the s. of a tooth parallel with its long axis; the axial s.'s are the vestibular (labial or buccal), lingual, and contact (mesial or distal).
balancing occlusal s.balancing contact
basal s.the s. of the denture of which the detail is determined by the impression and which rests upon the basal seat.
buccal s. 1. vestibular s. of tooth 2. the mucosa of the cheek; 3. in prosthodontics, the side of a denture adjacent to the cheek.
calcaneal articular s. of talusone of three articular surfaces on the talus for union with the calcaneus: facies articularis calcanea anterior tali, facies articularis calcanea media tali, and facies articularis calcanea posterior tali.facies articularis calcanea tali [NA] ;
carpal articular s. of radiusthe biconcave distal surface of the radius for articulation with the scaphoid bone laterally and the lunate medially.facies articularis carpi radii [NA] ;
cerebral s.the internal s. of certain cranial bones; they are the greater wing of the sphenoid and the squamous part of the temporal bone.facies cerebralis;
colic s. of spleenthe surface of the spleen in contact with the colon.facies colica splenis [NA] ;
contact s. of tooththe surface of a tooth that faces an adjacent tooth in the dental arch; the contact surface that is closest to the anterior midline of the dental arch is the mesial s. of a tooth; that farthest is the distal s.facies approximalis dentis [NA] , facies contactus dentis;
costal s.the surface of certain structures that face the ribs; they are the lungs and the scapula.facies costalis [NA] ;
costal s. of lungthe surface of each lung that lies in contact with the costal pleura.facies costalis pulmonis [NA] ;
costal s. of scapulathe concave aspect of the body of the scapula that faces the thorax and that principally lodges the subscapularis muscle.facies costalis scapulae [NA] ;
cuboidal articular s. of calcaneusthe saddle-shaped surface on the anterior end of the calcaneus for articulation with the cuboid bone.facies articularis cuboidea calcanei [NA] ;
denture basal s.denture foundation s
denture foundation s.that portion of the s. of a denture which has its contour determined by the impression and bears the greater part of the occlusal load.denture basal s;
denture impression s.that portion of the s. of a denture which has its contour determined by the impression; it includes the borders of the denture and extends to the polished s.
denture occlusal s.that portion of the s. of a denture that makes contact or near contact with the corresponding s. of an opposing denture or tooth.facies occlusalis dentis [NA] , facies masticatoria, grinding s., masticating s., masticatory s., occlusal s. (2) ;
denture polished s.that portion of the denture which extends in an occlusal direction from the border of the denture and includes the palatal s.; it is the part of the denture base which is usually polished and includes the buccal and lingual s.'s of the teeth.
diaphragmatic s.the surface of an organ in contact with the diaphragm, as of the heart, liver, lungs, and spleen.facies diaphragmatica [NA] ;
distal s. of tooththe contact surface of a tooth that is directed away from the median plane of the dental arch; opposite to the mesial s. of a tooth.facies distalis dentis [NA] ;
dorsal s.the dorsal surface of a structure such as the sacrum and the scapula.facies dorsalis [NA] ;
dorsal s. of digitthe dorsal surface of a finger or toe.facies digitalis dorsalis [NA] ;
dorsal s. of sacrumthe posterosuperior aspect of the sacrum marked by a median and two lateral sacral crests between which four dorsal sacral foramina are located on each side.facies dorsalis ossis sacri [NA] ;
dorsal s. of scapulathe outer aspect of the body of the scapula, subdivided by the prominent spine of the scapula into a smaller supraspinous fossa and a larger infraspinous fossa.facies dorsalis scapulae [NA] ;
external s.the outer convex surface of either the frontal or the parietal bone.facies externa [NA] ;
external s. of frontal bonethe convex outer surface of the frontal bone.facies externa ossis frontalis [NA] ;
external s. of parietal bonethe convex outer surface of the parietal bone.facies externa ossis parietalis [NA] ;
facial s. of toothvestibular s. of tooth
fibular articular s. of tibiathe flat circular articular facet on the inferior and lateral aspect of the lateral condyle of the tibia for articulation with the head of the fibula.facies articularis fibularis tibiae [NA] ;
gastric s. of spleenthe surface of the spleen in contact with the stomach.facies gastrica splenis [NA] ;
glenoid s.mandibular fossa
gluteal s. of iliumthe external surface of the wing of the ilium marked by the anterior, posterior and inferior gluteal lines that separate the origins of the gluteal muscles.facies glutea ossis ilii [NA] ;
grinding s.denture occlusal s
incisal s.incisal edge
inferior articular s. of tibiathe quadrilateral surface on the distal end of the tibia for articulation with the talus; it is concave anteroposteriorly and broader anteriorly.facies articularis inferior tibiae [NA] ;
inferior s. of cerebellar hemisphereit rests in the posterior cranial fossa and overlies the medulla; it includes the semilunaris inferior, biventer lobule, cerebellar tonsil, and flocculus.facies inferior hemispherii cerebelli [NA] ;
inferior cerebral s.base of brain
inferior s. of pancreasthe surface of the body of the pancreas that faces downward.facies inferior pancreatis [NA] ;
inferior s. of petrous part of temporal boneinferior surface of petrous part of the temporal bone; the portion of the petrous part of the temporal bone that contributes to the external base of the skull.facies inferior partis petrosae ossis temporalis [NA] ;
inferior s. of tonguethe surface of the tongue that faces the floor of the oral cavity, its mucosa being thin, smooth and devoid of papillae.facies inferior linguae [NA] ;
inferolateral s. of prostatethe surface of the prostate facing the body of the pubis and the pelvic diaphragm.facies inferolateralis prostatae [NA] ;
infratemporal s. of maxillathe convex posterolateral surface of the body of the maxilla that form the anterior wall of the infratemporal fossa.facies infratemporalis maxillae [NA] ;
interlobar s.'s of lungthe pulmonary surfaces in the interlobar fissures of the lung.facies interlobares pulmonis [NA] ;
internal s.the internal concave surface of either the frontal or the parietal bone.facies interna [NA] ;
internal s. of frontal bonethe surface of the frontal bone that contributes to the wall of the cranial cavity.facies interna ossis frontalis [NA] ;
internal s. of parietal bonethe concave surface of the parietal bone forming part of the wall of the cranial cavity.facies interna ossis parietalis [NA] ;
intestinal s. of uterusthe posterosuperior surface of the uterus with which loops of intestine come in contact.facies intestinalis uteri [NA] ;
labial s.vestibular s. of tooth
lateral s.the surface of a part of the body that faces away from the midline. The NA recognizes a lateral surface on the following structures: fibula; ovary; radius; testis; tibia; zygomatic bone.facies lateralis [NA] ;
lateral s. of armthe lateral surface of the arm.facies lateralis brachii;
lateral s. of fibulathe lateral surface of the fibula.facies lateralis fibulae [NA] ;
lateral s. of fingerthe lateral surface of a finger.facies lateralis digiti manus;
lateral s. of legthe lateral surface of the part of the inferior limb between the knee and the ankle.facies lateralis cruris;
lateral s. of lower limbthe lateral surface of the inferior limb.facies lateralis membri inferioris;
lateral malleolar s. of talusthat surface of the trochlea of the talus that articulates with the lateral malleolus of the fibula.facies malleolaris lateralis tali [NA] ;
lateral s. of ovarythe surface of the ovary facing the pelvic wall.facies lateralis ovarii [NA] ;
lateral s. of testisthe laterally directed surface of the testis.facies lateralis testis [NA] ;
lateral s. of tibiathe laterally directed surface of the tibia.facies lateralis tibiae [NA] ;
lateral s. of toethe lateral surface of a toe.facies lateralis digiti pedis;
lateral s. of zygomatic bonethe lateral surface of the zygomatic bone.facies lateralis ossis zygomatici [NA] ;
lingual s. of tooththe surface of a tooth that faces the tongue; opposite to the s. vestibulum dentis.facies lingualis dentis [NA] ;
lunate s. of acetabulumthe curved articular surface that surrounds the acetabular fossa and articulates with the head of the femur.facies lunata acetabuli [NA] ;
malleolar articular s. of fibulathe surface on the medial aspect of the lateral malleolus that articulates with the talus.facies articularis malleoli fibulae [NA] ;
malleolar articular s. of tibiathe articular facet on the lateral surface of the medial malleolus for articulation with the side of the talus; it is continuous with the inferior articular surface of the tibia.facies articularis malleoli tibiae [NA] ;
masticating s.denture occlusal s
masticatory s.denture occlusal s
maxillary s. of greater wing of sphenoid boneaBCXYZfacies maxillaris alae majoris;
maxillary s. of palatine bonethe lateral surface of the perpendicular plate of the palatine bone;facies maxillaris ossis palatini [NA] ;
medial s.the surface of a part of the body that faces toward the midline. The NA recognizes a medial surface on the following structures: arytenoid cartilage; fibula; lung; ovary; testis; tibia; ulna.facies medialis [NA] ;
medial s. of arytenoid cartilagefacies medialis cartilaginis arytenoideae
medial cerebral s.medial s. of cerebral hemisphere
medial s. of cerebral hemisphereit faces, above as well as anterior and posterior to the corpus callosum, the falx cerebri; below it are the mesencephalon and the dura-covered medial wall of the middle cranial fossa.facies medialis cerebri [NA] , medial cerebral s;
medial s. of fibulafacies medialis fibulae
medial s. of lungit consists of a vertebral part and a mediastinal part. See also mediastinal s. of lung.facies medialis pulmonis;
medial malleolar s. of talusthe surface of the trochlea of the talus that articulates with the medial malleolus of the tibia.facies malleolaris medialis tali [NA] ;
medial s. of ovarythe surface of the ovary that faces the pelvic cavity.facies medialis ovarii [NA] ;
medial s. of testisfacies medialis testis
medial s. of tibiafacies medialis tibiae
medial s. of toesthe medial surface of a toe.facies medialis digiti pedis;
medial s. of ulnafacies medialis ulnae
mediastinal s. of lungthe part of the medial surface of a lung in contact with the mediastinum.pars mediastinalis pulmonis [NA] , facies mediastinalis pulmonis, mediastinal part of lung;
mesial s. of tooththe contact surface of a tooth that is directed toward the median plane of the dental arch; opposite to the s. distalis dentis.facies mesialis dentis [NA] ;
middle talar articular s. of calcaneusunderlies the head of the talus and contributes to the talocalcaneonavicular joint.facies articularis talaris media calcanei [NA] ;
nasal s. of maxillathe surface of the maxilla that forms part of the lateral nasal wall with a large defect (maxillary hiatus) posteriorly and the lacrimal sulcus in its midportion.facies nasalis maxillae [NA] ;
nasal s. of palatine bone 1. the nasal surface of the perpendicular lamina of the palatine bone that forms part of the lateral wall of the nasal cavity; 2. the nasal surface of the horizontal lamina of the palatine bone that forms part of the floor of the nasal cavity.facies nasalis ossis palatini [NA] ;
navicular articular s. of talusthe large convex surface on the head of the talus for articulation with the navicular bone.facies articularis navicularis tali [NA] ;
occlusal s. 1. the surface of a tooth that occludes with or contacts an opposing surface of a tooth in the opposing jaw; 2. denture occlusal s
orbital s.the surface of a bone which contributes to the walls of the orbit. The NA recognizes an orbital surface on the following bones: greater wing of the sphenoid bone; the maxilla; the frontal bone; the zygomatic bone.facies orbitalis [NA] ;
palatine s. of horizontal plate of palatine bonethe inferior surface of the horizontal plate of the palatine bone.facies palatina laminae horizontalis ossis palatini [NA] ;
palmar s. of fingersthe flat of the fingers; the flexor or anterior s. of the fingers.facies digitalis ventralis [NA] , facies digitalis palmaris [NA] , ventral s. of digit;
patellar s. of femurthe groove formed anteriorly between the anterosuperior portions of the femoral condyles that accommodates the patella.facies patellaris femoris [NA] , trochlea femoris;
pelvic s. of sacrumthe surface of the sacrum that faces downward and forward forming part of the posterior wall of the pelvic cavity.facies pelvina ossis sacri [NA] ;
plantar s. of toefacies digitalis plantaris [NA] ;
popliteal s. of femurthe posterior surface of the lower end of the femur between the diverging lips of the linea aspera.facies poplitea femoris [NA] , planum popliteum, popliteal plane of femur;
posterior s.the surface of a part of the body that faces toward the posterior part of the body. The NA recognizes a posterior surface without qualification on the following structures: arm; arytenoid cartilage; cornea; eyelid; fibula; humerus; iris; kidney; leg; pancreas; prostate; radius; suprarenal gland; ulna.facies posterior [NA] ;
posterior s. of armposterior region of arm
posterior articular s. of densthe facet on the posterior surface of the dens of the axis that articulates with the transverse ligament of the atlas.facies articularis posterior dentis [NA] ;
posterior s. of arytenoid cartilageaBCXYZ
posterior s. of corneathe posterior surface of the cornea.facies posterior corneae [NA] ;
posterior s. of elbowposterior region of elbow
posterior s. of eyelidsthe internal surface of the eyelids, covered with conjunctiva.facies posterior palpebrarum [NA] ;
posterior s. of fibulathe posterior surface of the fibula.facies posterior fibulae [NA] ;
posterior s. of forearmposterior region of forearm
posterior s. of iristhe posterior surface of the iris.facies posterior iridis [NA] ;
posterior s. of kidneythe posterior surface of the kidney.facies posterior renis [NA] ;
posterior s. of legposterior region of legfacies cruralis posterior [NA] , cruralis posterior, facies posterior cruris;
posterior s. of lensthe posterior surface of the lens of the eye.facies posterior lentis [NA] ;
posterior s. of lower limbthe posterior surface of the inferior limb.facies posterior membri inferioris;
posterior s. of pancreasthe posterior surface of the pancreas.facies posterior pancreatis [NA] ;
posterior s. of petrous part of temporal bonethe surface of the petrous part of the temporal bone that contributes to the posterior cranial fossa.facies posterior partis petrosae ossis temporalis [NA] ;
posterior s. of prostatethe posterior surface of the prostate.facies posterior prostatae [NA] ;
posterior s. of radiusthe posterior surface of the radius.facies posterior radii [NA] ;
posterior s. of shaft of humerusthe posterior surface of the humerus.facies posterior corporis humeri [NA] ;
posterior s. of suprarenal glandthe posterior surface of the suprarenal gland.facies posterior glandulae suprarenalis [NA] ;
posterior talar articular s. of calcaneusarticulates with talus (subtalar joint) posterior to sinus tarsi.facies articularis talaris posterior calcanei;
posterior s. of thighposterior region of thigh
posterior s. of tibiathe posterior surface of the tibia.facies posterior tibiae [NA] ;
posterior s. of ulnathe posterior surface of the ulna.facies posterior ulnae [NA] ;
pulmonary s. of heartthe lateral surface of the heart, directed toward the lungs; on the left it is principally the left ventricular wall; on the right it is the right atrial wall and the upper part of the right ventricular wall.facies pulmonalis cordis [NA] ;
renal s. of spleenthe surface of the spleen in contact with the left kidney.facies renalis lienis, facies renalis splenis;
renal s. of suprarenal glandsurface of suprarenal gland in contact with the kidney.
renal s. of the suprarenal glandfacies renalis glandulae suprarenalis
sacropelvic s. of iliumthe medial surface of the ilium behind and below the iliac fossa; it includes the iliac tuberosity, the auricular surface and the smooth pelvic surface below and in front of the auricular surface.facies sacropelvina ossis ilii [NA] ;
sternal articular s. of claviclethe oval surface on the sternal end of the clavicle that articulates with the fibrocartilaginous disk of the sternoclavicular joint.facies articularis sternalis claviculae [NA] ;
sternocostal s. of heartthe anterior aspect of the heart, formed mostly by the right ventricle and to a lesser extent the left ventricle.facies sternocostalis cordis [NA] ;
subocclusal s.a portion of the occlusal s. of a tooth which is below the level of the occluding portion of the tooth.
superior articular s. of tibiathe articular surface on the proximal end of the tibia that is divided into medial and lateral portions for articulation with the condyles of the femur.facies articularis superior tibiae [NA] ;
superior s. of cerebellar hemisphereit lies against the under surface of the tentorium and includes the ala lobuli centralis, quadrangular lobule, simple lobule, and superior semilunar lobule.facies superior hemispherii cerebelli [NA] ;
superior s. of talusthe surface of the trochlea of the talus in contact with the inferior articular surface of the tibia.facies superior tali [NA] ;
superolateral cerebral s.superolateral s. of cerebrum
superolateral s. of cerebrumthe aspect of the cerebral hemisphere that lies in contact with the flat bones of the skull; it includes parts of the frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes.facies superolateralis cerebri [NA] , cortical convexity, superolateral cerebral s;
symphysial s. of pubisfacies symphysialis
talar articular s. of calcaneusany of the three facets of the calcaneus that articulate with the overlying talus; the talar articular surface anterior and middle talar articular surface contribute to the talocalcaneonavicular joint and are separated by the tarsal sinus from the posterior talar articular surface which enters into the subtalar joint.facies articularis talaris calcanei [NA] ;
temporal s.the surface of a bone which contributes to the temporal fossa, namely, the greater wing of the sphenoid, the squamous part of the temporal, frontal and zygomatic bones.facies temporalis [NA] ;
tentorial s.those areas of the occipital lobe (inferior aspect) and the cerebellum (superior aspect) that are apposed to the superior and inferior s.'s, respectively, of the tentorium cerebelli.
thyroidal articular s. of cricoidone of two small circular facets on the lateral surface of the cricoid cartilage near the inferior margin of the junction of the arch and lamina for articulation with the inferior horns of the thyroid cartilage.facies articularis thyroidea cricoideae [NA] ;
urethral s. of penisthe surface of the penis opposite to the dorsum penis.facies urethralis penis [NA] ;
ventral s. of digitpalmar s. of fingers
vesical s. of uterusthe surface of the uterus facing the bladder and separated from it by the uterovesical pouch of peritoneum.facies vesicalis uteri [NA] ;
vestibular s. of tooththe surface of a tooth that faces the buccal or labial mucosa of vestibule of the mouth; opposite to the lingual s. of tooth.facies vestibularis dentis [NA] , facies facialis dentis [NA] , buccal s. (1) , facial s. of tooth, facies buccalis, facies labialis, labial s;
visceral s. of liverthe posteroinferior surface of the liver that faces adjacent abdominal organs; the porta hepatis and gallbladder are located on this surface.facies visceralis hepatis [NA] ;
visceral s. of the spleenthe surface of the spleen in contact with adjacent viscera.facies visceralis splenis [NA] ;
working occlusal s.'sthe s.'s of teeth upon which mastication can occur.

surface-active surface-active (ser´fas-ak´tiv)

Indicating the property of certain agents of altering the physicochemical nature of surfaces and interfaces, bringing about lowering of interfacial tension; they usually possess both lipophilic and hydrophilic groups. See also surfactant.

surfactant surfactant (ser-fak´tant)

1. A surface-active agent, including substances commonly referred to as wetting agents, surface tension depressants, detergents, dispersing agents, emulsifiers, quaternary ammonium antiseptics, etc. 2. Those surface-active agents forming a monomolecular layer over pulmonary alveolar surfaces; lipoproteins that include lecithins and sphygomyelins that stabilize alveolar volume by reducing surface tension and altering the relationship between surface tension and surface area. [surface active agent]
nonionic s.a s. without a charged moiety.
zwitterionic s.a dipolar s.

surgeon surgeon (ser´jun)

1. A physician who treats disease, injury, and deformity by operation or manipulation. 2. In England, formerly a practitioner without a degree of M.D. but with the license of the Royal College of Surgeons. [G. cheirougos; L. chirurgus]
attending s.a surgical member of the attending staff of a hospital.
dental s.a general practitioner of dentistry; a dentist with the D.D.S. or D.M.D. degree.
house s.the senior member of the surgical house staff responsible for the execution of the orders of the attending s., and who also substitutes when the latter is absent.
oral s.a dentist who specializes in oral surgery.

surgeon general surgeon general (ser´jun-jen´e-ral)

The chief medical officer in the U.S. Army, Navy, Air Force, or Public Health Service. In some foreign military services any member of the medical corps who has the rank of general, not necessarily the chief medical officer.

surgery surgery (ser´jer-e)

1. The branch of medicine concerned with the treatment of disease, injury, and deformity by operation or manipulation. 2. The performance or procedures of an operation. [L. chirurgia; G. cheir, hand, + ergon, work]
ambulatory s.operative procedures performed on patients who are admitted to and discharged from a hospital on the same day.
aseptic s.the performance of an operation with sterilized hands, instruments, etc., and utilizing precautions against the introduction of infectious microorganisms from without.
closed s.s. without incision into skin, e.g., reduction of a fracture or dislocation.
cosmetic s.s. in which the principal purpose is to improve the appearance, usually with the connotation that the improvement sought is beyond the normal appearance, and its acceptable variations, for the age and the ethnic origin of the patient.esthetic s;
craniofacial s.simultaneous s. on the cranium and facial bones.
esthetic s.cosmetic s
featural s.rarely used term for plastic s. of the face, for correction or improvement of appearance.
keratorefractive s.refractive keratoplasty
laparoscopic s.operative procedure performed using minimally invasive surgical technique for exposure that avoids traditional incision. Visualization is achieved using a fiber optic instrument, usually attached to a video camera.
laparoscopically assisted s.operative procedure performed using combined laparoscopic and open techniques; most commonly applied to colon or small intestinal resections with anastomosis.
major s. See major operation.
microscopically controlled s.Mohs' chemosurgery
minimally invasive s.operative procedure performed in a manner derived to result in the smallest possible incision or no incision at all; includes laparoscopic, laparoscopically assisted, thoracoscopic, and endoscopic surgical procedures.
minor s. See minor operation.
Mohs' s.Mohs' chemosurgery
Mohs' micrographic s.Mohs' chemosurgery
open heart s.operative procedure(s) performed on or within the exposed heart, usually with cardiopulmonary bypass (as opposed to closed heart surgery).
oral s.the branch of dentistry concerned with the diagnosis and surgical and adjunctive treatment of diseases, injuries, and deformities of the oral and maxillofacial region.
orthognathic s.surgical orthodontics
orthopaedic s.the branch of s. that embraces the treatment of acute and chronic disorders of the musculoskeletal system, including injuries, diseases, dysfunction and deformities (orig. deformities in children) in the extremities and spine. See also orthopaedics.
plastic s.the surgical specialty or procedure concerned with the restoration, construction, reconstruction, or improvement in the shape and appearance of body structures that are missing, defective, damaged, or misshapen.
reconstructive s. See plastic s.
stereotactic s.stereotaxy
stereotaxic s.stereotaxy
thoracoscopic s.s. done using one or more endoscopic instruments.
transsexual s.procedures designed to alter a patient's external sexual characteristics so that they resemble those of the other sex.
video-assisted thoracic s. (VATS) a less morbid alternative to "open" thoracotomy that employs cameras, optic systems, percutaneous stapling devices, and assorted endoscopic graspers, retractors, and forceps. Also called video thoracoscopic surgery, it can be selectively applied to various pulmonary, pleural, and pericardial lesions.

surgical surgical (ser´ji-kal)

Relating to surgery.

surra surra (ser´a)

A protozoan disease of camels, horses, mules, dogs, cattle, and other mammals in Africa, Asia, and Central and South America, caused by Trypanosoma evansi; infection is generally by mechanical transmission by a bloodsucking species of Stomoxys or Tabanus. See also murrina. [East Indian name]

surrenal surrenal (ser-re´nal)

suprarenal (1)

surrogate surrogate (ser´o-gat)

1. A person who functions in another's life as a substitute for some third person such as a relative who assumes the nurturing and other responsibilities of the absent parent. 2. A person who reminds one of another person so that one uses the first as an emotional substitute for the second. [L. surrogo, to put in another's place]
mother s.one who substitutes for or takes the place of the mother.

sursanure sursanure (ser-sa´nur)

A superficially healed ulcer, with pus beneath the surface. [Fr., fr. L. super, over, + sanus, healthy]

sursumduction sursumduction (ser-sum-duk´shun)

supraduction [L. sursum, upward, + duco, pp. -ductus, to draw]

sursumversion sursumversion (ser-sum-ver´zhun)

The act of rotating the eyes upward. [L. sursum, upward, + verto, pp. versus, to turn]

surveillance surveillance (ser-va´lans)

1. The collection, collation, analysis, and dissemination of data; a type of observational study that involves continuous monitoring of disease occurrence within a population. 2. Ongoing scrutiny, generally using methods distinguished by practicability, uniformity, rapidity, rather than complete accuracy. [Fr. surveiller, to watch over, fr. L. super- + vigilo, to watch] Surveillance does not aim for accuracy or completeness; rather it is designed to provide practical and uniform results in a timely fashion, so that trends can be spotted and appropriate action taken. Such action might include further investigation of some aspect of an unfolding phenomenon, or even intervention. Surveillance is employed frequently in the monitoring of disease or factors influencing disease. The data being analyzed and interpreted may include 1) mortality and morbidity reports based on death certificates, hospital records, or general practice sentinels or notifications; 2) laboratory test results; 3) disease outbreak reports; 4) vaccine utilization-uptake and side effects; 5) reports of work- or school-related absences due to illness; (6) biological changes in known agents, vectors, or reservoirs of disease.
immune s.A theory that the immune system destroys tumor cells which are constantly arising during the life of the individual.immunological s;
immunological s.immune s
post-marketing s.procedure implemented after a drug has been licensed for public use, designed to provide information on use and on occurrence of side effects, adverse effects, etc.

survey survey (ser´va)

1. An investigation in which information is systematically collected but in which the experimental method is not used. 2. a comprehensive examination or group of examinations to screen for one or more findings. 3. a series of questions administered to a sample of individuals in a population. [O.Fr. surveeir, fr. Mediev.L. supervideo, fr. super, over, + video, to see]
field s.the planned collection of data among noninstitutionalized persons in the general population.
skeletal s.radiographic examination of all or selected parts of the skeleton, as for occult fractures, metastases, etc.

surveying surveying (ser-va´ing)

In dentistry, the procedure of locating and delineating the contour and position of the abutment teeth and associated structures before designing a removable partial denture.

surveyor surveyor (ser-va´er, or)

In dentistry, the instrument used in surveying.

survival survival (ser-vI´val)

Continued existence; persistence of life.

susceptibility susceptibility (su-sep-ti-bil´i-te)

1. Likelihood of an individual to develop ill effects from an external agent, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, high altitude, or ambient temperature. 2. In magnetic resonance imaging, the loss of magnetization signal caused by rapid phase dispersion because of marked local inhomogeneity of the magnetic field, as with the multiple air-soft tissue interfaces in the lung; s. measurement can estimate calcium content in trabecular bone.

suspension suspension (sus-pen´shun)

1. A temporary interruption of any function. 2. A hanging from a support, as used in the treatment of spinal curvatures or during the application of a plaster jacket. 3. Fixation of an organ, such as the uterus, to other tissue for support. 4. The dispersion through a liquid of a solid in finely divided particles of a size large enough to be detected by purely optical means; if the particles are too small to be seen by microscope but still large enough to scatter light (Tyndall phenomenon), they will remain dispersed indefinitely and are then called a colloidal s.coarse dispersion; 5. A class of pharmacopeial preparations of finely divided, undissolved drugs (e.g., powders for s.) dispersed in liquid vehicles for oral or parenteral use. [L. suspensio, fr. sus-pendo, pp. -pensus, to hang up, suspend]
amorphous insulin zinc s.prompt insulin zinc s
chromic phosphate P 32 colloidal s.a pure beta-emitting colloidal, nonabsorbable radiopharmaceutical administered into body cavities such as the pleural or peritoneal spaces to control malignant effusions. See also sodium phosphate P 32.
Coffey s.an operative technique following partial excision of the cornu, as in salpingectomy, whereby the broad and the round ligament are sutured over the cornual wound to restore continuity of the peritoneum and to suspend the uterus on the operated side.
crystalline insulin zinc s.extended insulin zinc s
extended insulin zinc s.a long-acting insulin s., obtained from beef, with an approximate time of onset of 7 hours and a duration of action of 36 hours.crystalline insulin zinc s;
insulin zinc s.a sterile buffered s. with zinc chloride, containing 40 or 80 units per ml; the solid phase of the s. consists of a mixture of 7 parts of crystalline insulin and 3 parts of amorphous insulin.lente insulin;
magnesia and alumina oral s.a mixture of magnesium hydroxide and variable amounts of aluminum oxide; used as an antacid.
prompt insulin zinc s.sterile s. of insulin in buffered water for injection, modified by the addition of zinc chloride such that the solid phase of the s. is amorphous; it contains 40 or 80 units per ml; the duration of action is equivalent to that of insulin injection.amorphous insulin zinc s., semilente insulin;

suspensoid suspensoid (sus-pen´soyd)

A colloidal solution in which the disperse particles are solid and lyophobe or hydrophobe, and are therefore sharply demarcated from the fluid in which they are suspended.hydrophobic colloid, lyophobic colloid, suspension colloid; [suspension + G. eidos, resemblance]

suspensory suspensory (sus-pen´so-re)

1. Suspending; supporting; denoting a ligament, a muscle, or other structure that keeps an organ or other part in place. 2. A supporter applied to uplift a dependent part, such as the scrotum or a pendulous breast.

sustentacular sustentacular (sus-ten-tak´yu-lar)

Relating to a sustentaculum; supporting.

sustentaculum sustentaculum, pl. sustentacula (sus´ten-tak´yu-lum, -la) [NA]

A structure that serves as a stay or support to another. [L. a prop, fr. sustento, to hold upright]
s. li´enissplenorenal ligament
s. ta´li [NA] support of the talus, a bracket-like lateral projection from the medial surface of the calcaneus, the upper surface of which presents a facet for articulation with the talus.

susurrus susurrus (su-ser´us)

murmur (1) [L.]
s. au´riummurmur in the ear.

Sutter blood group Sutter blood group

See Blood Groups appendix.

Sutton Sutton

Richard L., Jr., U.S. dermatologist, *1908. See S.'s disease (2) , ulcer.

Sutton Sutton

Richard L., U.S. dermatologist, 1878-1952. See S.'s disease (1) , nevus.

sutura sutura, pl. suturae (su´tu´ra, -re) [NA]

suture [L. a sewing, a suture, fr. suo, pp. sutus, to sew]
s. corona´lis [NA] coronal suture
sutu´rae cra´nii [NA] cranial sutures, under suture
s. ethmoidolacrima´lis [NA] ethmoidolacrimal suture
s. ethmoidomaxilla´ris [NA] ethmoidomaxillary suture
s. fronta´lis [NA] frontal suture
s. frontoethmoida´lis [NA] frontoethmoidal suture
s. frontolacrima´lis [NA] frontolacrimal suture
s. frontomaxilla´ris [NA] frontomaxillary suture
s. frontonasa´lis [NA] frontonasal suture
s. frontozygomat´ica [NA] frontozygomatic suture
s. inci´siva [NA] incisive suture
s. infraorbita´lisinfraorbital suture
s. intermaxilla´ris [NA] intermaxillary suture
s. internasa´lis [NA] internasal suture
s. interparieta´lissagittal suture
s. lacrimoconcha´lis [NA] lacrimoconchal suture
s. lacrimomaxilla´ris [NA] lacrimomaxillary suture
s. lambdoi´dea [NA] lambdoid suture
s. meto´pica [NA] metopic suture
s. nasofronta´lisfrontonasal suture
s. nasomaxilla´ris [NA] nasomaxillary suture
s. no´tha (no´ta) false suture [G. fem. of nothos, spurious]
s. occipitomastoi´dea [NA] occipitomastoid suture
s. palati´na media´na [NA] median palatine suture
s. palati´na transver´sa [NA] transverse palatine suture
s. palatoethmoida´lis [NA] palatoethmoidal suture
s. palatomaxilla´ris [NA] palatomaxillary suture
s. parietomastoi´dea [NA] parietomastoid suture
s. pla´na [NA] plane suture
s. sagitta´lis [NA] sagittal suture
s. serra´ta [NA] serrate suture
s. sphenoethmoida´lis [NA] sphenoethmoidal suture
s. sphenofronta´lis [NA] sphenofrontal suture
s. sphenomaxilla´ris [NA] sphenomaxillary suture
s. spheno-orbita´lisspheno-orbital suture
s. sphenoparieta´lis [NA] sphenoparietal suture
s. sphenosquamo´sa [NA] sphenosquamous suture
s. sphenovomeria´na [NA] sphenovomerine suture
s. sphenozygoma´tica [NA] sphenozygomatic suture
s. squamo´sa [NA] 1. squamous suture 2. squamoparietal suture
s. squamosomastoi´dea [NA] squamomastoid suture
s. temporozygomat´ica [NA] zygomaticotemporal suture
s. zygomaticofronta´lisfrontozygomatic suture
s. zygomaticomaxilla´ris [NA] zygomaticomaxillary suture
s. zygomaticotempora´liszygomaticotemporal suture

sutural sutural (su´chur-al)

Relating to a suture in any sense.

suture suture (su´chur)

1. A form of fibrous joint in which two bones formed in membrane are united by a fibrous membrane continuous with the periosteum. 2. To unite two surfaces by sewing.stitch (3) ; 3. The material (silk thread, wire, catgut, etc.) with which two surfaces are kept in apposition. 4. The seam so formed, a surgical s.sutura [NA] , suture joint; [L. sutura, a seam]
absorbable surgical s.a surgical s. material prepared from a substance that can be digested by body tissues and is therefore not permanent; it is available in various diameters and tensile strengths, and can be treated to modify its resistance to absorption and be impregnated with antimicrobial agents.
Albert's s.a modified Czerny s., the first row of stitches passing through the entire thickness of the wall of the gut.
apposition s.a s. of the skin only.coaptation s;
approximation s.a s. that pulls together the deep tissues.
atraumatic s.a s. swaged onto the end of an eyeless needle.
blanket s.a continuous lock-stitch used to approximate the skin of a wound.
bridle s.a s. passed through the superior rectus muscle to rotate the globe downward in eye surgery.
Bunnell's s.a method of tenorrhaphy using a pull-out wire affixed to buttons.
buried s.any s. placed entirely below the surface of the skin.
button s.a s. in which the threads are passed through the holes of a button and then tied; used to reduce the danger of the threads cutting through the flesh.
catgut s. See catgut.
coaptation s.apposition s
cobbler's s.doubly armed s
Connell's s.a continuous s. used for inverting the gastric or intestinal walls in performing an anastomosis.
continuous s.an uninterrupted series of stitches using one s.; the stitching is fastened at each end by a knot.spiral s., uninterrupted s;
control release s.eyeless suture with thread attached to needle such that the two separate when tension is applied to the thread.
coronal s.the line of junction of the frontal with the two parietal bones of the skull.sutura coronalis [NA] ;
cranial s.'sthe sutures between the bones of the skull.suturae cranii [NA] ;
Cushing's s.a running horizontal mattress s. used to approximate two adjacent surfaces.
Czerny-Lembert s.an intestinal s. in two rows combining the Czerny s. (first) and the Lembert s. (second).
Czerny's s.the first row of the Czerny-Lembert intestinal s.; the needle enters the serosa and passes out through the submucosa or muscularis, and then enters the submucosa or muscularis of the opposite side and emerges from the serosa.
delayed s.a suturing of a wound after an interval of days.
dentate s.serrate s
doubly armed s.a s. with a needle attached at both ends.cobbler's s;
Dupuytren's s.a continuous Lembert s.
end-on mattress s.a vertical mattress s. used for exact skin approximation.
ethmoidolacrimal s.the line of union of the orbital plate of the ethmoid and the posterior margin of the lacrimal bone.sutura ethmoidolacrimalis [NA] ;
ethmoidomaxillary s.line of apposition of the orbital surface of the body of the maxilla with the orbital plate of the ethmoid bone.sutura ethmoidomaxillaris [NA] ;
Faden s.a s. placed between an ocular rectus muscle and the posterior sclera to limit excessive action of the eyeball. [Ger. Faden, thread, twine]
false s.one whose opposing margins are smooth or present only a few ill-defined projections.sutura notha;
far-and-near s.a s. utilizing alternate near and far stitches, used to approximate fascial edges.
figure-of-8 s.a s. utilizing criss-cross stitches, used to approximate fascial edges or the musculofascial and outer layers of an abdominal wound.
frontal s.the suture between the two halves of the frontal bone, usually obliterated by about the sixth year; if persistent it is called a metropic s.sutura frontalis [NA] ;
frontoethmoidal s.line of union between the cribriform plate of the ethmoid and the orbital plate and posterior margin of the nasal process of the frontal bone.sutura frontoethmoidalis [NA] ;
frontolacrimal s.line of union between the upper margin of the lacrimal and the orbital plate of the frontal bone.sutura frontolacrimalis [NA] ;
frontomaxillary s.articulation of the frontal process of the maxilla with the frontal bone.sutura frontomaxillaris [NA] ;
frontonasal s.line of union of the frontal and of the two nasal bones.sutura frontonasalis [NA] , sutura nasofrontalis;
frontozygomatic s.line of union between the zygomatic process of the frontal and the frontal process of the zygomatic bone.sutura frontozygomatica [NA] , sutura zygomaticofrontalis;
Frost s.intermarginal s. between the eyelids to protect the cornea.
Gély's s.a cobbler's s. used in closing intestinal wounds.
glover's s.a continuous s. in which each stitch is passed through the loop of the preceding one.
Gould's s.an intestinal mattress s. in which each loop is invaginated in such a way that the tissue at the loop is bulged out, becoming convex instead of concave.
Gussenbauer's s.a figure-of-8 s. for the intestine, resembling the Czerny-Lembert s. but not including the mucous membrane.
Halsted's s.a s. placed through the subcuticular fascia; used for exact skin approximation.
harmonic s.plane s
implanted s.passage of a pin through each lip of the wound parallel to the line of incision, the pins then being looped together with s.'s.
incisive s.line of union of the two portions of the maxilla (pre- and postmaxilla); it is present at birth but may persist into old age.sutura incisiva [NA] , premaxillary s;
infraorbital s.an inconstant suture running from the infraorbital foramen to the infraorbital groove.sutura infraorbitalis;
intermaxillary s.the line of union of the two maxillae.sutura intermaxillaris [NA] ;
internasal s.line of union between the two nasal bones.sutura internasalis [NA] ;
interparietal s.sagittal s
interrupted s.a single stitch fixed by tying ends together.
Jobert de Lamballe's s.an interrupted intestinal s., used for invaginating the margins of the intestines in circular enterorrhaphy.
lacrimoconchal s.line of union of the lacrimal bone with the inferior nasal concha.sutura lacrimoconchalis [NA] ;
lacrimomaxillary s.line of union, on the medial wall of the orbit, between the anterior and inferior margin of the lacrimal bone and the maxilla.sutura lacrimomaxillaris [NA] ;
lambdoid s.line of union between the occipital and the parietal bones.sutura lambdoidea [NA] ;
Lembert s.the second row of the Czerny-Lembert intestinal s.; an inverting s. for intestinal surgery, used either as a continuous s. or interrupted s., producing serosal apposition and including the collagenous submucosal layer but not entering the lumen of the intestine.
lens s.'sradii lentis, under radius
mattress s.a s. utilizing a double stitch that forms a loop about the tissue on both sides of a wound, producing eversion of the edges when tied.quilted s;
median palatine s.line of union between the horizontal plates of the palatine bones, continuing the intermaxillary suture posteriorly.sutura palatina mediana [NA] ;
metopic s.a persistent frontal suture, sometimes discernible a short distance above s. frontonasalis.sutura metopica [NA] ;
nasomaxillary s.line of union of the lateral margin of the nasal bone with the frontal process of the maxilla.sutura nasomaxillaris [NA] ;
nerve s.neurorrhaphy
neurocentral s.neurocentral synchondrosis
nonabsorbable surgical s.surgical s. material that is relatively unaffected by the biological activities of the body tissues and is therefore permanent unless removed; e.g., stainless steel, silk, cotton, nylon, and other synthetic materials.
occipitomastoid s.continuation of the lambdoid suture between the posterior border of the petrous portion of the temporal bone and the occipital.sutura occipitomastoidea [NA] ;
palatoethmoidal s.line of junction of the orbital process of the palatine bone and the orbital plate of the ethmoid.sutura palatoethmoidalis [NA] ;
palatomaxillary s.line of union, in the floor of the orbit, between the orbital process of the palatine bone and the orbital surface of the maxilla.sutura palatomaxillaris [NA] ;
Pancoast's s.in plastic surgery, union of two edges by a tongue-and-groove arrangement.
Paré's s.the approximation of the edges of a wound by pasting strips of cloth to the surface and stitching them instead of the skin.
parietomastoid s.articulation of the posterior inferior angle of the parietal with the mastoid process of the temporal bone.sutura parietomastoidea [NA] ;
Parker-Kerr s.a continuous inverting s. used to close an open end of intestine.
petrosquamous s. See petrosquamous fissure.
plane s.a simple firm apposition of two smooth surfaces of bones, without overlap, as seen in the lacrimomaxillary suture.sutura plana [NA] , harmonia, harmonic s;
pledgetted s.a s. supported by a small piece of cloth or tissue so that the suture will tear through the tissue.
premaxillary s.incisive s
purse-string s.a continuous s. placed in a circular manner either for inversion (as for an appendiceal stump) or closure (as for a hernia).
quilted s.mattress s
relaxation s.a s. so arranged that it may be loosened if the tension of the wound becomes excessive.
retention s.a heavy reinforcing s. placed deep within the muscles and fasciae of the abdominal wall to relieve tension on the primary s. line and thus obviate postoperative wound disruption.tension s;
sagittal s.line of union between the two parietal bones.sutura sagittalis [NA] , interparietal s., sutura interparietalis;
secondary s.delayed closure of a wound.
serrate s.one whose opposing margins present deep sawlike indentations, as most of the sagittal suture.sutura serrata [NA] , dentate s;
shotted s.a s. in which the ends are fastened by passing through a split shot (a partially divided lead pellet) which is then compressed.
sphenoethmoidal s.line of union between the crest of the sphenoid bone and the perpendicular and cribriform plates of the ethmoid.sutura sphenoethmoidalis [NA] ;
sphenofrontal s.line of union between the orbital plate of the frontal and the lesser wings of the sphenoid on either side.sutura sphenofrontalis [NA] ;
sphenomaxillary s.an inconstant suture between the pterygoid process of the sphenoid bone and the body of the maxilla.sutura sphenomaxillaris [NA] ;
spheno-occipital s.spheno-occipital synchondrosis
spheno-orbital s.articulation between the orbital process of the palatine bone and the outer surface of the body of the sphenoid.sutura spheno-orbitalis;
sphenoparietal s.line of union of the lower border of the parietal with the upper edge of the greater wing of the sphenoid.sutura sphenoparietalis [NA] ;
sphenosquamous s.articulation of the greater wing of the sphenoid with the squamous portion of the temporal bone.sutura sphenosquamosa [NA] ;
sphenovomerine s.the line of union of the vaginal process of the sphenoid with the wing of the vomer.sutura sphenovomeriana [NA] ;
sphenozygomatic s.junction of the zygomatic bone and greater wing of the sphenoid.sutura sphenozygomatica [NA] ;
spiral s.continuous s
squamomastoid s.line of union of the squamous and petrous portions of the temporal bone during development; it sometimes persists in the region of the mastoid process.sutura squamosomastoidea [NA] ;
squamoparietal s.the articulation of the parietal with the squamous portion of the temporal bone.sutura squamosa (2) [NA] ;
squamous s.a scalelike suture, one whose opposing margins are scalelike and overlapping;sutura squamosa (1) [NA] ;
subcuticular s. See Halsted's s.
temporozygomatic s.zygomaticotemporal s
tendon s.tenorrhaphy
tension s.retention s
transfixion s. 1. a criss-cross stitch so placed as to control bleeding from a tissue surface or small vessel when tied; 2. a s. used to fix the columella to the nasal septum.
transverse palatine s.line of union of the palatine processes of the maxillae with the horizontal plates of the palatine bones.sutura palatina transversa [NA] ;
tympanomastoid s.tympanomastoid fissure
uninterrupted s.continuous s
wedge-and-groove s.wedge-and-groove joint
zygomaticomaxillary s.articulation of the zygomatic bone with the zygomatic process of the maxilla.sutura zygomaticomaxillaris [NA] ;
zygomaticotemporal s.line of junction of the zygomatic process of the temporal and the temporal process of the zygomatic bone.sutura temporozygomatica [NA] , sutura zygomaticotemporalis, temporozygomatic s;

suturectomy suturectomy (su-chur-ek´to-me)

Removal of cranial suture.

Suzanne Suzanne

Jean G., French physician, *1859. See S.'s gland.

SV SV

Abbreviation for simian virus, numbered serially; e.g., SV1.

SV40 SV40

Symbol for simian vacuolating virus No. 40.

Sv Sv

Abbreviation for sievert.

Svedberg Svedberg

Theodor, Swedish chemist and Nobel laureate, 1884-1971. See S. equation, of flotation, unit.

Svedberg of flotation Svedberg of flotation

flotation constant

swab swab (swob)

A wad of cotton, gauze, or other absorbent material attached to the end of a stick or clamp, used for applying or removing a substance from a surface.

swage swage (swaj)

1. To fuse suture thread to suture needles. 2. To shape metal by hammering or adapting it onto a die, often by using a counterdie. [Old F. souage]

swallow swallow (swawl´o)

To pass anything through the fauces, pharynx, and esophagus into the stomach; to perform deglutition. [A.S. swelgan]
gastrografin s.esophagram or upper GI series using water-soluble iodinated contrast medium.hypaque s;
hypaque s.gastrografin s
somatic s.a swallowing pattern with muscular contractions which appear to be under control of the person at a subconscious level; distinguished from visceral s.
visceral s.the immature swallowing pattern of an infant or a person with tongue thrust, resembling peristaltic wavelike muscular contractions observed in the gut; adult or mature swallowing is more volitional and therefore somatic.

Swan Swan

Harold James C., U.S. cardiologist, *1922. See S.-Ganz catheter.

swarming swarming (sworm´ing)

A progressive spreading by motile bacteria over the surface of a solid medium. [A.S. swearm]

swayback swayback (swa´bak)

enzootic ataxia

Sweat Sweat

See Puchtler-Sweat stains.

sweat sweat (swet)

1. Especially sensible perspiration. 2. To perspire. [A.S. swat]
colliquative s.profuse clammy s.
night s.'sprofuse sweating at night, occurring in pulmonary tuberculosis and other chronic debilitating affections with low-grade fever.
red s.reddening of s., especially in the axilla, due to pigment produced by Streptomyces roseofulvis . See also chromidrosis.

sweating sweating (swet´ing)

perspiration (1)

Swediauer Swediauer

Francois X., Austrian physician, 1748-1824. See S.'s disease.

sweeney sweeney (swe´ne)

Disuse or neurogenic atrophy of the supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles in horses.

sweep sweep (swep)

The travel of the beam of a cathode ray oscilloscope from left to right, representing the time axis, produced by an artificially generated sawtooth voltage.

Sweet Sweet

Robert Douglas, 20th century English dermatologist. See S.'s disease.

Sweet Sweet

See Gordon and Sweet stain.

swellhead swellhead (swel´hed)

1. lecheguilla poisoning 2. In turkeys, distention of the sinuses due to accumulation of exudate in infectious sinusitis.

swelling swelling (swel´ing)

1. An enlargement, e.g., a protuberance or tumor. 2. In embryology, a primordial elevation that develops into a fold, ridge, or process.
albuminous s.cloudy s
arytenoid s.paired primordial elevations, on either side of the embryonic larynx, within which the arytenoid cartilages are formed.
brain s.a pathologic entity, localized or generalized, characterized by an increase in bulk of brain tissue, due to expansion of the intravascular (congestion) or extravascular (edema) compartments that may coexist or may occur separately and be clinically indistinguishable; clinical manifestations depend on disturbed neuronal function due to local s., shifting of intracranial structures, and the effects of intracranial hypertension or circulatory disturbance.
Calabar s.loiasis
cloudy s.s. of cells due to injury to the membranes affecting ionic transfer; causes an accumulation of intracellular water.albuminous s., granular degeneration, hydropic degeneration, parenchymatous degeneration;
fugitive s.loiasis
genital s.'spaired primordial elevations flanking the genital tubercle and the urogenital orifice of the embryo; they develop into the labioscrotal folds, which become the labia majora in the female and unite to form the scrotal pouch of the male.labioscrotal s.'s;
hunger s.starvation edema caused by many factors, primarily reduced serum albumin.
labial s.the female embryonic genital s. which elongates to become the definitive labium majus. See also genital s.'s.
labioscrotal s.'sgenital s.'s
lateral lingual s.'sin the embryo, paired oval elevations that appear in the floor of the mouth at mandibular arch level; the primordial elevations, composed of mesenchyme covered by ectoderm of stomodeal origin, merge to form the greater part of the anterior two thirds of the tongue.
levator s.levator cushion
Neufeld capsular s.increase in opacity and visibility of the capsule of capsulated organisms exposed to specific agglutinating anticapsular antibodies.Neufeld reaction, quellung phenomenon, quellung reaction (1) , quellung test;
scrotal s.the s. formed after the embryonic genital s.'s have fused together, become spherical, and migrated caudally to the base of the penis; just before birth the testis comes to lie within it.
Spielmeyer's acute s.a form of degeneration of nerve cells in which the cell body and its processes swell and stain palely and diffusely.

Swift Swift

H., 20th century Australian physician. See S.'s disease.

swinepox swinepox (swIn´poks)

A usually mild disease occurring in swine, caused by swinepox virus (family Poxviridae) and characterized by papulopustular lesions; usually transmitted by lice.

switching switching (swich´ing)

1. Making a shift or exchange. 2. The movement of a defined region of DNA within a genome.
class s.a change in the expression of the C region of an immunoglobulin heavy chain.

Swyer Swyer

Paul R., U.S. pediatrician, *1921. See Swyer-James syndrome; S.-James-MacLeod syndrome.

sycoma sycoma (sI-ko´ma)

1. A pendulous figlike growth. 2. A large soft wart. [G. sykoma, fr. sykon, fig, + -oma, tumor]

sycosiform sycosiform (sI-ko´si-form)

Resembling sycosis.

sycosis sycosis (sI-ko´sis)

A pustular folliculitis, particularly of the bearded area.ficosis, mentagra; [G. sykosis, fr. sykon, fig, + -osis, condition]
s. frambesifor´misacne keloid
lupoid s.a papular or pustular inflammation of the hair follicles of the beard, followed by punctuate scarring and loss of the hair.ulerythema sycosiforme;
s. nu´chae necroti´sansacne keloid on the back of the neck at the hairline.

Sydenham Sydenham

Thomas, English physician, 1624-1689. See S.'s chorea, disease.

Sydney crease Sydney crease

See under crease.

Sydney line Sydney line

See under line.

syllable-stumbling syllable-stumbling (sil´a-bl stum´bling)

A form of stuttering in which the patient halts before certain syllables that he finds difficult to enunciate.dyssyllabia; [L. syllabe, several letters or sounds taken together]

sylvatic sylvatic (sil-vat´ik)

Occurring in or affecting wild animals. [L. silva, woods]

Sylvest Sylvest

Ejnar, Norwegian physician, 1880-1931. See S.'s disease.

sylvian sylvian (sil´ve-an)

Relating to Franciscus or Jacobus Sylvius or to any of the structures described by either of them.

Sylvius Sylvius (Dubois, de le Boë)

Le Böe, Franciscus (François), Dutch physician, anatomist, and physiologist, 1614-1672. See sylvian angle, sylvian aqueduct, sylvian fissure, sylvian line, sylvian point, sylvian valve, sylvian ventricle, fossa of Sylvius, vallecula sylvii.

Sylvius Sylvius (Dubois)

Jacobus (Jacques), French anatomist, 1478-1555. See caro quadrata sylvii, os sylvii.

sym- sym-

See syn-.

symballophone symballophone (sim-bal´o-fon)

A stethoscope having two chest pieces, designed to lateralize sound and produce a stereophonic effect. [G. symballo, to throw together, + phone, sound]

symbion symbion, symbiont (sim´be-on, -ont)

An organism associated with another in symbiosis.mutualist, symbiote; [G. symbion, neut. of symbios, living together]

symbiosis symbiosis (sim-be-o´sis)

1. The biological association of two or more species to their mutual benefit. Cf. commensalism, mutualistic s., parasitism. 2. The mutual cooperation or interdependence of two persons, as mother and infant, or husband and wife; sometimes used to denote excessive or pathological interdependence of two persons. [G. symbiosis, state of living together, fr. sym- + bios, life, + -osis, condition]
dyadic s.s. between a child and one parent.
mutualistic s.s. in which all partners obtain an advantage.
triadic s.s. between a child and both parents.

symbiote symbiote (sim´be-ot)

symbion

symbiotic symbiotic (sim-be-ot´ik)

Relating to symbiosis.

symblepharon symblepharon (sim-blef´a-ron)

Adhesion of one or both eyelids to the eyeball, partial or complete, resulting from burns or other trauma but rarely congenital.atretoblepharia; [sym- + G. blepharon, eyelid]
anterior s.union between the lid and eyeball by a fibrous band not involving the fornix.
posterior s.adhesion between the eyeball and eyelid involving the fornix.

symblepharopterygium symblepharopterygium (sim-blef´a-ro-te-rij´e-um)

Obsolete term for adhesion of the eyelid to the eyeball. [symblepharon + pterygium]

symbol symbol (sim´bol)

1. A conventional sign serving as an abbreviation. 2. In chemistry, an abbreviation of the name of an element, radical, or compound, expressing in chemical formulas one atom or molecule of that element (e.g., H and O in H₂O); in biochemistry, an abbreviation of trivial names of molecules used primarily in combination with other similar s.'s to construct larger assemblies (e.g., Gly for glycine, Ado for adenosine, Glc for glucose). 3. In psychoanalysis, an object or action that is interpreted to represent some repressed or unconscious desire, often sexual. 4. A philosophical-linguistic sign. See also conventional signs, under sign. [G. symbolon, a mark or sign, fr. sym-ballo, to throw together]

symbolia symbolia (sim-bo´le-a)

The capability of recognizing the form and nature of an object by touch. [G. symbolon, a mark or sign]

symbolism symbolism (sim´bo-lizm)

1. In psychoanalysis, the process involved in the disguised representation in consciousness of unconscious or repressed contents or events. 2. A mental state in which everything that happens is regarded by the individual as symbolic of his own thoughts. 3. The description of the emotional life and experiences in abstract terms.

symbolization symbolization (sim´bo-li-za´shun)

An unconscious mental mechanism whereby one object or idea is represented by another.

symbrachydactyly symbrachydactyly (sim-brak´i-dak´ti-le)

Condition in which abnormally short fingers are joined or webbed in their proximal portions. [sym- + G. brachys, short, + daktylos, finger]

Syme Syme

James, Scottish surgeon, 1799-1870. See S.'s amputation, operation.

Symington Symington

Johnson, Scottish anatomist, 1851-1924. See S.'s anococcygeal body.

symmelia symmelia (si-me´le-a)

sirenomelia [sym- + G. melos, limb]

Symmers Symmers

W. St. C., British pathologist, 1863-1937. See S.'s clay pipestem fibrosis.

Symmers Symmers

Douglas, U.S. pathologist, 1879-1952. See Brill-S. disease.

symmetry symmetry (sim´e-tre)

Equality or correspondence in form of parts distributed around a center or an axis, at the extremities or poles, or on the opposite sides of any body. [G. symmetria, fr. sym- + metron, measure]
inverse s.correspondence of the right or left side of an asymmetrical individual to the left or right side of another.

sympath- sympath-, sympatheto-, sympathico-, sympatho-

The sympathetic part of the autonomic nervous system. [see sympathetic]

sympathectomy sympathectomy (sim-pa-thek´to-me)

Excision of a segment of a sympathetic nerve or of one or more sympathetic ganglia.sympathetectomy, sympathicectomy; [sympath- + G. ektome, excision]
chemical s.destruction of the periareterial sympathetic nerves, as in Doppler's operation, by a corrosive such as phenol.
periarterial s.sympathetic denervation by arterial decortication.histonectomy, Leriche's operation;
presacral s.presacral neurectomy

sympathetectomy sympathetectomy (sim-pa-the-tek´to-me)

sympathectomy

sympathetic sympathetic (sim-pa-thet´ik)

1. Relating to or exhibiting sympathy. 2. Denoting the sympathetic part of the autonomic nervous system.sympathic; [G. sympathetikos, fr. sympatheo, to feel with, sympathize, fr. syn, with, + pathos, suffering]

sympathetoblast sympathetoblast (sim-pa-thet´o-blast)

sympathoblast

sympathetoblastoma sympathetoblastoma (sim-pa-thet´o-blas-to´ma)

Obsolete term for neuroma.

sympathic sympathic (sim-path´ik)

sympathetic

sympathicectomy sympathicectomy (sim-path´i-sek´to-me)

sympathectomy

sympathico- sympathico-

See sympath-.

sympathicoblast sympathicoblast (sim-path´i-ko-blast)

sympathoblast

sympathicoblastoma sympathicoblastoma (sim-path´i-ko-blas-to´ma)

Obsolete term for neuroma.

sympathicogonioma sympathicogonioma (sim-path´i-ko-go-ne-o´ma)

Obsolete term for neuroma.

sympathicolytic sympathicolytic (sim-path´i-ko-lit´ik)

sympatholytic

sympathicomimetic sympathicomimetic (sim-path´i-ko-mi-met´ik)

sympathomimetic

sympathiconeuritis sympathiconeuritis (sim-path´i-ko-nu-rI´tis)

Inflammation of the autonomic nerves.

sympathicopathy sympathicopathy (sim-path-i-kop´a-the)

A disease resulting from a disorder of the autonomic nervous system. [sympathico- + G. pathos, suffering]

sympathicotonia sympathicotonia (sim-path´i-ko-to´ne-a)

A condition in which there is increased tonus of the sympathetic system and a marked tendency to vascular spasm and high blood pressure; opposed to vagotonia. [sympathico- + G. tonos, tone, tension]

sympathicotonic sympathicotonic (sim-path´i-ko-ton´ik)

Relating to or characterized by sympathicotonia.

sympathicotripsy sympathicotripsy (sim-path´i-ko-trip´se)

Operation of crushing the sympathetic ganglion. [sympathico- + G. tripsis, a rubbing]

sympathicotropic sympathicotropic (sim-path´i-ko-trop´ik)

Having a special affinity for the sympathetic nervous system. [sympathico- + G. tropikos, inclined, fr. trope, a turning]

sympathin sympathin (sim´pa-thin)

The substance diffusing into circulation from sympathetic nerve terminals when they are active. The term was introduced by W. B. Cannon, who thought that this substance differed from the mediator produced by the nerve ending (now known to be incorrect); the mediator itself (norepinephrine) diffuses into circulation.sympathetic hormone;

sympathism sympathism (sim´pa-thizm)

suggestibility [G. sympatheia, sympathy]

sympathist sympathist (sim´pa-thist)

Obsolete term for one susceptible to suggestibility.

sympathizer sympathizer (sim´pa-thI-zer)

1. An eye affected with sympathetic ophthalmia. 2. One who exhibits sympathy.

sympatho- sympatho-

See sympath-.

sympathoadrenal sympathoadrenal (sim´pa-tho-a-dre´nal)

Relating to the sympathetic part of the autonomic nervous system and the medulla of the adrenal gland, as the postganglionic neurons.

sympathoblast sympathoblast (sim´pa-tho-blast)

A primitive cell derived from the neural crest glia; with the pheochromoblasts, s.'s enter into the formation of the adrenal medulla and sympathetic ganglia.sympathetoblast, sympathicoblast; [sympatho- + G. blastos, germ]

sympathoblastoma sympathoblastoma (sim´pa-tho-blas-to´ma)

Obsolete term for neuroblastoma. [sympathoblast + G. -oma, tumor]

sympathogonia sympathogonia (sim´pa-tho-go´ne-a)

The completely undifferentiated cells of the sympathetic nervous system. [sympatho- + G. gone, seed]

sympathogonioma sympathogonioma (sim´pa-tho-go-ne-o´ma)

Obsolete term for neuroblastoma. [sympathogonia + G. -oma, tumor]

sympatholytic sympatholytic (sim´pa-tho-lit´ik)

Denoting antagonism to or inhibition of adrenergic nerve activity. See also adrenergic blocking agent, antiadrenergic.sympathicolytic; [sympatho- + G. lysis, a loosening]

sympathomimetic sympathomimetic (sim´pa-tho-mi-met´ik)

Denoting mimicking of action of the sympathetic system. See also adrenomimetic.sympathicomimetic; [sympatho- + G. mimikos, imitating]

sympathomimetic amines sympathomimetic amines

A broad class of chemicals which mimic the actions of activation of the sympathetic nervous system and have an amine (usually beta-phenyl-ethylamine) basic structure; examples include isoproterenol, amphetamine, ephedrine, and phenylephrine.

sympathy sympathy (sim´pa-the)

1. The mutual relation, physiologic or pathologic, between two organs, systems, or parts of the body. 2. Mental contagion, as seen in mass hysteria or in the yawning induced by seeing another person yawn. 3. An expressed sensitive appreciation or emotional concern for and sharing of the mental and emotional state of another person. Cf. empathy (1) . [G. sympatheia, fr. sym- + pathos, suffering]

symperitoneal symperitoneal (sim´per-i-to-ne´al)

Relating to the surgical induction of adhesion between two portions of the peritoneum.

sympexis sympexis (sim-pek´sis)

A term proposed by R.P. Heidenhain to denote the deposition of red blood cells according to the laws of surface tension. [G. concretion]

symphalangism symphalangism, symphalangy (sim-fal´an-jizm, sim-fal´an-je)

1. syndactyly 2. Ankylosis of the finger or toe joints. [sym- + phalanx]

symphysial symphysial, symphyseal (sim-fiz´e-al)

Grown together; relating to a symphysis; fused.symphysic;

symphysic symphysic (sim-fiz´ik)

symphysial

symphysion symphysion (sim-fiz´e-on)

A craniometric point, the most anterior point of the alveolar process of the mandible.

symphysiotome symphysiotome, symphyseotome (sim-fiz´e-o-tom)

Instrument for use in symphysiotomy.

symphysiotomy symphysiotomy, symphyseotomy (sim-fiz-e-ot´o-me)

Division of the pubic joint to increase the capacity of a contracted pelvis sufficiently to permit passage of a living child.pelviotomy (1) , pelvitomy, synchondrotomy; [symphysis + G. tome, incision]

symphysis symphysis, gen. symphyses (sim´fi-sis, -sez)

1. [NA] Form of cartilaginous joint in which union between two bones is effected by means of fibrocartilage.amphiarthrosis; 2. A union, meeting point, or commissure of any two structures. 3. A pathologic adhesion or growing together. [G. a growing together]
cardiac s.adhesion between the parietal and visceral layers of the pericardium.
intervertebral s.the union between adjacent vertebral bodies composed of the nucleus pulposus, annular ligament, and the anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments.s. intervertebralis [NA] ;
s. intervertebra´lis [NA] intervertebral s
s. mandib´ulaemental s
manubriosternal s.the later union, by fibrocartilage, of the manubrium and the body of the sternum; it begins as a synchondrosis and becomes a symphysis, occasionally fusing to become a synostosis.s. manubriosternalis [NA] , sternomanubrial junction;
s. manubriosterna´lis [NA] manubriosternal s
mental s.the fibrocartilaginous union of the two halves of the mandible in the fetus; it becomes an osseous union during the first year.s. mandibulae, s. mentalis, s. menti;
s. menta´lismental s
s. men´timental s
pubic s.the firm fibrocartilaginous joint between the two pubic bones.s. pubica [NA] , s. pubis;
s. pu´bica [NA] pubic s
s. pu´bispubic s
s. sacrococcyg´easacrococcygeal joint

symplasmatic symplasmatic (sim-plaz-mat´ik)

Relating to the union of protoplasm as in giant cell formation. [G. sym- plasso, to mold together]

symplast symplast (sim´plast)

A multinucleated cell that has formed by fusion of separate cells. [sym- + G. plastos, formed]

sympodia sympodia (sim-po´de-a)

Condition characterized by union of the feet. See also sirenomelia, sympus. [sym- + G. pous, foot]

symport symport (sim´port)

Coupled transport of two different molecules or ions through a membrane in the same direction by a common carrier mechanism (symporter). Cf. antiport, uniport. [sym- + L. porto, to carry]

symporter symporter (sim-port´er)

The protein responsible for mediating symport.

symptom symptom (simp´tom)

Any morbid phenomenon or departure from the normal in structure, function, or sensation, experienced by the patient and indicative of disease. See also phenomenon (1) , reflex (1) , sign (1) , syndrome. [G. symptoma]
abstinence s.'swithdrawal s.'s
accessory s.a s. that usually but not always accompanies a certain disease, as distinguished from a pathognomonic s.assident s., concomitant s;
accidental s.any morbid phenomenon coincidentally occurring in the course of a disease, but having no relation with it.
assident s.accessory s
Baumès s.pain behind the sternum in angina pectoris.
Bezold's s.inflammatory edema at the tip of the mastoid process in mastoiditis.Bezold's sign;
Bolognini's s.a feeling of crepitation on gradually increasing pressure on the abdomen in cases of measles.
cardinal s.the primary or major s. of diagnostic importance.
concomitant s.accessory s
constitutional s.a s. indicating a systemic effect of a disease; e.g., weight loss.
deficiency s.manifestation of a lack, in varying degrees, of some substance (e.g., hormone, enzyme, vitamin) necessary for normal structure and/or function of an organism.
Demarquay's s.absence of elevation of the larynx during deglutition, said to indicate syphilitic induration of the trachea.
Epstein's s. See Epstein's sign.
equivocal s.a s. that points definitely to no special disease, being associated with any one of a number of morbid states, or whose presence is uncertain or indefinite.
first rank s.'s (FRS) Schneider's first rank s.'s
Fischer's s.Fischer's sign
Frenkel's s.lowered muscular tonus in tabetic neurosyphilis.
Gordon's s.tonic reflex
Griesinger's s.edema of the superficial tissues at the tip of the mastoid process in cases of thrombosis of the sigmoid sinus.
Haenel's s.absence of sensation on pressure of the eyeball in tabes.
incarceration s.Dietl's crisis
induced s.a s. excited by a drug, exercise, or other means, often intentionally for diagnostic purposes.
Kerandel's s.deep-seated hyperesthesia observed in cases of sleeping sickness.
Kussmaul's s.Kussmaul's sign
local s.a s. of limited extent, caused by disease of a particular organ or part.
localizing s.a s. indicating clearly the seat of the morbid process.
Macewen's s.Macewen's sign
objective s.a s. that is evident to the observer.
Oehler's s.a sudden pallor and coldness in the arm with slight disability, occurring on lifting of a heavy weight.
pathognomonic s.a s. that, when present, points unmistakably to the presence of a certain definite disease.
Pratt's s.rigidity in the muscles of an injured limb, which precedes the occurrence of gangrene.
presenting s.the complaint offered by the patient as the main reason for seeking medical care; usually synonymous with chief complaint.
rainbow s.glaucomatous halo (2)
reflex s.a disturbance of sensation or function in an organ or part more or less remote from the morbid condition giving rise to it; e.g., muscle spasm due to joint inflammation.sympathetic s;
Romberg-Howship s.in cases of incarcerated obturator hernia; lancinating pains along the inner side of the thigh to the knee, or down the leg to the foot; caused by compression of the obturator nerve.Romberg's s. (2) ;
Romberg's s. 1. Romberg's sign 2. Romberg-Howship s
schneiderian first rank s.'sSchneider's first rank s.'s
Schneider's first rank s.'sthose s.'s that, when present, indicate that the diagnosis of schizophrenia is likely, provided that organic or toxic etiology is ruled out: delusion of control, thought broadcasting, thought withdrawal, thought insertion, hearing one's thoughts spoken aloud, auditory hallucinations that comment on one's behavior, and auditory hallucinations in which two voices carry on a conversation.first rank s.'s, schneiderian first rank s.'s;
Sklowsky s.the rupture of a varicella vesicle on very slight pressure with the finger, greater pressure being necessary to break the vesicles of smallpox, herpes, or other affections.
subjective s.a s. apparent only to the patient.
sympathetic s.reflex s
Trendelenburg's s.a waddling gait in paresis of the gluteal muscles, as in progressive muscular dystrophy.
Uhthoff s.a transient temperature-dependent numbness, weakness, or loss of vision. Conduction stops in any nerve if the temperature gets too high. In a damaged nerve, e.g., by demyelinization, this shutdown temperature is lowered, and may approach normal body temperature. Transient neurological dysfunction may then appear with a hot shower, exercise, or fever.Uhthoff syndrome;
Wartenberg's s. 1. intense pruritus of the tip of the nose and nostrils in cases of cerebral tumor; 2. flexion of the thumb when the patient attempts to flex the four fingers against resistance, a "pyramid sign".
withdrawal s.'sa group of morbid s.'s, predominantly erethistic, occurring in an addict who is deprived of his accustomed dose of the addicting agent.abstinence s.'s;

symptomatic symptomatic (simp-to-mat´ik)

Indicative; relating to or constituting the aggregate of symptoms of a disease.

symptomatology symptomatology (simp´to-ma-tol´o-je)

1. The science of the symptoms of disease, their production, and the indications they furnish. 2. The aggregate of symptoms of a disease. [symptom + G. logos, study]

symptomatolytic symptomatolytic (simp´to-mat-o-lit´ik)

Removing symptoms.symptomolytic; [symptom + G. lytikos, dissolving]

symptomolytic symptomolytic (-to-mo-lit´ik)

symptomatolytic

symptosis symptosis (sim-to´sis)

A localized or general wasting of the body. [G. a falling together, collapse, fr. syn, together, + ptosis, a falling]

sympus sympus (sim´pus)

A sirenomelus in which the fusion of the legs has extended to involve the feet. [G. sympous, fr. sym- + pous, foot]
s. a´pusa sirenomelus without feet.
s. di´pusa sirenomelus with both feet more or less distinct.
s. mo´nopusa sirenomelus with but one foot externally visible.

Syms Syms

Parker, U.S. surgeon, 1860-1933. See S. tractor.

syn- syn-

(Properly prefixed to words of G. derivation) indicating together, with, joined; appears as sym- before b, p, ph, or m; corresponds to L. con-. [G. syn, with, together]

synadelphus synadelphus (sin-a-del´fus)

Conjoined twins with single head, partially united trunk, and four upper and four lower limbs. See conjoined twins, under twin. [syn- + G. adelphos, brother]

synalgia synalgia (si-nal´je-a)

referred pain [syn- + G. algos, pain]

synalgic synalgic (sin-al´jik)

Relating to or marked by referred pain.

synanastomosis synanastomosis (sin´an-as-to-mo´sis)

An anastomosis between several blood vessels.

synandrogenic synandrogenic (sin´an-dro-jen´ik)

Relating to any agent or condition that enhances the effects of androgens.

synanthem synanthem, synanthema (si-nan´them, sin´an-the´ma)

An exanthem consisting of several different forms of eruption. [G. syn- antheo, to blossom together]

synaphoceptors synaphoceptors (si-naf-o-sep´terz)

Receptors stimulated by direct contact. [G. synaphe, contact, + L. recipio, to receive]

synapse synapse, pl. synapses (sin´aps, sI-naps´; sI-nap´sez)

The functional membrane-to-membrane contact of the nerve cell with another nerve cell, an effector (muscle, gland) cell, or a sensory receptor cell. The s. subserves the transmission of nerve impulses, commonly from a variably large (1 to 12 mum), generally knob-shaped or club-shaped axon terminal (the presynaptic element) to the circumscript patch of the receiving cell's plasma membrane (the postsynaptic element) on which the s. occurs. In most cases the impulse is transmitted by means of a chemical transmitter substance (such as acetylcholine, gamma-aminobutyric acid, dopamine, norepinephrine) released into a synaptic cleft (15 to 50 nm wide) that separates the presynaptic from the postsynaptic membrane; the transmitter is stored in quantal form in synaptic vesicles: round or ellipsoid, membrane-bound vacuoles (10 to 50 nm in diameter) in the presynaptic element. In other s.'s transmission takes place by direct propagation of the bioelectrical potential from the presynaptic to the postsynaptic membrane; in such electrotonic s.'s ("gap junctions"), the synaptic cleft is no more than about 2 nm wide. In most cases, synaptic transmission takes place in only one direction ("dynamic polarity" of the s.), but in some s.'s synaptic vesicles occur on both sides of the synaptic cleft, suggesting the possibility of reciprocal chemical transmission. [syn- + G. hapto, to clasp]
axoaxonic s.the synaptic junction between an axon terminal of one neuron and either the initial axon segment or an axon terminal of another nerve cell.
axodendritic s.the synaptic contact between an axon terminal of one nerve cell and a dendrite of another nerve cell.
axosomatic s.the synaptic junction of an axon terminal of one nerve cell to the cell body of another nerve cell.pericorpuscular s;
electrotonic s.gap junction See also synapse.
pericorpuscular s.axosomatic s

synapsin I synapsin I (si-nap´sin)

A fibrous phosphoprotein that links synaptic vesicles together in the axon terminal; s.I is a substrate for certain kinases; phosphorylation of s.I allows release of neurotransmitters.

synapsis synapsis (si-nap´sis)

The point-for-point pairing of homologous chromosomes during the prophase of meiosis.synaptic phase; [G. a connection, junction]

synaptic synaptic (si-nap´tik)

1. Relating to a synapse. 2. Relating to synapsis.

synaptology synaptology (sin´ap-tol´o-je)

Study of the synapse.

synaptophysin synaptophysin (si-nap´to-fI´sin)

An integral membrane protein found in many types of active neurons; believed to form a hexamer that forms an ion channel and is involved in the uptake of neurotransmitters; s. is found in the membrane only after stimulation of the neurons.

synaptosome synaptosome (si-nap´to-som)

Membrane-bound sac containing synaptic vesicles that breaks away from axon terminals when brain tissue is homogenized under controlled conditions; such particles can be separated from other subcellular particles by differential and density gradient centrifugation. [synapse + G. soma, body]

synarthrodia synarthrodia (sin´ar-thro´de-a)

fibrous joint

synarthrodial synarthrodial (sin-ar-thro´de-al)

Relating to synarthrosis; denoting an articulation without a joint cavity.

synarthrophysis synarthrophysis (sin-ar-thro-fI´sis)

The process of ankylosis. [syn- + G. arthron, joint, + physis, growth]

synarthrosis synarthrosis, pl. synarthroses (sin´ar-thro´sis, -sez)

In the BNA, this class of joints has included those that in the NA are classified as articulatio fibrosa (fibrous joints) and articulatio cartilaginis (cartilagenous joints). See articulatio. [G. fr. syn, together, + arthrosis, articulation]

syncanthus syncanthus (sin-kan´thus)

Adhesion of the eyeball to orbital structures. [syn- + L. canthus, wheel]

syncaryon syncaryon (sin-kar´e-on)

synkaryon

syncephalus syncephalus (sin-sef´a-lus)

Conjoined twins having a single head with two bodies. See conjoined twins, under twin. Cf. craniopagus, janiceps. monocephalus, monocranius; [syn- + G. kephale, head]
s. asymmet´rosjaniceps asymmetrus

syncephaly syncephaly (sin-sef´a-le)

The condition exhibited by a syncephalus.prozygosis;

syncheilia syncheilia (sin-kI´le-a)

A more or less complete adhesion of the lips; atresia of the mouth.synchilia; [syn- + G. cheilos, lip]

syncheiria syncheiria (sin-kI´re-a)

A form of dyscheiria in which the subject refers a stimulus applied to one side of the body to both sides.synchiria; [syn- + G. cheir, hand]

synchilia synchilia

syncheilia

synchiria synchiria

syncheiria

synchondroseotomy synchondroseotomy (sin-kon´dro-se-ot´o-me)

Operation of cutting through a synchondrosis; specifically, cutting through the sacroiliac ligaments and forcibly closing the arch of the pubes; used in the treatment of exstrophy of the bladder. [synchondrosis + G. tome, cutting]

synchondrosis synchondrosis, pl. synchondroses (sin´kon-dro´sis, -sez) [NA]

A union between two bones formed either by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage.synchondrodial joint; [Mod. L. fr. G. syn, together, + chondros, cartilage, + -osis, condition]
anterior intraoccipital s.cartilaginous union in the newborn between the lateral and the basilar portions of the occipital bone.s. intraoccipitalis anterior [NA] , anterior intraoccipital joint;
s. arycornicula´taarycorniculate s
arycorniculate s.the junction of the corniculate cartilage (of Santorini) with the arytenoid.s. arycorniculata;
cranial synchondrosesthe cartilaginous joints of the skull; these include sphenoethmoidal s., spheno-occipital s., sphenopetrosa s., petro-occipital s., anterior intraoccipital and posterior intraoccipital s.synchondroses cranii [NA] ;
synchondro´ses cra´nii [NA] cranial synchondroses
s. epiphy´seosepiphysial line
synchondroses intersternebra´lespersisting cartilages uniting the bony elements of the sternum, as in some domestic animals such as the dog.intersternebral joints;
s. intraoccipita´lis ante´rior [NA] anterior intraoccipital s
s. intraoccipita´lis poste´rior [NA] posterior intraoccipital s
s. manubriosterna´lis [NA] manubriosternal joint
neurocentral s.the cartilaginous union on either side between the body and arch of a vertebra in the young child.neurocentral joint, neurocentral suture;
s. petro-occipita´lis [NA] petro-occipital joint
posterior intraoccipital s.cartilaginous union between the squamous and lateral parts of the occipital bone in the newborn.s. intraoccipitalis posterior [NA] , Budin's obstetrical joint, posterior intraoccipital joint;
sphenoethmoidal s.cartilaginous union between the body of the sphenoid and the posterior part of the ethmoidal labyrinth.s. sphenoethmoidalis [NA] ;
s. sphenoethmoida´lis [NA] sphenoethmoidal s
spheno-occipital s.cartilaginous union between the body of the sphenoid and the basilar portion of the occipital; it fuses by the twentieth year; incorrectly called spheno-occipital suture.s. spheno-occipitalis [NA] , spheno-occipital joint, spheno-occipital suture;
s. spheno-occipita´lis [NA] spheno-occipital s
s. sphenopetro´sa [NA] sphenopetrosal s
sphenopetrosal s., sphenopetrous s.fibrocartilage filling the sphenopetrosal fissure.s. sphenopetrosa [NA] ;
sternal synchondrosesthe cartilaginous junctions between the body of the sternum and the manubrium, and the xiphoid process; in domestic animals, there may be several, e.g., s. manubriosternalis, s. intersternebralis, and s. xiphosternalis.synchondroses sternales [NA] , sternal joints;
synchondro´ses sterna´les [NA] sternal synchondroses
s. xiphosterna´lis [NA] xiphisternal joint

synchondrotomy synchondrotomy (sin-kon-drot´o-me)

symphysiotomy

synchorial synchorial (sin-kor´e-al)

Relating to fused chorions as are found in multiple-fetus pregnancies. [syn- + chorion]

synchronia synchronia (sin-kro´ne-a)

1. synchronism 2. Origin, development, involution, or functioning of tissues or organs at the usual time for such an event. Cf. heterochronia. [syn- + G. chronos, time]

synchronic synchronic (sin´kron-ik)

Referring to the study of the natural history of a disease by its state and distribution in a population at one time. The inferences about longitudinal course from such a study are warranted only under special conditions, notably that the longitudinal course of the disease is itself unchanging and that subjects in the sample are a representative sample of the survivors.

synchronism synchronism (sin´kro-nizm)

Occurrence of two or more events at the same time; the condition of being simultaneous.synchronia (1) ; [syn- + G. chronos, time]

synchronous synchronous (sin´kro-nus)

Occurring simultaneously.homochronous (1) ; [G. synchronos]

synchrony synchrony (sin´kro-ne)

The simultaneous appearance of two separate events. [syn- + G. chronos, time]
bilateral s.electroencephalographic activity that is recorded over both hemispheres simultaneously; usually used in reference to spike and wave activity.

synchrotron synchrotron (sin´kro-tron)

A machine for generating high speed electrons or protons, as for nuclear studies.

synchysis synchysis (sin´kI-sis)

Collapse of the collagenous framework of the vitreous humor, with liquefaction of the vitreous body. [G. a mixing together, fr. syn- + chysis, a pouring]
s. scintil´lansan appearance of glistening spots in the eye, due to cholesterol crystals floating in a fluid vitreous.

syncinesis syncinesis (sin-si-ne´sis)

synkinesis

synclinal synclinal (sin´klI-nal)

Denoting two structures inclined one toward the other. [G. syn- klino, to incline together]

synclitic synclitic (sin-klit´ik)

Relating to or marked by synclitism.

synclitism synclitism (sin´kli-tizm)

Condition of parallelism between the planes of the fetal head and of the pelvis, respectively. [G. syn-klino, to incline together]

synclonus synclonus (sin´klo-nus)

Clonic spasm or tremor of several muscles. [syn- + G. klonos, tumult]

syncopal syncopal (sin´ko-pal)

Relating to syncope.syncopic;

syncope syncope (sin´ko-pe)

Loss of consciousness and postural tone caused by diminished cerebral blood flow. [G. synkope, a cutting short, a swoon]
Adams-Stokes s.s. due to complete atrioventricular block.
cardiac s.fainting with unconsciousness of any cardiac cause.
carotid sinus s.s. resulting from overactivity of the carotid sinus; attacks may be spontaneous or produced by pressure on a sensitive carotid sinus.
hysterical s.fainting due to, or to avoid, emotional stress.
laryngeal s.a paroxysmal neurosis characterized by attacks of coughing, with unusual sensations, as of tickling, in the throat, followed by a brief period of unconsciousness.
local s.limited numbness in a part, especially of the fingers; one of the symptoms, usually associated with local asphyxia, of Raynaud's disease.
micturition s.s. occurring in association with the act of emptying the bladder.
postural s.s. upon assuming an upright position; caused by failure of normal vasoconstrictive mechanisms.
swallow s.faintness or unconsciousness upon swallowing. This is nearly always due to excessive vagal effect on the heart that may already have bradycardia or atrioventricular block.
tussive s.fainting as a result of a coughing spell, caused by persistent increased intrathoracic pressure diminishing venous return to the heart, thus lowering cardiac output; most often occurs in heavy-set male smokers who have chronic bronchitis.Charcot's vertigo, laryngeal vertigo;
vasodepressor s.faintness or loss of consciousness due to reflex reduction in blood pressure.vasovagal s;
vasovagal s.vasodepressor s

syncopic syncopic (sin-kop´ik)

syncopal

syncretio syncretio (sin-kre´she-o)

Development of adhesion between inflamed opposing surfaces. [Mod. L., fr. G. synkretizo, to unite the Cretan cities, reanalyzed as fr. syn- + L. cresco, pp. cretum, to grow]

syncyanin syncyanin (sin-sI´a-nin)

A blue pigment produced by Pseudomonas syncyanea.

syncytial syncytial (sin-sish´al, -sish´e-al, -sit´e-al)

Relating to a syncytium.

syncytiotrophoblast syncytiotrophoblast (sin-sish´e-o-tro´fo-blast)

The syncytial outer layer of the trophoblast; site of synthesis of human chorionic gonadotropin. See also trophoblast.placental plasmodium, plasmodial trophoblast, plasmodiotrophoblast, syncytial trophoblast, syntrophoblast; [syncytium + trophoblast]

syncytium syncytium, pl. syncytia (sin-sish´e-um, -a; -sit´e-um)

A multinucleated protoplasmic mass formed by the secondary union of originally separate cells. [Mod. L. fr. syn- + G. kytos, cell]

syndactyl syndactyl, syndactyle (sin-dak´til, -dak´tIl)

syndactylous

syndactylia syndactylia, syndactylism (sin-dak-til´e-a, -dak´ti-lizm)

syndactyly

syndactylous syndactylous (sin-dak´ti-lus)

Having fused or webbed fingers or toes.syndactyl, syndactyle;

syndactyly syndactyly (sin-dak´ti-le)

Any degree of webbing or fusion of fingers or toes, involving soft parts only or including bone structure; usually autosomal dominant inheritance.symphalangism (1) , symphalangy, syndactylia, syndactylism; [syn- + G. daktylos, finger or toe]

syndein syndein (sin-de´in)

ankyrin [G. syndeo, to bind together, + -in]

syndesis syndesis (sin-de´sis)

arthrodesis [syn- + G. desis, a binding]

syndesm- syndesm-

See syndesmo-.

syndesmectomy syndesmectomy (sin-dez-mek´to-me)

Cutting away a section of a ligament. [syndesm- + G. ektome, excision]

syndesmectopia syndesmectopia (sin-dez-mek-to´pe-a)

Displacement of a ligament. [syndesm- + G. ektopos, out of place]

syndesmitis syndesmitis (sin-dez-mI´tis)

Inflammation of a ligament. [syndesm- + G. -itis, inflammation]
s. metatar´seainflammation of the metatarsal ligaments.

syndesmo- syndesmo-, syndesm-

Ligament, ligamentous. [G. syndesmos, a fastening, fr. syndeo, to bind]

syndesmochorial syndesmochorial (sin-dez-mo-kor´e-al)

Relating to the placenta in ruminant animals. See syndesmochorial placenta. [syndesmo- + G. chorion, membrane]

syndesmodial syndesmodial (sin-des-mo´de-al)

syndesmotic

syndesmography syndesmography (sin-dez-mog´ra-fe)

A treatise on or description of the ligaments. [syndesmo- + G. grapho, to write]

syndesmologia syndesmologia (sin-dez´mo-lo´je-a)

arthrology

syndesmology syndesmology (sin-dez-mol´o-je)

arthrology [syndesmo- + G. logos, study]

syndesmopexy syndesmopexy (sin-dez´mo-pek-se)

The joining of two ligaments, or attachment of a ligament in a new place. [syndesmo- + G. pexis, fixation]

syndesmophyte syndesmophyte (sin-dez´mo-fIt)

An osseous excrescence attached to a ligament. [syndesmo- + G. phyton, plant]

syndesmoplasty syndesmoplasty (sin-dez´mo-plas-te)

Rarely used term for plastic surgery of a ligament. [syndesmo- + G. plastos, formed]

syndesmorrhaphy syndesmorrhaphy (sin-dez-mor´a-fe)

Suture of ligaments. [syndesmo- + G. rhaphe, suture]

syndesmosis syndesmosis, pl. syndesmoses (sin´dez-mo´sis, -sez) [NA]

A form of fibrous joint in which opposing surfaces that are relatively far apart are united by ligaments; e.g., the union of the styloid process of the temporal bone and the hyoid bone via the stylohyoid ligament, and the union between the distal ends of the tibia and fibula.syndesmodial joint, syndesmotic joint; [syndesmo- + G. -osis, condition]
radioulnar s.the fibrous union of the radius and ulna consisting of the oblique cord and the interosseous membrane.s. radioulnaris [NA] , middle radioulnar joint;
s. radioulna´ris [NA] radioulnar s
tibiofibular s.the fibrous union of the tibia and fibula consisting of the interosseous membrane and the anterior, interosseous and posterior tibiofibular ligaments at the distal extremities of the bones.s. tibiofibularis [NA] , distal tibiofibular joint, inferior tibiofibular joint, tibiofibular articulation (2) ;
s. tibiofibula´ris [NA] tibiofibular s
s. tympanostape´dia [NA] tympanostapedial junction, tympanostapedial s
tympanostapedial s.aBCXYZs. tympanostapedia [NA] ;

syndesmotic syndesmotic (sin-des-mot´ik)

Relating to syndesmosis.syndesmodial;

syndesmotomy syndesmotomy (sin-dez-mot´o-me)

Surgical division of a ligament. [syndesmo- + G. tome, incision]

syndrome syndrome (sin´drom)

The aggregate of signs and symptoms associated with any morbid process, and constituting together the picture of the disease. See also disease. [G. syndrome, a running together, tumultuous concourse; (in med.) a concurrence of symptoms, fr. syn, together, + dromos, a running]
Aarskog-Scott s.faciodigitogenital dysplasia
abdominal muscle deficiency s. [MIM*100100, MIM*264140] congenital absence (partial or complete) of abdominal muscles, in which the outline of the intestines is visible through the protruding abdominal wall; in males, genitourinary anomalies (urinary tract dilation and cryptorchidism) are also found; genetics unclear.
abstinence s.a constellation of physiologic changes undergone by persons or animals who have become physically dependent on a drug or chemical due to prolonged use at elevated doses, but who are abruptly deprived of that substance. The abstinence s. varies with the drug to which dependence has developed. Generally the effects observed are in an opposite direction from those produced by the drug; e.g., the withdrawal s. from central nervous system depressants such as barbiturates and benzodiazepines consists of insomnia, restlessness, tremulousness, hallucinations, and, in the extreme, tonic-clonic convulsions which may prove fatal. The onset time and severity of the abstinence s. depend upon how rapidly the drug disappears from the body.
Achard s. [MIM*100700] arachnodactyly with small receding mandible, broad skull, and joint laxity limited to the hands and feet; genetics unclear.
Achard-Thiers s.one form of a virilizing disorder of adrenocortical origin in women, characterized by masculinization and menstrual disorders in association with manifestations of diabetes mellitus, such as glucosuria.
Achenbach s.hematoma of the finger pad with accompanying edema; of unknown cause in the absence of disturbances in blood coagulation mechanisms.
acquired immunodeficiency s.AIDS
acrofacial s.acrofacial dysostosis
acroparesthesia s.abnormal sensation such as numbness and tingling in the hands, usually in middle-aged women; classic symptom of carpal tunnel syndrome.
acute organic brain s.organic brain s
acute radiation s.a s. caused by exposure of the body to large amounts of radiation, (e.g., from certain forms of therapy, accidents, and nuclear explosions; it is divided into three major forms which are, in ascending order of severity, the hematogic, gastrointestinal, and central nervous system-cardiovascular forms; its clinical manifestations are divided into prodromal, latent, overt, and recovery stages.
Adams-Stokes s.a s. characterized by slow or absent pulse, vertigo, syncope, convulsions, and sometimes Cheyne-Stokes respiration; usually as a result of advanced A-V block or sick sinus syndrome.Adams-Stokes disease, Morgagni's disease, Morgagni-Adams-Stokes s., Spens' s., Stokes-Adams disease, Stokes-Adams s;
adaptation s. of Selyegeneral nonspecific adaptation of the organism in response to specific stimuli which trigger a cycle of extensive physiological changes in the endocrine and other organ systems due to prolonged and intense stress. See general adaptation s.
addisonian s.chronic adrenocortical insufficiency
adherence s.restriction action of an ocular muscle owing to adhesions between the muscle and its fascial sheath.
Adie s. [MIM*100300] an idiopathic postganglionic denervation of the parasympathetically innervated intraocular muscles, usually complicated by signs of aberrant regeneration of these nerves: a weak light reaction with segmental palsy of iris sphincter, a strong slow near response. Deep tendon reflexes are often asymmetrically reduced. See also tonic pupil.Adie's pupil, Holmes-Adie pupil, Holmes-Adie s., pupillotonic pseudotabes;
adiposogenital s.dystrophia adiposogenitalis
adrenal cortical s.an inexact (and obsolete) term that has been applied to Cushing's s., Addison's disease, or the adrenogenital s.
adrenal virilizing s.adrenal virilism
adrenogenital s.generic designation for a group of disorders caused by adrenocortical hyperplasia or malignant tumors and characterized by masculinization of women, feminization of men, or precocious sexual development of children; representative of excessive or abnormal secretory patterns of adrenocortical steroids, especially those with androgenic or estrogenic effects.
adult respiratory distress s. (ARDS) acute lung injury from a variety of causes, characterized by interstitial and/or alveolar edema and hemorrhage as well as perivascular pulmonary edema associated with hyaline membrane, proliferation of collagen fibers, and swollen epithelium with increased pinocytosis.wet lung (2) , white lung;
afferent loop s.acute or chronic obstruction of the duodenum and jejunum proximal to the gastrojejunostomy performed in a Billroth II type gastrectomy; a distended afferent loop causes symptoms of pain and fullness.gastrojejunal loop obstruction s;
aglossia-adactylia s. [MIM*103300] congenital absence or hypoplasia of the tongue, associated with absence of the digits.
Ahumada-Del Castillo s.unphysiological lactation and amenorrhea not following pregnancy characterized by hyperprolactinemia and a pituitary adenoma.Argonz-Del Castillo s;
Aicardi's s. [MIM*304050] agenesis of the corpus collosum with infantile spasms in female babies.
Albright's s. 1. McCune-Albright s 2. Albright's hereditary osteodystrophy
alcohol amnestic s.an amnestic s. resulting from alcoholism; alcoholic "blackouts." Cf. Korsakoff's s.
Aldrich s.Wiskott-Aldrich s
Alezzandrini's s.a rare s. appearing in adolescents and young adults, characterized by unilateral degenerative retinitis, followed by ipsilateral poliosis and facial vitiligo, and occasionally bilateral perceptive deafness.
Alice in Wonderland s.the illusion of dreams, feelings of levitation, and alteration in the sense of the passage of time, sometimes associated with migraine, epilepsy, and various diseases of the parietal lobe of the brain.
Allen-Masters s.pelvic pain resulting from an old laceration of the broad ligament received during delivery.
Alport's s.progressive microscopic hematuria leading to chronic renal failure earlier in males, accompanied by defects such as sensorineural hearing loss, lenticonus, and maculopathy; autosomal dominant [MIM*153640 and 153650], autosomal recessive [MIM*203800], and X-linked [MIM*301050 and *303630] forms known.
Alström's s. [MIM*203800] retinal degeneration with nystagmus and loss of central vision, associated with obesity in childhood; sensorineural hearing loss and diabetes mellitus usually occur after age 10; autosomal recessive inheritance.
amenorrhea-galactorrhea s.unphysiologic lactation from endocrinological causes or from a pituitary tumor.
amnestic s. 1. Korsakoff's s 2. an organic brain s. with short term (but not immediate) memory disturbance, regardless of the etiology.
amniotic fluid s.pulmonary embolic phenomena thought to be due to infusion of amniotic fluid containing epithelial squames into maternal blood vessels; shock ensues and sudden death may occur.
Amsterdam s.de Lange s [Amsterdam, the Netherlands]
androgen resistance s.'sa class of disorders associated with 5a-steroid reductase deficiency, testicular feminization, and related disorders. Cf. steroid 5a-reductase, Reifenstein's s., infertile male s., testicular feminization s.
Angelman s.microdeletion of 15 q-13, of maternal origin, resulting in mental retardation, ataxia, paroxysms of laughter, seizures, characteristic facies, and minimal speech. See Prader-Willi s.
Angelucci's s.extreme excitability, vasomotor disturbances, and palpitation associated with vernal conjunctivitis.
angio-osteohypertrophy s.Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber s
ankyloglossia superior s.a congenital condition in which the tongue adheres to the hard palate; no evidence of genetic factors.
anorectal s.soreness, burning, itching, or other irritation of the rectum together with redness about the anus, and sometimes accompanied by diarrhea, occurring as a toxic effect of the oral administration of certain broad spectrum antibiotics.
anterior chamber cleavage s. [MIM*261540] a congenital disorder originating from faulty separation of embryonic structures; it results in bilateral central corneal opacities, with an anterior ring attachment of the iridic pupillary border and anterior polar cataracts; associated with short-limbed dwarfism; autosomal dominant inheritance. See iridocorneal endothelial s.Peters' anomaly;
anterior tibial compartment s.ischemic necrosis of the muscles of the anterior tibial compartment of the leg, presumed due to compression of arteries by swollen muscles following unaccustomed exertion.
antibody deficiency s.any of a group of disorders associated with a defective antibody production due to defects in the B-type lymphocyte system or in T-type lymphocytes; chief manifestation is an increased susceptibility to infection by various microorganisms. See agammaglobulinemia, hypogammaglobulinemia, immunodeficiency.antibody deficiency disease;
Anton's s.in cortical blindness, lack of awareness of being blind.
anxiety s.the constellation of autonomic nervous system signs and symptoms accompanying the apprehension of danger and dread. See anxiety.
aortic arch s.atheromatous and/or thrombotic obliteration of the branches of the arch of the aorta leading to diminished or absent pulses in the neck and arms. See also Takayasu's arteritis, reversed coarctation.Martorell's s;
apallic s.apallic state
Apert's s.acrocephalosyndactyly
s. of approximate relevant answersGanser's s
Argonz-Del Castillo s.Ahumada-Del Castillo s
Arndt-Gottron s.scleromyxedema
Arnold-Chiari s.Arnold-Chiari malformation
arterial thoracic outlet s.a rare disorder due to compression of the subclavian artery (with resultant poststenotic dilation) by a fully formed cervical rib; thrombi form in the dilated distal arterial segment, and distal limb ischemia may occur due to thromboembolic events.
Ascher's s. [MIM*109900] a condition in which a congenital double lip is associated with blepharochalasis and nontoxic thyroid gland enlargement.
Asherman's s.synechiae within the endometrial cavity, often causing amenorrhea and infertility.
asplenia s.s. seen in patients who had no functional spleen, either due to surgical removal of disease (e.g., sickle cell anemia); includes increased susceptibility to bacterial infection, especially pneumococcal infection.
ataxia telangiectasia s.ataxia telangiectasia
auriculotemporal nerve s.localized flushing and sweating of the ear and cheek in response to eating.Frey's s., gustatory sweating s;
autoerythrocyte sensitization s.a condition, usually occurring in women, in which the individual bruises easily (purpura simplex) and the ecchymoses tend to enlarge and involve adjacent tissues, resulting in pain in the affected parts; so-called because similar lesions are produced by inoculation of the individual's blood or various components of red blood cells and it is thought to be a form of localized autosensitization, although no specific antibodies have been demonstrable; in some individuals, there seems to be a psychogenic mechanism.Gardner-Diamond s., psychogenic purpura;
Avellis' s.unilateral paralysis of the larynx and velum palati, with contralateral loss of pain and temperature sensibility in the parts below.jugular foramen s;
A-V strabismus s.strabismus in which the angle of deviation is more marked on looking upward or downward. See also A-esotropia, V-esotropia, A-exotropia, V-exotropia.
Ayerza's s.sclerosis of the pulmonary arteries in chronic cor pulmonale; associated with severe cyanosis, it is a condition resembling polycythemia vera but resulting from primary pulmonary arteriosclerosis or primary pulmonary hypertension and characterized by plexiform lesions of arterioles.Ayerza's disease, cardiopathia nigra, plexogenic pulmonary arteriopathy;
Babinski's s.the combination of cardiac, arterial, and central nervous system manifestations of late syphilis.
baby bottle s.nursing bottle caries
Balint's s.an entity characterized by optic ataxia and simultanagnosia. This difficulty in applying the visual system to a visual task is usually due to damage to the superior temporal-occipital areas in both hemispheres.
Bamberger-Marie s.hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy
Bannwarth's s.neurologic manifestations of Lyme disease, also called chronic lymphocytic meningitis and tick-borne meningopolyneuritis.
Banti's s.chronic congestive splenomegaly that occurs primarily in children as a sequel to hypertension in the portal or splenic veins, usually as a result of thrombosis of the veins; anemia, splenomegaly, and irregular episodes of gastrointestinal bleeding are usually observed, with ascites, jaundice, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia developing in various conbinations.Banti's disease, splenic anemia;
Bardet-Biedl s. [MIM*209900] mental retardation, pigmentary retinopathy, polydactyly, obesity, and hypogenitalism; recessive inheritance. See also Laurence-Moon-Biedl s.
bare lymphocyte s.absence of HLA antigens on peripheral mononuclear cells, which may result in immunodeficiency.
Barlow s. [MIM*157700] late apical systolic murmur or (so-called "mid-late") systolic click, or both, due to massive billowing of the anterior and/or posterior (mural) mitral valvular leaflet into the left atrial cavity (also, floppy valve s.); electrocardiographically, ST-T changes in a posteroinferior distribution resembling those of myocardial ischemia often coexist for unknown reasons; rhythm disturbances may coexist with this s. without demonstrable pathogenetic relationship.
Barrett's s.chronic peptic ulceration of the lower esophagus, which is lined by columnar epithelium, resembling the mucosa of the gastric cardia, acquired as a result of long-standing chronic esophagitis; esophageal stricture with reflux, and adenocarcinoma, also have been reported.Barrett's esophagus;
Bart's s. [MIM*132000] a form of epidermolysis bullosa with blistering of the extremities and intertriginous areas, erosions of the mouth, and deformed nails; probably autosomal dominant; there is often spontaneous improvement with no residual scarring.
Bartter's s. [MIM*241200] primary juxtaglomerular cell hyperplasia with secondary hyperaldosteronism, reported in children with hypokalemic alkalosis and elevated renin or angiotensin levels; however, the blood pressure is low or normal, edema is absent, and growth is usually retarded; recessive inheritance.
basal cell nevus s. [MIM*109400] a s. of myriad basal cell nevi with development of basal cell carcinomas in adult life, odontogenic keratocysts, erythematous pitting of the palms and soles, calcification of the cerebral falx, and frequently skeletal anomalies, particularly ribs that are bifid or broadened anteriorly; autosomal dominant inheritance.Gorlin's s;
Basan's s.ectodermal dysplasia with hypotrichosis, hypohidrosis, defective teeth, and unusual dermatoglyphics.
Bassen-Kornzweig s.abetalipoproteinemia
battered child s.the clinical presentation of child abuse: various injuries to the skeleton, soft tissues, or organs of a child sustained as a result of repeated mistreatment or beating, usually by an individual responsible for the child's care.
battered spouse s.physical, psychological, and emotional injuries in a person subjected to abuse by a spouse or domestic partner; usually associated with alcoholism in the abusing spouse.
Bauer's s.aortitis and aortic endocarditis as a little recognized manifestation of rheumatoid arthritis.
Bazex's s.erythematous to plum-colored scaly acral skin lesions, paronychia, and nail dysplasia; associated with cancer of the upper respiratory or upper alimentary tract.paraneoplastic acrokeratosis;
Beckwith-Wiedemann s. [MIM*130650] exomphalos, macroglossia, and gigantism, often with neonatal hypoglycemia; autosomal recessive inheritance.EMG s;
Behçet's s. [MIM*109650] a s. characterized by simultaneously or successively occurring recurrent attacks of genital and oral ulcerations (aphthae) and uveitis or iridocyclitis with hypopyon, often with arthritis; a phase of a generalized disorder, occurring more often in men than in women, with variable manifestations, including dermatitis, erythema nodosum, thrombophlebitis, and cerebral involvement.Behçet's disease, cutaneomucouveal s., iridocyclitis septica, oculobuccogenital s., recurrent hypopyon, triple symptom complex, uveo-encephalitic s;
Behr's s. [MIM*210000] adult or presenile form of heredomacular degeneration.Behr's disease;
Benedikt's s.hemiplegia with clonic spasm or tremor and oculomotor paralysis on the opposite side.
Beradinelli's s.accelerated growth, lipodystrophy with muscular hypertrophy, hepatomegaly, and lipemia.
Bernard-Horner s.Horner's s
Bernard-Sergent s.acute adrenocortical insufficiency
Bernard-Soulier s.a coagulation disorder characterized by thrombocytopenia, giant platelets, and a bleeding tendency.
Bernhardt-Roth s.meralgia paraesthetica
Bernheim's s.systemic congestion resembling the consequences of right heart failure (enlarged liver, distended neck veins, and edema) without pulmonary congestion in subjects with left ventricular enlargement from any cause; reduction in the size of the right ventricular cavity is found by contrast imaging or echocardiography or at postmortem due to encroachment by the hypertrophied or aneurysmal ventricular septum.
Besnier-Boeck-Schaumann s.sarcoidosis
Beuren s.supravalvular aortic stenosis with multiple areas of peripheral pulmonary arterial stenosis, mental retardation, and dental anomalies.
Biemond s. [MIM*210350] iris coloboma, mental retardation, obesity, hypogenitalism, and postaxial polydactyly; a recessive inheritance disorder resembling Laurence-Moon and Bardet-Biedel s.'s.
billowing mitral valve s.mitral valve prolapse s
Bjornstad's s. [mim*262000] pili torti associated with sensorineural hearing loss, the severity of distortion and brittleness of the hair correlated with the degree of deafness; autosomal dominant inheritance.
Blatin's s.hydatid thrill
blind loop s.stagnation of intestinal contents with bacterial overgrowth producing substances that interfere with absorption of fat, vitamins, and other nutrients, usually occurring in the small intestine following operations that produce a blind loop or pouch.
Bloch-Sulzberger s.incontinentia pigmenti
Bloom's s. [MIM*210900] congenital telangiectatic erythema, primarily in butterfly distribution, of the face and occasionally of the hands and forearms, with sensitivity of skin lesions and dwarfism with normal body proportions except for a narrow face and dolichocephalic skull; chromosomes are excessively fragile; autosomal recessive inheritance.
blue toe s.progressive tissue injury or gangrene from microthromboembolism in the presence of palpable pedal pulses.
Boerhaave's s.spontaneous rupture of the lower esophagus, a variant of Mallory-Weiss s.
Bonnier's s.a s. due to a lesion of Deiters nucleus and its connection; the symptoms include ocular disturbances (e.g., paralysis of accommodation, nystagmus, diplopia), as well as deafness, nausea, thirst, anorexia, and symptoms referable to the involvement of the vagus centers.
Böök s. [MIM*112300] premolar aplasia, hyperhidrosis, and premature canities; autosomal dominant trait.
Börjeson-Forssman-Lehmann s. [MIM*301900] a condition characterized by mental deficiency, epilepsy, hypogonadism, hypometabolism, obesity, and narrow palpebral fissures; X-linked recessive inheritance.
bowel bypass s.fever, chills, malaise, and inflammatory cutaneous papules and pustules on the extremities and upper trunk, sometimes with polyarthralgia, with recurrent symptoms following bowel bypass surgery.
bradytachycardia s. (bra´de-ta-ke-car´de´a) alternate rapid and slow cardiac rates that may represent any rhythm disturbances in any combination usually related to sinus node disease.tachybradycardia s;
Briquet's s.a chronic but fluctuating mental disorder, usually of young women, characterized by frequent complaints of physical illness involving multiple organ systems simultaneously.
Brissaud-Marie s.unilateral spasm of the tongue and lips, of hysterical nature.
Brock's s.middle lobe s
Brown's s.tendon sheath s
Brown-Séquard's s.s. with unilateral spinal cord lesions, proprioception loss and weakness occur ipsilateral to the lesion, while pain and temperature loss occur contralateral.Brown-Séquard's paralysis;
Brugsch's s.pachydermoperiostosis
Budd-Chiari s.Chiari's s
Budd's s.Chiari's s
Bürger-Grütz s.type I familial hyperlipoproteinemia
burner s.multiple episodes of upper extremity burning pain, sometimes accompanied by shoulder girdle weakness, experienced during contact sports, especially football, with each forceful blow to the head or shoulder; attributed to an upper trunk brachial plexopathy.
Burnett's s.milk-alkali s
burning foot s.a disorder observed in prisoners-of-war in World War II, now believed to be due to a pantothenate deficiency.
burning vulva s.persistent vulvodynia in which a physical cause has not been identified.
Buschke-Ollendorf s.osteodermatopoikilosis
Caffey-Kempe s. See battered child s.
Caffey's s.infantile cortical hyperostosis
Caffey-Silverman s.infantile cortical hyperostosis
camptomelic s.also associated with flat facies, short vertebrae, hypoplastic scapula, and bowed tibia.osteochondrodysplasia;
Capgras' s.the delusional belief that a person (or persons) close to the schizophrenic patient has been substituted for by one or more impostors; may have an organic etiology.Capgras' phenomenon, illusion of doubles;
Caplan's s.intrapulmonary nodules, histologically similar to subcutaneous rheumatoid nodules, associated with rheumatoid arthritis and pneumoconiosis in coal workers.Caplan's nodules;
carbonic anhydrase II deficiency s.an inherited deficiency of carbonic anhydrase II that results in osteopetrosis and metabolic acidosis.osteopetrosis with renal tubular acidosis;
carcinoid s.a combination of symptoms and lesions usually produced by the release of serotonin from carcinoid tumors of the gastrointestinal tract that have metastasized to the liver; consists of irregular mottled blushing, flat angiomas of the skin, acquired tricuspid and pulmonary stenosis often with regurgitation, occasionally with some minor involvement of valves on the left side of the heart, diarrhea, bronchial spasm, mental aberration, and excretion of large quantities of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid.malignant carcinoid s., metastatic carcinoid s;
cardiofacial s. 1. transient or persistent unilateral partial lower facial paresis accompanying some congenital heart disease. 2. a group of syndromes characterized by congenital cardiovascular, bone, soft tissue, and facial abnormalities. Examples include Rubinstein-Taybi s., Noonan's s. and Williams' s.Williams' s;
Caroli's s.congenital malformation of the bile ducts leading to formation of multifocal dilatations and cysts.
carotid sinus s.stimulation of a hyperactive carotid sinus, causing a marked fall in blood pressure due to vasodilation, cardiac slowing, or both; syncope with or without convulsions or A-V block may occur.Charcot-Weiss-Baker s;
carpal tunnel s.the most common nerve entrapment s., characterized by nocturnal hand paresthesia and pain, and sometimes sensory loss and wasting in the median hand distribution; affects women more than men and is often bilateral; caused by entrapment of the median nerve at the wrist, within the carpal tunnel.
Carpenter's s. 1. the association of primary hypothyroidism, primary adrenocortical insufficiency, and diabetes mellitus. [C. C. J. Carpenter] 2. acrocephalopolysyndactyly [G. Carpenter]
cataract-oligophrenia s.Marinesco-Garland s
cat's cry s.cri-du-chat s
cat's-eye s. [MIM*115470] iris colobomas (resembling the vertical pupils of a cat) and anal atresia, associated with an additional acrocentric chromosome; other malformations and mental retardation may be present.Schmid-Fraccaro s;
cauda equina s.dull pain in upper sacral region with anesthesia or analgesia in buttocks, genitalia, or thigh; accompanied by disturbed bowel and bladder function.
cavernous sinus s.a s. caused by thrombosis of the cavernous intracranial sinus characterized by edema of eyelids and conjunctivae, and paralysis of the third, fourth and sixth nerves.
Ceelen-Gellerstedt s.idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis
celiac s.celiac disease
cellular immunity deficiency s.a s. marked by increased susceptibility to infection, especially to viral infection, associated with defective functioning of the mechanism responsible for acquired immunity of the cell-mediated kind. See also immunodeficiency.
central cord s.quadriparesis most severely involving the distal upper extremities, with or without sensory loss and bladder dysfunction, usually due to ischemia from osteophytic or traumatic compression of the central part of the cervical spinal cord and/or artery.
cerebellar s.the signs and symptoms of cerebellar deficiency: dysmetria, dysarthria, asynergia, nystagmus, ataxia, staggering gait, and adiadochokinesia.
cerebellomedullary malformation s.Arnold-Chiari malformation
cerebellopontine angle s.a s. due most commonly to an acoustic tumor in the region between the cerebellum and pons, and marked by ataxia, nystagmus, tinnitus, deafness, disturbances of labyrinth function, and involvement of any of the cranial nerves, fifth, sixth, seventh, ninth, or tenth.
cerebrohepatorenal s. [MIM*214100, MIM*211410] a neonatal s. characterized by muscular hypotonia, incomplete myelinization of nervous tissue, craniofacial malformations, hepatomegaly, and small glomerular cysts of the kidney; there is a perturbation in peroxisomes; autosomal recessive inheritance.Zellweger s;
cervical compression s.cervical disc s
cervical disc s.pain, paresthesias, and sometimes weakness in the area of the distribution of one or more cervical roots, due to pressure of a protruded cervical intervertebral disc.cervical compression s;
cervical fusion s.Klippel-Feil s
cervical rib s.indefinite term, equally applicable to two different syndromes: 1) arterial thoracic outlet s. in which the subclavian artery is compromised by a fully formed cervical rib, and 2) true neurogenic thoracic outlet s. in which the proximal lower trunk of the brachial plexus is compromised by a translucent band extending from a rudimentary cervical rib to the first rib.
cervical rib and band s.true neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome
cervical tension s.posttraumatic neck s
cervico-oculo-acoustic s. [MIM*314600] a congenital short neck associated with paralysis of the external ocular muscles and with perceptive deafness; occurs in girls.Wildervanck s;
Cestan-Chenais s.contralateral hemiplegia, hemianesthesia, and loss of pain and temperature sensibility, with ipsilateral hemiasynergia and lateropulsion, paralysis of the larynx and soft palate, enophthalmia, miosis, and ptosis, due to lesions of the brain stem.
chancriform s.an ulcerative lesion at the site of primary infection by microorganisms, with regional lymph node enlargement; it occurs not only in chancroid infections but also in various bacterial and fungal infections.
Chandler s.iris atrophy with corneal edema.iridocorneal syndrome;
Charcot's s.intermittent claudication
Charcot-Weiss-Baker s.carotid sinus s
Chauffard's s.the symptoms of Still's disease in one suffering from bovine or other nonhuman form of tuberculosis.Still-Chauffard s;
Chédiak-Steinbrinck-Higashi s. [MIM*214500, MIM*214450] abnormalities of granulation and nuclear structure of all types of leukocytes with malformation of peroxidase-positive granules, cytoplasmic inclusions, and Döhle bodies, often with hepatosplenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, anemia, thrombocytopenia, roentgenologic changes of bones, lungs and heart, skin and psychomotor abnormalities, and susceptibility to infection, usually resulting in death in childhood; occurs in mink, cattle, and mice, as well as man; autosomal recessive inheritance.Béguez César disease, Chédiak-Higashi disease, Chédiak-Steinbrinck-Higashi anomaly;
Cheney s.acro-osteolysis with osteoporosis and changes in the skull and mandible.
cherry-red spot myoclonus s.a neuronal storage disorder in children characterized by a cherry red spot at the macula, progressive myoclonus, and easily controlled seizures; the result of sialidase deficiency. Type 1 is characterized by normal body habitus, cherry red macula, myoclonus, and normal beta-galactosidase levels; type 2 by short stature, bony abnormalities, and deficient beta-galactosidase.sialidosis;
Chiari-Budd s.Chiari's s
Chiari-Frommel s.unphysiological lactation and amenorrhea following pregnancy, but not caused by infant's nursing; characterized by hyperprolactinemia and a pituitary adenoma.
Chiari II s.elongation of medulla and cerebellar tonsils and vermis with displacement through the foramen magnum into the upper spinal canal; often associated with other cerebral anomalies.
Chiari's s.thrombosis of the hepatic vein with great enlargement of the liver and extensive development of collateral vessels, intractable ascites, and severe portal hypertension.Budd's s., Budd-Chiari s., Chiari's disease, Chiari-Budd s., Rokitansky's disease (2) ;
chiasma s.a s. characterized by a bitemporal visual field defect and optic nerve atrophy due to a lesion in or about the chiasm.
Chilaiditi's s.interposition of the colon between the liver and the diaphragm.
CHILD s.congenital hemidysplasia with ichthyosiform erythroderma and limb defects.
Chinese restaurant s.development of chest pain, feelings of facial pressure, and sensation of burning over variable portions of the body surface after ingestion of food containing monosodium l-glutamate (MSG) by persons sensitive to this food additive.
Chotzen's s. [MIM*101400] characterized by syndactyly as well as mild mental retardation, hypertelorism, and sometimes, ptosis; autosomal dominant inheritance. See also type III acrocephalosyndactyly.
Christian's s.Hand-Schüller-Christian disease
Christ-Siemens-Touraine s.anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia
chromosomal s.general designation for s.'s due to chromosomal aberrations; typically associated with mental retardation and multiple congenital anomalies.
chromosomal instability s.'s, chromosomal breakage s.'sa group of mendelian conditions associated with chromosomal instability and breakage in vitro, they often manifest an increased tendency to certain types of malignancies. See Bloom's s., fragile X s., xeroderma pigmentosum.
chronic hyperventilation s.reduced CO₂ content of the blood (hypocapnia) as a result of hyperventilation of prolonged duration; may occur in anxiety states and in some chronic organic, usually cardiovascular, disease; alkalemia, paresthesia, and tetany may occur.
Churg-Strauss s.asthma, fever, eosinophilia, and varied symptoms and signs of vasculitis, primarily affecting small arteries, with vascular and extravascular granulomas.allergic granulomatosis, allergic granulomatous angiitis;
Clarke-Hadfield s.cystic fibrosis
classic cervical rib s.true neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome
Claude's s.midbrain s. with oculomotor palsy on the side of the lesion and incoordination on the opposite side.
click s.a syndrome, particularly of the atrioventricular valves, in which systole causes a sudden tensing of a scallop of a valve or an entire cusp producing the auscultatory click.valvular prolapse;
climacteric s.menopausal s
cloverleaf skull s. [MIM*148800] intrauterine bone dysplasia and synostosis of the coronal and lambdoid sutures producing a trilobar head shape, with various craniofacial and long-bone anomalies; the condition is sporadic; no evidence to suggest a genetic cause.
Cobb s.cutaneous angiomas, usually in a dermatomal distribution on the trunk, associated with vascular abnormality of the spinal cord and resulting neurologic symptoms.cutaneomeningospinal angiomatosis;
Cockayne's s. [MIM*216400, MIM*216410, MIM*216411] dwarfism, precociously senile appearance, pigmentary degeneration of the retina, optic atrophy, deafness, sensitivity to sunlight, and mental retardation; autosomal recessive inheritance. There is a variant with early onset [MIM*216410].Cockayne's disease;
Coffin-Lowry s.Coffin-Siris s
Coffin-Siris s. [MIM*135900] mental retardation with wide bulbous (pugilistic) nose, low nasal bridge, moderate hirsutism, and digital anomalies with nail hypoplasia (especially of the fifth fingers); the full s. occurs only in males, but female relatives may have abnormal fingers and mild mental retardation; X-linked inheritance, incompletely recessive.Coffin-Lowry s;
Cogan-Reese s.iridocorneal endothelial s
Cogan's s.oculovestibulo-auditory s
Collet-Sicard s.unilateral lesions of the ninth, tenth, eleventh, and twelfth cranial nerves producing Vernet syndrome and paralysis of the tongue on the same side.
combined immunodeficiency s.a serious primary immunodeficiency affecting both T and B cells.
compartmental s.a condition in which increased pressure in a confined anatomical space adversely affects the circulation and threatens the function and viability of the tissues therein.
compression s.crush s
congenital rubella s.fetal infection with rubella virus during the first trimester of pregnancy resulting in a series of congenital abnormalities including heart disease, deafness, and blindness.
Conn's s.primary aldosteronism
Cornelia de Lange s.de Lange s
corpus luteum deficiency s.functional disturbances caused by insufficient ovarian luteinization; reflected by inadequate luteal phase endometrial response.
Costen's s.a symptom complex of loss of hearing, otalgia, tinnitus, dizziness, headache, and burning sensation of the throat, tongue, and side of the nose; originally attributed to temporomandibular joint dysfunction resulting from occlusal disharmony, but currently recognized as not being well founded on anatomic and physiologic principles.
costochondral s.pain in the chest with tenderness over one or more costochondral junctions.
costoclavicular s.one of the forerunners of thoracic outlet syndrome, in which the subclavian artery and vein and, on later reports, the brachial plexus, was thought to be compressed between the clavicle and normal first rib, with the assumption of certain body postures, e.g., the military brace position.
Cotard's s.psychotic depression involving delusion of the existence of one's body, along with ideas of negation and suicidal impulses.
Crandall's s.pili torti and hearing defects associated with hypogonadism; a sex-linked trait in which there is a deficiency of luteinizing and of growth hormone. See also Bjornstad's s.
CREST s.a variant of scleroderma characterized by calcinosis, Raynaud's phenomenon, esophageal motility disorders, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia.
cri-du-chat s., cri du chat s., cat-cry s.a disorder due to deletion of the short arm of chromosome 5, characterized by microcephaly, hypertelorism, antimongoloid palpebral fissures, epicanthal folds, micrognathia, strabismus, mental and physical retardation, and a characteristic high-pitched catlike whine.cat's cry s., Lejeune s;
Crigler-Najjar s. [MIM*218800] a rare defect in ability to form bilirubin glucuronide due to deficiency of bilirubin-glucuronide glucuronosyltransferase; characterized by familial nonhemolytic jaundice and, in its severe form, by irreversible brain damage in infancy that resembles kernicterus and may be fatal; autosomal recessive inheritance. There is also an autosomal dominant form that may be identical with Gilbert's s.Crigler-Najjar disease;
crocodile tears s.a flow of tears, usually unilateral, upon eating or the anticipation of eating; this happens when nerve fibers originally destined for a salivary gland are damaged and regrow, aberrantly, into the lacrimal gland.
Cronkhite-Canada s. [MIM*175500] a sporadically occurring s. of gastrointestinal polyps with diffuse alopecia and nail dystrophy; probably not genetic.
Crouzon's s.craniofacial dysostosis
crush s.the shocklike state that follows release of a limb or limbs or the trunk and pelvis after a prolonged period of compression, as by a heavy weight; characterized by suppression of urine, probably the result of damage to the renal tubules by myoglobin from the damaged muscles.compression s;
Cruveilhier-Baumgarten s.cirrhosis of the liver with patent umbilical or paraumbilical veins and varicose periumbilical veins (caput medusae).Cruveilhier-Baumgarten disease;
cryptophthalmus s.Fraser's s
Cushing's s.a disorder resulting from increased adrenocortical secretion of cortisol (giving clinical picture of Cushing's disease), due to any one of several sources: ACTH-dependent adrenocortical hyperplasia or tumor, ectopic ACTH-secreting tumor, or excessive administrations of steroids; characterized by trunkal obesity, moon face, acne, abdominal striae, hypertension, decreased carbohydrate tolerance, protein catabolism, psychiatric disturbances, and osteoporosis, amenorrhea, and hirsutism in females; when associated with an ACTH producing adenoma, called Cushing's disease.Cushing's basophilism;
Cushing's s. medicamentosusa variable number of the signs and symptoms of Cushing's s.; produced by the chronic administration of large doses of any steroid that is a potent glucocorticoid.
cutaneomucouveal s.Behçet's s
DaCosta's s.neurocirculatory asthenia
Dandy-Walker s. [MIM*304340] developmental anomaly of the fourth ventricle associated with atresia of the foramina of Luschka and Magendie that results in cerebellar hypoplasia, hydrocephalus, and posterior fossa cyst formation.
dead fetus s.s. characterized by lengthy intrauterine retention of a dead fetus usually greater than 4 weeks with development of hypofibrinogenemia and occasionally disseminated intravascular coagulopathy.
Debré-Sémélaigne s.Kocher-Debré-Sémélaigne s
de Clerambault s.erotomania accompanied by the delusional belief that a certain person is in love with you.
Degos' s.malignant atrophic papulosis
Dejerine-Roussy s.thalamic s
de Lange s. [MIM 122470] a congenital anomaly characterized by impaired development, mental retardation, characteristic facies with snyophrys and hairline well down on forehead, depressed bridge of nose with uptilted tip of nose, small head with low-set ears, and flat spadelike hands with simian crease and short tapering fingers.Amsterdam s., Cornelia de Lange s;
Del Castillo s.Sertoli-cell-only s
de Morsier's s.septo-optic dysplasia
dengue shock s.dengue fever of grade III or IV severity.
depersonalization s.depersonalization
depressive s.depression
dermatitis-arthritis-tenosynovitis s.disseminated infection with Neisseria gonorrhoeae, causing skin lesions (often pustular or necrotic), plus synovitis of major joints (such as knee, ankle, elbow), and tendon sheaths.
De Sanctis-Cacchione s. [MIM*278800] xeroderma pigmentosum with mental deficiency, dwarfism, and gonadal hypoplasia; recessive inheritance.
De Toni-Fanconi s.cystinosis
s. of deviously relevant answersGanser's s
dialysis disequilibrium s.nausea, vomiting, and hypertension, occasionally with convulsions, developing within several hours after starting hemodialysis for renal failure; apparently caused by too rapid removal of urea from the extracellular fluid compartment, with movement of water into cells, and cerebral edema.
dialysis encephalopathy s.a progressive, often fatal, diffuse encephalopathy occurring in a few patients on chronic hemodialysis; to be differentiated from the relatively acute, self-limited dialysis disequilibrium s.dialysis dementia;
Diamond-Blackfan s.congenital hypoplastic anemia
diencephalic s. of infancyprofound emaciation after initial normal growth, locomotor hyperactivity and euphoria, usually with skin pallor, hypotension and hypoglycemia; usually due to neoplasm involving the anterior hypothalamus.
Di Ferrante s. [MIM*253230] associated with a deficiency of N-acetylglucosamine 6-sulfatase and urinary excretion of heparan sulfate and keratan sulfate.type VIII mucopolysaccharidosis (1) ;
DiGeorge s.a condition arising from developmental failure of the third and fourth pharyngeal pouches, resulting in absence or underdevelopment of the thymus and parathyroid gland, among other structures; associated with facial deformity, hypoparathyroidism, and deficiency in cellular (T-lymphocyte) immunity, but humoral (B-lymphocyte) immunity is normal; ordinarily, if the tetany is not fatal, death ensues from overwhelming infection.congenital aplasia of thymus, immunodeficiency with hypoparathyroidism, pharyngeal pouch s., third and fourth pharyngeal pouch s;
Di Guglielmo's s. [MIM*133180] eponym for the acute form of erythremic myelosis.
disconnection s.general term for various neurological disorders due to interruption of fiber pathways of the cerebrum.
disk s.a constellation of symptoms and signs, including pain, paresthesias, sensory loss, weakness, and impaired reflexes, due to a compressive radiculopathy caused by intervertebral disk pressure.
disputed neurogenic thoracic outlet s.a highly controversial disorder in which the brachial plexus is reputedly repressed at one or more sites along its course, particularly within the interscalene triangle, and between the normal first thoracic rib and some other structures; frequently attributed to trauma (particularly automobile accidents, and most often diagnosed in young to middle-aged women; no characteristic clinical presentation, although forequarter pain is characteristic; no definite objective findings are present, and no undisputed ancillary diagnostic studies are available.
Donohue's s.leprechaunism
Doose s.a rare familial type of primary, generalized myoclonic astatic epilepsy characterized by 2 to 3 or 4 to 6 Hz spike and wave complexes in the EEG; the condition usually responds to medication.
Dorfman-Chanarin s. [MIM*275630] congenital ichthyosis, leukocyte vacuoles, and variable involvement of other organ systems.neutral lipid storage disease;
Down's s.a chromosomal dysgenesis syndrome consisting of a variable constellation of abnormalities caused by triplication or translocation of chromosome 21. The abnormalities include mental retardation, retarded growth, flat hypoplastic face with short nose, prominent epicanthic skin folds, small low-set ears with prominent antihelix, fissured and thickened tongue, laxness of joint ligaments, pelvic dysplasia, broad hands and feet, stubby fingers, and transverse palmar crease. Lenticular opacities and heart disease are common. The incidence of leukemia is increased and Alzheimer's disease is almost inevitable by age 40.trisomy 21 s;
Dressler's s.pericarditis
dry eye s.keratoconjunctivitis sicca
Duane's s.retraction s
Dubin-Johnson s. [MIM*237500] autosomal recessive, inherited defect in hepatic excretory function characterized by levels of serum bilirubin up to about 6 mg/dL, over half of which is conjugated, and excretion of abnormal proportions of coproporphyrin I in urine. There is also retention of a dark pigment in the hepatocytes that is derived either from melanin or catecholamines, but otherwise liver histology is normal. Oral cholecystogram fails to visualize the gall bladder, and excretion of bromosulfothalein by the liver is abnormal. The basic defect is apparently in canalicular transport. No therapy is necessary.chronic idiopathic jaundice;
Dubreuil-Chambardel s.simultaneous caries of the upper incisor teeth occurring in either sex between the ages of 14 and 17; after an interval of varying length the other teeth also become involved.
Duchenne's s.subacute or chronic anterior spinal paralysis combined with multiple neuritis.
dumping s.the s. that occurs after eating, most often seen in patients with shunts of the upper alimentary canal; characterized by flushing, sweating, dizziness, weakness, and vasomotor collapse, occasionally with pain and headache; results from rapid passage of large amounts of food into the small intestine, with an osmotic effect removing fluid from plasma and causing hypovolemia.postgastrectomy s;
Dyggve-Melchior-Clausen s. [MIM*223800] an osteochondrodysplasia that clinically resembles Morquio's s., but without excretion of mucopolysaccharides; characterized by mental retardation, short stature, progressive sternal bulging, flattening of vertebral bodies and iliac crests, shortening of metacarpals, and changes in long bones; autosomal recessive inheritance, but there is an X-linked form [MIM*304950].
dyskinesia (dis-ki-ne´ze-a) clearance of mucus is sluggish and bronchiectasis is prevalent and intractable. There is evidence that the defect lies in dynein, a protein in the cilia. The pattern of inheritance is apparently autosomal recessive [MIM*242650] however multiple versions may exist.
dysmnesic s.Korsakoff's s
dysplastic nevus s. [MIM*155600] clinically atypical nevi (usually exceeding 5 mm in diameter and having variable pigmentation and ill defined borders) with an increased risk for development of cutaneous malignant melanoma; biopsies show melanocytic dysplasia; such nevi are very numerous in familial dysplastic nevus s. with hereditary melanoma, but histologically identical sporadic nevi also occur that appear to be clinically benign. Autosomal dominant.
Eagle s.facial pain due to an elongated styloid process.
Eagle-Barrett s.prune belly s
Eaton-Lambert s.Lambert-Eaton s
ectopic ACTH s.the association of Cushing's s. with a non-pituitary neoplasm, usually a lung carcinoma that produces ACTH.
ectrodactyly-ectodermal dysplasia-clefting s.an autosomal recessive disorder resulting in defects of hands and feet; the ectodermal dysplasia causes fair skin, anodontia, and cleft palate.
Edwards' s.trisomy 18 s
effort s.neurocirculatory asthenia
egg drop s.a disease of chickens caused by an adenovirus and characterized by production of soft-shelled and shell-less eggs in apparently healthy birds.
egg-white s.dermatitis, loss of hair, and loss of muscle coordination, produced in rats by diets containing large amounts of raw egg white, the avidin of which combines with biotin producing a deficiency of the latter.egg-white injury;
Ehlers-Danlos s. [MIM*130000-130080, 225330, 225400,] a group of inherited generalized connective tissue diseases characterized by overelasticity and friability of the skin, hypermobility of the joints, and fragility of the cutaneous blood vessels and sometimes large arteries, due to deficient quality or quantity of collagen; the most common is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait; some recessive cases have hydroxylysine-deficient collagen due to deficiency of collagen lysyl hydroxylase, and two tentatively ascribed to X-linked inheritance.
Eisenlohr's s.numbness and weakness in the extremities, paralysis of the lips, tongue, and palate, and dysarthria.
Eisenmenger's s.cardiac failure with significant right to left shunt producing cyanosis due to higher pressure on the right side of the shunt. Usually due to the Eisenmenger complex, a ventricular septal defect with right ventricular hypertrophy, severe pulmonary hypertension, and frequent straddling of the defect by a misplaced aortic root.
Ekbom s.restless legs s
Ellis-van Creveld s.chondroectodermal dysplasia
E-M s.eosinophilia-myalgia s
EMG s.Beckwith-Wiedemann s
encephalotrigeminal vascular s.angiomatosis of the brain accompanied by nevi in the trigeminal area. See also Sturge-Weber s.
eosinophilia-myalgia s.a probable autoimmune disorder precipitated by contaminated L-tryptophan tablets, and characterized by fatigue, low-grade fever, myalgias, muscle tenderness and cramps, weakness, paresthesias of the extremities, and skin indurations; marked eosinophilia is noted on peripheral blood studies, serum aldolase increased and biopsies of peripheral nerve, muscle, skin, and fascia show microangiopathy and inflammation in connective tissue.E-M s;
episodic dyscontrol s.intermittent explosive disorder
erythrodysesthesia s.tingling sensation of the palms and soles, progressing to severe pain and tenderness with erythema and edema; caused by continuous infusion therapy.
euthyroid sick s. (yu-thI´royd) abnormalities in levels of hormones and function tests related to the thyroid gland occurring in patients with severe systemic disease. Thyroid function is actually normal in these patients, and it is uncertain whether treatment of these abnormalities would be beneficial.sick euthyroid s;
Evans' s.acquired hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia.
exfoliation s.a condition, often leading to glaucoma, in which deposits on the surface of the lens resemble exfoliation of the lens capsule. See also pseudoexfoliation of lens capsule.
extrapyramidal s.abnormalities of movement related to injury of motor pathways other than the pyramidal tract.
Faber's s.achlorhydric anemia
familial aortic ectasia s.the concurrence as an autosomal dominant trait of bicuspid aortic valve often with premature calcification, ectasia and dissection of the aorta and, rarely, coarctation of the aorta. Superficially resembles the Marfan's s.familial aortic ectasia;
familial chylomicronemia s.an inherited disorder resulting in accumulation of chylomicrons as well as triacylglycerols. See also chylomicronemia.
Fanconi's s. [MIM*227650 to 227660] 1. Fanconi's anemia 2. a group of conditions with characteristic disorders of renal tubular function, which may be classified as: 1) cystinosis, an autosomal recessive disease of early childhood; 2) adult Fanconi s., a rare hereditary form, probably due to a recessive gene different from that found in cystinosis, characterized by the tubular malfunction seen in cystinosis and by osteomalacia, but without cystine deposit in tissues; 3) acquired Fanconi s., which may be associated with multiple myeloma or may result from chemical poisoning, injury, or persisting damage of proximal tubular epithelium due to various causes, leading to multiple defects of tubular function.
Farber's s. [MIM*228000] disseminated lipogranulomatosis
fatty liver s.a noninfectious disease of chickens characterized by enlarged fat-infiltrated livers.
Favre-Racouchot s.periorbital and malar open comedones, often with marked solar elastosis.
feline urolithiasis s.feline urological s
feline urological s.a common disease of cats where development of urinary calculi produce urethral obstruction in males and cystitis and urethritis in females.feline urolithiasis s;
Felty's s.rheumatoid arthritis with splenomegaly and leukopenia.
female urethral s.urethral s
fetal alcohol s.a specific pattern of fetal malformation with growth deficiency, craniofacial anomalies, and limb defects, found among offspring of mothers who are chronic alcoholics; mental retardation is often demonstrated later.
fetal aspiration s.a s. resulting from uterine aspiration of amniotic fluid and meconium by the fetus, usually caused by hypoxia and often leading to aspiration pneumonia.
fetal face s.a s. of facies resembling an early fetus with short forearms, and genital hypoplasia at birth, but without evidence of achondroplasia; leads to dwarfism without mental retardation.Robinow's s;
fetal hydantoin s.a fetal s. resulting from maternal ingestion of hydantoin analogues (e.g., phenytoin), characterized by growth deficiency, mental deficiency, dysmorphic facies, cleft palate and/or lip, cardiac defects, and abnormal genitalia.
fetal trimethadione s.a fetal s. resulting from maternal ingestion of trimethadione during the early weeks of pregnancy and characterized by developmental delay, V-shaped eyebrows, epicanthus, low-set ears with anteriorly folded helix, palatal anomaly, and irregular teeth.
fetal warfarin s.fetal bleeding, nasal hypoplasia, optic atrophy, and fetal death resulting from administration of warfarin to the pregnant patient.
fibrinogen-fibrin conversion s.a s. characterized by hypofibrinogenemia with incoagulable blood; it may be seen in abruptio placentae, prolonged retention of a dead fetus in an Rh-isosensitized mother, hemolytic blood reactions, bilateral renal cortical necrosis, and cases of trauma.
Fiessinger-Leroy-Reiter s.Reiter's s
Figueira's s.weakness of the neck muscles with slight spasticity of the muscles of the lower extremities and increased tendon reflexes; supposed to be an attenuated sporadic form of acute poliomyelitis.
first arch s.generic term including s.'s of malformations involving derivatives of the first branchial arch, with or without associated malformations; includes mandibulofacial dysostosis, micrognathia with peromelia, otomandibular dystosis, acrofacial dysostosis, and others.
Fisher's s.a s. characterized by ophthalmoplegia, ataxia, and areflexia; a form of polyneuroradiculitis.
Fitz-Hugh and Curtis s.perihepatitis in women with a history of gonococcal or chlamydial salpingitis.
flashing pain s. [MIM*190400] sudden, intermittent, and severe brief episodes of pain, without apparent cause, in the distribution of a spinal dermatome; resembles in character the pain of tic douloureux. Cf. tic douloureux.
flecked retina s. [MIM*228980] hereditary retinal disorder with abnormal transmission of fluorescence through the retinal pigment epithelium on angiography.
floppy valve s.retrograde slippage of degenerating mitral or tricuspid valve leaflets into the valve's orifice beyond the point of closure during systole of the left ventricle; a feature of Barlow's s.
Flynn-Aird s. [MIM*136300] a familial s. characterized by muscle wasting, ataxia, dementia, skin atrophy, and ocular anomalies.
Foix-Alajouanine s.thrombophlebitis of spinal veins resulting in a subacute ascending painful flaccid paralysis from necrotic myelitis.
Foix-Cavany-Marie s.constellation of facio-pharyngo-glosso-masticatory diplegia with automatic voluntary dissociation without associated dementia or forced laughing or crying usually caused by bilateral large artery infarcts of the opercular cortex.
folded-lung s.collapse of part of the lung caught between shrinking fibrous pleura scars, sometimes resulting from pleural asbestosis.round atelectasis;
Forbes-Albright s.pituitary tumor in a patient without acromegaly, which secretes excessive amounts of prolactin (LTH) and produces persistent lactation.
Foster Kennedy's s.Kennedy's s
Foville's s.a form of alternating hemiplegia characterized by abducens paralysis on one side, paralysis of the extremities on the other.
fragile X s. See fragile X chromosome.
Fraley s.dilation of the upper pole renal calices due to stenosis of the upper infundibulum, usually caused by compression from vessels supplying the upper and middle segments of the kidney.
Franceschetti-Jadassohn s.Naegeli s
Franceschetti's s.mandibulofacial dysostosis, when complete or nearly complete.
Fraser's s. [MIM*219000] an association of cryptophthalmus with multiple anomalies, including middle and outer ear malformations, cleft palate, laryngeal deformity, displacement of umbilicus and nipples, digital malformations, separation of symphysis pubis, maldevelopment of kidneys, and masculinization of genitalia in females; autosomal recessive inheritance.cryptophthalmus s;
Freeman-Sheldon s.craniocarpotarsal dystrophy
Frenkel's anterior ocular traumatic s.an obsolete term for traumatic iridoplegia, which consists of mydriasis, hyphema, small iris tears near the pupil, discrete punctate opacities of the lens, and occasionally iridodialysis.
Frey's s.auriculotemporal nerve s
Friderichsen-Waterhouse s.Waterhouse-Friderichsen s
Fröhlich's s.dystrophia adiposogenitalis, originally involving an adenohypophysial tumor.Launois-Cléret s;
Froin's s.an alteration in the cerebrospinal fluid, which is yellowish and coagulates spontaneously in a few seconds after withdrawal, owing to its greatly increased protein (albumin and globulin) content; noted in loculated portions of the subarachnoid space isolated from spinal fluid circulation by an inflammatory or neoplastic obstruction.loculation s;
Fuchs' s. [MIM*136800] a s. characterized by heterochromia of the iris, iridocyclitis, keratic precipitates, and cataract.Fuchs' heterochromic cyclitis;
functional prepubertal castration s.a s. characterized by the absence of testes from the scrotum but in their place mesonephric duct derivatives, pronounced gynecomastia and eunuchoid habitus, and increased urinary excretion of gonadotrophins.
G s. [MIM*145410] a s. of characteristic facies associated with hypospadias, ventral curvature of the penis, and dysphagia. Apparently the same as the BBB syndrome of Opritz et al. Autosomal dominant inheritance. [first letter of surname of affected person reported]
Gaisböck's s.polycythemia hypertonica
Ganser's s.a psychotic-like condition, without the symptoms and signs of a traditional psychosis, occurring typically in prisoners who feign insanity; e.g., such a person, when asked to multiply 6 by 4, will give 23 as the answer, or he will call a key a lock. See malingering, factitious disorder.nonsense s., s. of approximate relevant answers, s. of deviously relevant answers;
Gardner-Diamond s.autoerythrocyte sensitization s
Gardner's s. [MIM*175100-006] multiple polyposis predisposing to carcinoma of the colon; also multiple tumors, osteomas of the skull, epidermoid cysts, and fibromas; autosomal dominant inheritance.
gastrocardiac s.disturbances of the heart's action due to faulty action of the digestive system, especially of the stomach.
gastrojejunal loop obstruction s.afferent loop s
gay bowel s.gastrointestinal discomfort experienced by homosexual males; includes abdominal pain, cramps, bloating, flatulence, nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea caused by enteric bacteria, viruses, fungi, zooparasites, or trauma.
Gélineau's s.narcolepsy
gender dysphoria s.a s. in which an individual experiences marked personal stress due to feelings that despite having the genitalia and secondary sexual characteristics of one gender there is a sense of compatibility and greater belonging to the other gender class; one may undergo surgery to reconstruct anatomy to that of the other gender.
general adaptation s.a s. introduced by Hans Selye to describe marked physiological changes in various organ systems of the body, especially the pituitary-endocrine system, as a result of exposure to prolonged physical or psychological stress, with the bodily changes progressing through three stages that the author described as the alarm reaction, resistance, and finally exhaustion.
Gerstmann s.finger agnosia, agraphia, confusion of laterality of body, and acalculia; caused by lesions between the occipital area and the angular gyrus.
Gerstmann-Sträussler s.a more chronic cerebellar form of spongiform encephalopathy.
Gianotti-Crosti s.a cutaneous manifestation of hepatitis B infection occurring in young children; an exanthem comprised of dusky papules on the legs, buttocks, and extensors of the arms; it lasts 2 to 8 weeks and is associated with adenopathy and malaise.papular acrodermatitis of childhood;
Gilbert's s.familial nonhemolytic jaundice
Gilles de la Tourette's s. [MIM*137580] Tourette s
glucagonoma s.necrolytic migratory erythema or intertriginous and periorificial dermatitis, stomatitis, anemia, weight loss, and hyperglycemia resulting from glucagon-secreting pancreatic islet cell tumors.
Goldenhar's s. [MIM*257700] oculoauriculovertebral dysplasia
gold-myokymia s.the symptom complex of widespread myokymia, muscle aching, and autonomic disturbances (excess sweating; orthostatic hypotension) that can result from gold therapy.
Goltz s.focal dermal hypoplasia
Goodman's s.acrocephalopolysyndactyly
Goodpasture's s. [MIM*233450] glomerulonephritis of the anti-basement membrane type associated with or preceded by hemoptysis; the nephritis usually progresses rapidly to produce death from renal failure, and the lungs at autopsy show extensive hemosiderosis or recent hemorrhage.
Gopalan's s.severe discomfort of the feet associated with elevated skin temperature and excessive sweating.
Gorlin-Chaudhry-Moss s. [MIM*233500] craniofacial dysostosis, patent ductus arteriosus, hypertrichosis, hypoplasia of labia majora, and dental and ocular abnormalities; sporadic, and no basic mechanism is proposed. See also Weill-Marchesani s.
Gorlin's s.basal cell nevus s
Gorman's s.hemangiomatosis of the skeletal system with or without involvement of the overlying skin, resulting in osteolysis and fibrous replacement of bone.
Gougerot-Carteaud s.confluent and reticulate papillomatosis
Gowers' s.s. consisting of palpitation, chest pain, respiratory difficulties, and disturbances in gastric motility; once attributed to vagal stimulation, now considered psychogenic (anxiety neurosis).vagal attack, vasovagal attack;
gracilis s.osteonecrosis of the pubic bone following trauma.
Gradenigo's s.petrositis with abducens paralysis and pain in the temporal region, due to localized meningitis involving the fifth and sixth nerves.
Graham Little s.lichen planopilaris
gray s., gray baby s.gray appearance of an infant at birth and during the neonatal period which can be caused by transplacental toxic effects of the drug chloramphenicol taken by the mother during late pregnancy; the s. may be fatal.
gray collie s.cyclic hematopoiesis
Greig's s.ocular hypertelorism
Grönblad-Strandberg s.angioid streaks of the retina together with pseudoxanthoma elasticum of the skin.
Gubler's s.a form of alternating hemiplegia characterized by contralateral hemiplegia and ipsilateral facial paralysis.Gubler's paralysis, Millard-Gubler s;
Gulf War s.a term often but inappropriately applied to various health problems experienced by US military personnel after serving in the Persian Gulf conflict of 1991; symptoms of fatigue, musculoskeletal pain, headaches, dyspnea, memory loss, and diarrhea have been reported, but an NIH panel has concluded that evidence of a specific syndrome is lacking.Persian Gulf s;
Guillain-Barré s.acute idiopathic polyneuritis
Gunn's s.jaw-winking s
gustatory sweating s.auriculotemporal nerve s
Haber's s.a permanent flushing and telangiectasia of the cheeks, nose, forehead, and chin, with prominent follicular openings, small papules with scaling, and minute pitted areas; occasionally accompanied by scaly and keratotic lesions of the trunk.
Hallermann-Streiff s.dyscephalia mandibulo-oculofacialis
Hallermann-Streiff-François s.dyscephalia mandibulo-oculofacialis
Hallervorden s.Hallervorden-Spatz s
Hallervorden-Spatz s.a disorder characterized by dystonia with other extrapyramidal dysfunctions appearing in the first two decades of life; associated with large amounts of iron in the globus pallidus and substantia nigra.Hallervorden s., Hallervorden-Spatz disease, status dysmyelinisatus;
Hallgren's s.vestibulocerebellar ataxia, pigmentary retinal dystrophy, congenital deafness, and cataract.
Hamman-Rich s.usual interstitial pneumonia of Liebow
Hamman's s.spontaneous mediastinal emphysema, resulting from rupture of alveoli.Hamman's disease;
hand-and-foot s.recurrent painful swelling of the hands and feet occurring in infants and young children with sickle cell anemia.sickle cell dactylitis;
Hanhart's s.micrognathia with peromelia
happy puppet s. [MIM*234400] a s. characterized by mental retardation, ataxia, hypotonia, epileptic seizures, easily provoked and prolonged spasms of laughter, prognathism, and an open-mouthed expression.
Harada's s.bilateral retinal edema, uveitis, choroiditis, and retinal detachment, with temporary or permanent deafness, graying of the hair (poliosis), and alopecia; related to the Vogt-Koyanagi s. and sympathetic ophthalmia.Harada's disease, uveoencephalitis, uveomeningitis s;
Harris s.excessive insulin production with hypoglycemia, hunger, jitteriness, tachycardia, and flushing occurring in conditions such as functional disorders of the pancreas, hyperplasia of the islets of Langerhans, or insulinoma.
Hartnup s.Hartnup disease
Hayem-Widal s.obsolete term for acquired hemolytic icterus.Widal's s;
head-bobbing doll s.bobbing motion of the head usually due to cysts in or about the third ventricle.
Hegglin's s.dissociation between electromechanical systole (Q-SII interval) and electrical systole (Q-T interval) so that the second heart tone (SII) is recorded before the end of the T wave; described by Hegglin as an energy-dynamic cardiac insufficiency during diabetic coma and other metabolic disorders.
HELLP s.type of severe preeclampsia involving hemolysis, elevated liver function, and low platelets.
Helweg-Larssen s. [MIM*125050] familial anhidrosis present from birth with neurolabyrinthitis developing in the fourth or fifth decade.
hemangioma-thrombocytopenia s.Kasabach-Merritt s
hemolytic uremic s.hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia occurring with acute renal failure. In children, characterized by sudden onset of gastrointestinal bleeding, hematuria, oliguria, and microangiopathic hemolytic anemia; in adults, associated with complications of pregnancy following normal delivery, or associated with oral contraceptive use or with infection.
Henoch-Schönlein s.Henoch-Schönlein purpura
hepatorenal s., hepatonephoric s.the occurrence of acute renal failure in patients with disease of the liver or biliary tract, apparently due to decreased renal blood flow; conditions that damage both organs, such as carbon tetrachloride poisoning and leptospirosis.
Herlitz s.epidermolysis bullosa lethalis
Hermansky-Pudlak s. type VIoculocutaneous albinism
Hermansky-Pudlak s.a form of oculocutaneous albinism (autosomal recessive) with accumulation of ceroid in lysosomes with restrictive lung disease, granulomatous colitis, kidney failure, cardiomyopathy, and storage pool-deficient platelets.
Herrmann's s. [MIM*172500] a nervous system disorder beginning in late childhood or early adolescence, with photomyoclonus and hearing loss followed by diabetes mellitus, progressive dementia, pyelonephritis, and glomerulonephritis; progressive sensorineural hearing loss is of later onset; dominant inheritance.
Hinman s.nonneurogenic neurogenic bladder
Hirschowitz s.acanthosis nigricans associated with hypovitaminosis; responds well to topical retinoic acid therapy.
holiday s.regression, development of diffuse anxiety, feelings of helplessness, irritability, and depression; said to occur in certain psychoanalytic patients before Thanksgiving and continuing into the Christmas holiday season, ending a few days after January 1.
holiday heart s.arrhythmias of the heart, sometimes apparent after a vacation or weekend away from work, following excessive alcohol consumption; usually transient.
Holmes-Adie s.Adie s
Holt-Oram s. [MIM*142900] atrial septal defect in association with finger-like or absent thumb and other deformities of the forearm; autosomal dominant inheritance.
Horner's s.ptosis, miosis, and anhidrosis on the side of the sympathetic palsy. The enophthalmos is more apparent than real. The affected pupil is visibly slow to dilate in dim light; due to a lesion of the cervical sympathetic chain or its central pathways.Bernard-Horner s., ptosis sympathetica;
Houssay s.the amelioration of diabetes mellitus by a destructive lesion in, or surgical removal of, the pituitary gland.
Hughes-Stovin s.s. characterized by aneurysms of the large and small pulmonary artery and thrombosis of peripheral veins and dural sinuses.
Hunt's s. [MIM*159700] 1. an intention tremor beginning in one extremity, gradually increasing in intensity, and subsequently involving other parts of the body;progressive cerebellar tremor; 2. facial paralysis, otalgia, and herpes zoster resulting from viral infection of the seventh cranial nerve and geniculate ganglion; 3. a form of juvenile paralysis agitans associated with primary atrophy of the pallidal system.paleostriatal s., pallidal s; Ramsay Hunt's s. (1) ;
Hunter's s. [MIM*309900] an error of mucopolysaccharide metabolism characterized by deficiency of iduronate sulfatase, with excretion of dermatan sulfate and heparan sulfate in the urine; clinically similar to Hurler's s. but distinguished by less severe skeletal changes, no corneal clouding, and X-linked recessive inheritance.type II mucopolysaccharidosis;
Hurler's s. [MIM*252800] mucopolysaccharidosis in which there is a deficiency of a-l-iduronidase, an accumulation of an abnormal intracellular material, and excretion of dermatan sulfate and heparan sulfate in the urine; with severe abnormality in development of skeletal cartilage and bone, with dwarfism, kyphosis, deformed limbs, limitation of joint motion, spadelike hand, corneal clouding, hepatosplenomegaly, mental retardation, and gargoyle-like facies; autosomal recessive inheritance. See also mucolipidosis.dysostosis multiplex, Hurler's disease, lipochondrodystrophy, Pfaundler-Hurler s., type IH mucopolysaccharidosis;
Hurler-Scheie s.a phenotypic intermediate between Hurler s. and Scheie s.; a deficiency of a-l-iduronidase.type I H/S mucopolysaccharidosis;
Hutchinson-Gilford s.progeria
Hutchison s.adrenal neuroblastoma of infants with metastasis to the orbit; at one time erroneously believed to arise predominantly from the left adrenal gland. See also Pepper s.
hyaline membrane s.hyaline membrane disease of the newborn
hydralazine s.a s. simulating systemic lupus erythematosus, occurring during protracted therapy of hypertension with hydralazine.
17-hydroxylase deficiency s. [MIM*202110] congenital deficiency of adrenocortical, and possibly ovarian, steroid C-17a hydroxylase; the resulting excessive secretion of corticosterone and deoxycorticosterone produces hypertension and hypokalemic alkalosis; absence of aldosterone secretion in such patients may indicate a multiple enzymic deficiency.
hyperabduction s.pain running down the arm, numbness, paresthesias, and erythema, with weakness of the hands; due to abduction of the arm for a prolonged period (e.g., during sleep or necessitated by occupation) which stretches the axillary vessels and the nerves of the brachial plexus.subcoracoid-pectoralis minor tendon s., Wright's s;
hyperactive child s.attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
hypereosinophilic s.persistent peripheral eosinophilia with later infiltration into bone marrow, heart, and other organ systems; accompanied by nocturnal sweating, coughing, anorexia and weight loss, itching and various skin lesions, and symptoms of Löffler's endocarditis.
hyperimmunoglobulin E s.an immunodeficiency disorder characterized by high levels of plasma IgE concentrations, a leukocyte chemotactic defect, and recurrent staphylococcal infections of the skin, upper respiratory tract, and other sites.Job s;
hyperkinetic s.a condition marked by pathologically excessive energy seen sometimes in young children with brain injury, mental illness, and attention deficit disorder, and in epileptics; hypermotility and emotional instability are the chief characteristics; distractibility, inattention, and lack of shyness and of fear are common accompaniments.
hyperkinetic heart s.loosely, a syndrome in which the heart appears to be "overworking", i.e., beating excessively fast and/or causing subjective awareness of continual cardiac activity.
hyperornithinemia-hyperammonemia-hypercitrullinuria s.a rare inherited disorder in which there is impaired ornithine transport into the mitochondria. See also lysinuric protein intolerance.
hypersensitive xiphoid s.abnormal tenderness of the xiphoid, often associated with spontaneous pains in the chest, upper abdomen, and shoulders.
hyperventilation s. See chronic hyperventilation s.
hyperviscosity s.a s. resulting from increased viscosity of the blood; an increase in serum proteins may be associated with bleeding from mucous membranes, retinopathy, and neurological symptoms, and is sometimes seen in Waldenström's macroglobulinemia and in multiple myeloma; an increased viscosity secondary to polycythemia may be associated with organ congestion and decreased capillary perfusion.
hypometabolic s.a clinical situation suggesting hypothyroidism or myxedema, in which some tests of thyroid function may be normal and the gland is not obviously atrophic or diseased; indicative of a lack of sensitivity of peripheral tissues to thyroid hormone.
hypoparathyroidism s.a s. characterized by fatigue, muscular weakness, paresthesia and cramps of the extremities, tetany, and laryngeal stridor; due to hypocalcemia resulting from a lack of parathyroid hormone; may be idiopathic, postoperative, or caused by organic lesions of the parathyroids.
hypophysial s.dystrophia adiposogenitalis
hypophysio-sphenoidal s.neoplastic invasion of the base of the skull in the region of the sphenoidal sinus, often with destruction of the dorsum sellae.
hypoplastic left heart s. [MIM*241550] association of underdevelopment of the left heart chambers with atresia or stenosis of the aortic and/or mitral valve and hypoplasia of the ascending aorta.
Imerslünd-Grasbeck s.enterocyte cobalamin malabsorption.
immotile cilia s. [MIM*242650] an inherited disorder characterized by recurrent sinopulmonary infections, reduced fertility in women, and sterility in men due to the inability of ciliated structures to beat effectively because of the absence of one or both dynein arms. Cf. Kartagener's s.
immunodeficiency s.an immunological deficiency or disorder, of which the chief symptom is an increased susceptibility to infection, the pattern of susceptibility being dependent upon the kind of deficiency. See also immunodeficiency.
s. of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) continued secretion of antidiuretic hormone despite low serum osmolality and expanded extracellular volume.
indifference to pain s.congenital insensitivity to pain, possibly due to an absence of organized nerve endings in the skin.
infertile male s.an inherited disorder of the androgen receptor protein resulting in defective androgen activity. See also Reifenstein's s.
internal capsule s.hemianopsia with contralateral hemianesthesia of the face.
inversed jaw-winking s.when there are supranuclear lesions of the trigeminal nerve, touching the cornea may produce a brisk movement of the mandible to the opposite side.
iridocorneal endothelial s.s. of glaucoma, iris atrophy, decreased corneal endothelium, anterior peripheral synechia, and multiple iris nodules.Cogan-Reese s., iris-nevus s;
iridocorneal syndromeChandler s
iris-nevus s.iridocorneal endothelial s
Irvine-Gass s.macular edema, aphakia, and vitreous humor adherent to incision for cataract extraction.
Isaac's s.a rare sporadic disorder of unknown etiology with onset usually in late childhood or early adulthood, characterized by intermittent or continuous involuntary muscle contractions, producing "stiffness" or "clumsiness" and accompanied by increased sweating, increased skin temperature, fasciculations, and myokymia. If facial, pharyngeal, or laryngeal muscles are involved, dysphasia and respiratory obstruction can occur. Muscle abnormalities persist during sleep and general anesthesia, but are blocked by curare, indicating site of lesion is peripheral nerve.
Ivemark's s. [MIM*208530] a possibly heritable disorder in which organs of the left side of the body are a mirror image of their counterpart on the right side (e.g., normal asymmetry of the lungs is lost and the left lung has three lobes); splenic agenesis and cardiac malformations are associated.
Jadassohn-Lewandowski s.pachyonychia congenita
Jahnke's s.sturge-Weber s. without glaucoma.
jaw-winking s. [MIM*154600] an increase in the width of the eye lids during chewing, sometimes with a rhythmic elevation of the upper lid when the mouth is open and ptosis when the mouth is closed.Gunn phenomenon, Gunn's s., jaw-winking phenomenon, jaw-working reflex, Marcus Gunn phenomenon, Marcus Gunn s;
Jeghers-Peutz s.Peutz-Jeghers s
Jervell and Lange-Nielsen s.a prolonged Q-T interval recorded in the electrocardiogram of certain congenitally deaf children subject to attacks of unconsciousness resulting from Adams-Stokes seizures and ventricular fibrillation; autosomal recessive inheritance.surdocardiac s;
Jeune's s.asphyxiating thoracic dysplasia
Job s.hyperimmunoglobulin E s [Job, biblical char.]
Joubert's s. [MIM*213300] agenesis of the cerebellar vermis, characterized clinically by attacks of tachypnea or prolonged apnea, abnormal eye movements, ataxia, and mental retardation.
jugular foramen s.Avellis' s 2. the depression in the anterior part of the neck just superior to the jugular notch of the manubrium sterni.
Kallmann's s.hypogonadism with anosmia
Kanner's s.infantile autism
Kartagener's s. [MIM*244400] complete situs inversus associated with bronchiectasis and chronic sinusitis associated with ciliary dysmotility and impaired ciliary mucous transport in the respiratory epithelium; autosomal recessive inheritance with variable penetrance. The mechanism of the reversal of laterality remains an enigma, but it appears to be strictly an abolition (indifference) of laterality rather than a true reversal. See also immotile cilia s.Kartagener's triad, Zivert s;
Kasabach-Merritt s.capillary hemangioma associated with thrombocytopenic purpura; bleeding commonly develops in the first year of life.hemangioma-thrombocytopenia s;
Katayama s.schistosomiasis japonica
Kawasaki's s.mucocutaneous lymph node s
Kearns-Sayre s. [MIM*165100] a form of chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia with associated cardiac conduction defects, short stature, and hearing loss; a sporadically ocurring mitochondrial myopathy presenting in childhood.
Kennedy's s.ipsilateral optic atrophy with central scotoma and contralateral choked disk or papilledema, caused by a meningioma of the ipsilateral optic nerve.Foster Kennedy's s;
Key-Gaskell s.canine dysautonomia
Kimmelstiel-Wilson s.nephrotic syndrome and hypertension in diabetics, associated with diabetic glomerulosclerosis.Kimmelstiel-Wilson disease;
Kleine-Levin s. [MIM*148840] a rare form of periodic hypersomnia associated with bulimia, occurring in males aged 10 to 25 years, characterized by periods of ravenous appetite alternating with prolonged sleep (as long as 18 hours), along with behavioral disturbances, impaired thought processes, and hallucinations; acute illness or fatigue may precede an episode, which may occur as often as several times a year.
Klinefelter's s.a chromosomal anomaly with chromosome count 47, XXY sex chromosome constitution; buccal and other cells are usually sex chromatin-positive; patients are male in development but have seminiferous tubule dysgenesis, elevated urinary gonadotropins, variable gynecomastia, and eunuchoid habitus; some patients are chromosomal mosaics, with two or more cell lines of different chromosome constitution; the male tortoise-shell cat (calico cat) is an animal model.XXY s;
Klippel-Feil s. [MIM*148900] a congenital defect manifested as a short neck, extensive fusion of the cervical vertebrae, and abnormalities of the brainstem and cerebellum.cervical fusion s;
Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber s. [MIM*149000] an anomaly of the extremity in which there is a combination of angiomatosis and anomalous development of the underlying bone and muscle, sometimes associated with localized gigantism.angio-osteohypertrophy s., congenital dysplastic angiectasia, hemangiectatic hypertrophy;
Dejerine-Klumpke s.Klumpke palsy
Klüver-Bucy s.a s. characterized by psychic blindness or hyperreactivity to visual stimuli, increased oral and sexual activity, and depressed drive and emotional reactions; reported in monkeys after bilateral temporal lobe ablation, but rarely reported in humans.
Kniest s. [MIM*156550, 245190, 245160] a type of metatropic dwarfism with short limbs, round face with central depression, enlargement and stiffness of joints, contracture of fingers, and often cleft palate, scoliosis, retinal detachment and myopia, and deafness; autosomal dominant inheritance.
Kocher-Debré-Sémélaigne s.autosomal recessive inherited athyrotic cretinism associated with muscular pseudohypertrophy.Debré-Sémélaigne s;
Koenig's s.alternating attacks of constipation and diarrhea, with colic, meteorism, and gurgling in the right iliac fossa, said to be symptomatic of cecal tuberculosis.
Koerber-Salus-Elschnig s.convergence-retraction nystagmus
Kohlmeier-Degos s.vascular occlusive disorder predominantly involving the small arteries of the skin and bowel with about one-fifth of patients having central nervous system symptoms secondary to arterial fibrosis and thrombosis.
Korsakoff's s.an alcohol amnestic s. characterized by confusion and severe impairment of memory, especially for recent events, for which the patient compensates by confabulation; typically encountered in chronic alcoholics; delirium tremens may precede the s., and Wernicke's s. often coexists; the precise pathogenesis is uncertain, but direct toxic effects of alcohol are probably less important than severe nutritional deficiencies often associated with chronic alcoholism.amnestic psychosis, amnestic s. (1) , dysmnesic psychosis, dysmnesic s., Korsakoff's psychosis, polyneuritic psychosis;
Kostmann s.severe infantile agranulocytosis, an inherited disorder of infancy characterized by severe, recurrent infections, and neutropenia.
Kuskokwim s.congenital joint contractures resembling arthrogryposis, found in Eskimos of the Kuskokwim River delta in Alaska.
Laband's s. [MIM*135500 and 135300] fibromatosis of the gingivae associated with hypoplasia of the distal phalanges, nail dysplasia, joint hypermotility, and sometimes hepatosplenomegaly; autosomal dominant inheritance.
Labbé's neurocirculatory s.an anxiety neurosis that may occur in Basedow's disease but may be associated with tachycardia and exophthalmos without increase of basal metabolic rate or other evidence of hyperthyroidism.
LAMB s. [MIM*160980] the concurrence of lentigines, atrial myxoma, mucocutaneous myxomas, and blue nevi. See also NAME s.
Lambert-Eaton s. (LES) progressive proximal muscle weakness in patients with carcinoma, in the absence of dermatomyositis or polymyositis; caused by antibodies directed against motor-nerve axon terminals. See myasthenic s.carcinomatous myopathy, Eaton-Lambert s., Lambert's s;
Lambert's s.Lambert-Eaton s
Landau-Kleffner s.childhood generalized and psychomotor seizures associated with acquired aphasia; multifocal spikes and spike and wave discharges in the electroencephalogram.acquired epileptic aphasia;
Landry s.acute idiopathic polyneuritis
Landry-Guillain-Barré s.acute idiopathic polyneuritis
Larsen's s.a s. characterized by multiple congenital dislocations with osseous anomalies, including characteristic flattened facies and cleft soft palate.
Lasègue's s.in conversion hysteria, inability to move an anesthetic limb, except under control of the sight.
lateral medullary s.posterior inferior cerebellar artery s
Launois-Bensaude s.multiple symmetric lipomatosis
Launois-Cléret s.Fröhlich's s
Laurence-Moon-Biedl s. [MIM*245800] mental retardation, pigmentary retinopathy, hypogenitalism, and spastic paraplegia; recessive inheritance.
Lawrence-Seip s.lipoatrophy
Lejeune s.cri-du-chat s
Lenègre's s.isolated damage of the cardiac conduction system as a result of a sclerodegenerative lesion; characterized ordinarily as idiopathic fibrosis of the atrioventricular nodal, His bundle, or bundle branches with corresponding conduction block(s).Lenègre's disease;
Lennox s.Lennox-Gastaut s
Lennox-Gastaut s.a generalized myoclonic astatic epilepsy in children, with mental retardation, resulting from various cerebral afflictions such as perinatal hypoxia, cerebral hemorrhage, encephalitides, maldevelopment or metabolic disorders of the brain; characterized by multiple seizure types (generalized tonic, atonic, myoclonic, tonic-clonic, and atypical absence) and background slowing and slow spike and wave pattern on EEG; patients are usually mentally retarded or developmentally delayed.Lennox s;
LEOPARD s.s. consisting of lentigines (multiple), electrocardiographic abnormalities, ocular hypertelorism, pulmonary stenosis, abnormalities of genitalia, retardation of growth, and deafness (sensorineural). An autosomal dominant hereditary disorder.multiple lentigines s;
Leriche's s.aortoiliac occlusive disease producing distal ischemic symptoms and signs.
Leri-Weill s.dyschondrosteosis
Lermoyez' s.increasing deafness, interrupted by a sudden attack of dizziness, after which the hearing improves.labyrinthine angiospasm;
Lesch-Nyhan s. [MIM*308000 several kinds] a disorder, associated with failure to form hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase, characterized by hyperuricemia and uric acid urolithiasis, choreoathetosis, mental retardation, spastic cerebral palsy, and self-mutilation of fingers and lips by biting; X-linked recessive inheritance.
Lev's s.bundle branch block in a patient with normal myocardium and normal coronary arteries resulting from fibrosis or calcification including the conducting system; affects the membranous septum, the apex of the muscular septum, and often the mitral and aortic valve rings.Lev's disease;
Libman-Sacks s.Libman-Sacks endocarditis
Li-Fraumeni cancer s. [MIM*151623 and 191170] familial breast cancer in young women, with soft-tissue sarcomas in children and other cancers in close relatives.
Lignac-Fanconi s.cystinosis
liver kidney s.severe loss of both liver and kidney function, seen in a variety of diseases, often with fatal outcome. Seen particularly in late-stage liver failure due to cirrhosis or hepatitis, and in several viral infections.
locked-in s.basis pontis infarct resulting in tetraplegia, horizontal ophthalmoplegia, dysphagia, and facial diplegia with preserved consciousness; caused by basilar artery occlusion.pseudocoma;
loculation s.Froin's s
Löffler's s. 1. simple pulmonary eosinophilia 2. Löffler's endocarditis
Lorain-Lévi s.pituitary dwarfism
Louis-Bar s.ataxia telangiectasia
Lowe's s.oculocerebrorenal s
Lowe-Terrey-MacLachlan s.oculocerebrorenal s
Lown-Ganong-Levine s.electrocardiographic s. of a short P-R interval with normal duration of the QRS complex; it lacks the slurred delta wave of the Wolff-Parkinson-White s., but resembles it in its frequent association with paroxysmal tachycardia which qualifies it as a s.; otherwise short P-R may occur in otherwise normal individuals.
low salt s., low sodium s.a s. resulting from salt restriction and use of diuretics in treatment of congestive heart failure and hypertension, characterized by weakness, drowsiness, muscle cramps, and a reduction in glomerular filtration with consequent nitrogen retention, renal failure, and sometimes death; occurs also in cirrhosis of the liver with ascites and in adrenal insufficiency.salt depletion s;
lupus-like s.a clinical s. resembling that of systemic lupus erythematosus, but due to some other cause.
Lutembacher's s.a congenital cardiac abnormality consisting of a defect of the interatrial septum, mitral stenosis, and enlarged right atrium.
Lyell's s.toxic epidermal necrolysis
Macleod's s.unilateral lobar emphysema
Mad Hatter s.gastrointestinal and central nervous system manifestations of chronic mercury poisoning, including stomatitis, diarrhea, ataxia, tremor, hyperreflexia, sensorineural impairment, and emotional instability; previously seen in workers in lead manufacturing who put mercury-containing materials in their mouths to make them more pliable. [fr. char. in Alice in Wonderland]
Maffucci's s. [MIM*166000] enchondromatosis with multiple cavernous hemangiomas.dyschondroplasia with hemangiomas;
Magendie-Hertwig s.Magendie-Hertwig sign
malabsorption s.a state characterized by diverse features such as diarrhea, weakness, edema, lassitude, weight loss, poor appetite, protuberant abdomen, pallor, bleeding tendencies, paresthesias, muscle cramps, etc., caused by any of several conditions in which there is ineffective absorption of nutrients, e.g., sprue, gluten-induced enteropathy, gastroileostomy, tuberculosis, and certain fistulas.
malignant carcinoid s.carcinoid s
malignant mole s. [MIM*155600] irregularly shaped, variously colored, distinctively melanocytic, 5 to 10 mm nevi occurring in large numbers (to over 100) primarily on the trunk and extremities, with a high risk of malignancy reported in several members and three generations of a family.
Mallory-Weiss s.laceration of the lower end of the esophagus associated with bleeding, or penetration into the mediastinum, with subsequent mediastinitis; caused usually by severe retching and vomiting.
mandibulofacial dysotosis s.mandibulofacial dysostosis
mandibulo-oculofacial s.dyscephalia mandibulo-oculofacialis
Marañón's s.a s. characterized by ovarian insufficiency, scoliosis, and flat-feet.
Marchiafava-Micheli s.paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
Marcus Gunn s.jaw-winking s
Marfan's s. [MIM*154700] a s. of congenital changes in the mesodermal and ectodermal tissues, skeletal changes (arachnodactyly, long limbs, laxness of joints), ectopia lentis, and vascular defects (particularly aneurysm of the aorta, dissecting or diffuse); iris transillumination is marked due to a deficiency of posterior epithelium pigment; autosomal dominant inheritance.Marfan's disease;
Marie-Robinson s.insomnia and mild melancholia associated with alimentary levulosuria.
Marinesco-Garland s. [MIM*268800] a rare neurologic disorder characterized by cerebellolental degeneration with mental retardation; autosomal recessive inheritance.cataract-oligophrenia s., Marinesco-Sjögren s., Torsten Sjögren's s;
Marinesco-Sjögren s.Marinesco-Garland s
Maroteaux-Lamy s. [MIM*253200] an error of mucopolysaccharide metabolism characterized by excretion of dermatan sulfate in the urine, growth retardation, lumbar kyphosis, sternal protrusion, genu valgum, usually hepatosplenomegaly, and no mental retardation; onset occurs after two years of age; autosomal recessive inheritance.polydystrophic dwarfism, type VI mucopolysaccharidosis;
Marshall s. [MIM*154780] s. of mid-face hypoplasia, cataract, sensorineural hearing loss, and hypohidrosis. It is disputed whether this s. is distinct from Stickler's s.
Martorell's s.aortic arch s
MASS s.a s. closely resembling both the Marfan's s. and the Barlow s. However, no dislocation of the lenses or aneurysmal changes occur in the aorta, and the mitral valve prolapse is by no means invariable. At present it has been assigned no separate MIM number, but shares that of the Barlow s. [MIM*157700]. [mitral valve prolapse, aortic anomalies, skeletal changes, and skin changes.]
massive bowel resection s.malabsorption following extensive resection of the bowel, particularly the small intestine, characterized by diarrhea, steatorrhea, hypoproteinemia, and malnutrition.
maternal deprivation s.a failure to thrive seen in infants and young children and exhibited as a constellation of physical signs, symptoms, and behaviors, usually associated with maternal loss, absence or neglect, and characterized by lack of responsiveness to the environment and often depression.
Mauriac's s.dwarfism with obesity and hepatosplenomegaly in children with poorly controlled diabetes mellitus.
Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser s.primary amenorrhea, absence of vagina, or presence of a short vaginal pouch, and absence of the uterus with normal karyotype and ovaries.Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser s;
May-White s.progressive myoclonus epilepsy with lipomas, deafness, and ataxia; probably a familial form of mitochondrial encephalomyopathy.
McArdle's s.type 5 glycogenosis
McCune-Albright s.polyostotic fibrous dysplasia with irregular brown patches of cutaneous pigmentation and endocrine dysfunction, especially precocious puberty in girls. See also pseudohypoparathyroidism.Albright's disease, Albright's s. (1) ;
Meadows' s.cardiomyopathy developing during pregnancy or the puerperium.
Meckel s.dysencephalia splanchnocystica
Meckel-Gruber s.dysencephalia splanchnocystica
meconium blockage s.low intestinal obstruction in newborn infants resulting from blockage of meconium.
megacystic s.a combination of a large smooth thin-walled bladder, vesicoureteral regurgitation, and dilated ureters.
megacystitis-megaureter s.radiologic findings of a large capacity, thin-walled bladder and massive vesicoureteral reflux, without obstruction or underlying neuropathy or dysfunctional voiding.
megacystitis-microcolon-intestinal hypoperistalsis s.a rare condition characterized by abdominal distention, lax abdominal musculature, incomplete intestinal rotation, and deficient intestinal peristalsis. A large bladder and often vesicoureteral reflux are seen. Typically affects female neonates and usually fatal in first year of life.
Meigs' s.fibromyoma of the ovary associated with hydroperitoneum and hydrothorax.
Melkersson-Rosenthal s. [MIM*155900] cheilitis granulomatosum, fissured tongue, and facial nerve paralysis.
Melnick-Needles s.osteodysplasty
Mendelson's s.pulmonary disorders resulting from aspiration of gastric contents into the lungs following vomiting or regurgitation in obstetrical patients.
Ménétrier's s.Ménétrier's disease
Ménière's s.Ménière's disease
Menkes' s.kinky-hair disease
menopausal s.recurring symptoms experienced by some women during the climacteric period; they include hot flashes, chills, headache, irritability, and depression.climacteric s;
metastatic carcinoid s.carcinoid s
methionine malabsorption s.an inherited disorder in which there is an inability to absorb l-methionine from the gut.
Meyenburg-Altherr-Uehlinger s.relapsing polychondritis
Meyer-Betz s.myoglobinuria
middle lobe s.atelectasis with chronic pneumonitis of the middle lobe of the (right) lung, due to compression of the middle lobe bronchus, usually by enlarged lymph nodes, which may be tuberculous; chief symptoms are chronic cough, wheezing, recurrent respiratory infections, hemoptysis, chest pain, malaise, easy fatigability, and loss of weight; sometimes confused with interlobar accumulation of fluid in the lateral x-ray view.Brock's s;
Mikulicz' s.the symptoms characteristic of Mikulicz' disease occurring as a complication of some other disease, such as lymphoma, leukemia, or uveoparotid fever.
milk-alkali s.a chronic disorder of the kidneys, reversible in its early stages, induced by ingestion of large amounts of calcium and alkali in the therapy of peptic ulcer; can progress to renal failure.Burnett's s;
Milkman's s.osteomalacia with multiple pseudofractures, usually bilateral and symmetrical, may develop true pathologic fractures.
Millard-Gubler s.Gubler's s
minimal-change nephrotic s.nephrotic s. with minimal glomerular changes, occurring most frequently in children, marked by edema, albuminuria, and an increase in cholesterol in the blood, but otherwise with fairly good renal function; tubular epithelium is vacuolated by cholesterol droplets, but the glomeruli show only that the foot processes of the glomerular epithelial cells are fused, probably secondary to the proteinuria; the cause of the increased glomerular permeability to plasma protein is unknown.
Mirizzi's s.benign obstruction of the hepatic ducts due to spasm and/or fibrous scarring of surrounding connective tissue; often associated with a stone in the cystic duct and chronic cholecystitis.
mitral valve prolapse s.the clinical constellation of findings with or without symptoms due to prolapse of the mitral valve: a nonejection systolic click accentuated in the standing posture, sometimes multiple, sometimes with mitral regurgitation occurring relatively late in systole, and accompanied by echocardiographic evidence of the mitral valve prolapse, usually with thickened leaflets of the valve. Symptoms are nonspecific and may include vague chest pains and dyspnea on exertion.billowing mitral valve s;
Möbius' s. [MIM*157900] a developmental bilateral facial paralysis usually associated with oculomotor or other neurological disorders.congenital facial diplegia;
Mohr's s.autosomal recessive, OFD, oral-facial-digital s.
Monakow's s.contralateral hemiplegia, hemianesthesia, and homonomous hemianopsia due to occlusion of the anterior choroidal artery.
Morgagni-Adams-Stokes s.Adams-Stokes s
Morgagni's s. [MIM*144800] hyperostosis frontalis interna in elderly women, with obesity and neuropsychiatric disorders of uncertain cause; at least sometimes familial.metabolic craniopathy, Stewart-Morel s;
morning glory s. [MIM*120330] a funnel-shaped hypoplastic optic nerve with a dot of white tissue at its center; surrounded by an elevated anulus of chorioretinal pigment.
Morquio's s. [MIM*253000] an error of mucopolysaccharide metabolism with excretion of keratan sulfate in urine; characterized by severe skeletal defects with short stature, severe deformity of spine and thorax, long bones with irregular epiphyses but with shafts of normal length, enlarged joints, flaccid ligaments, and waddling gait; autosomal recessive inheritance; type IV A mucopolysaccharidosis is due to an absence of galactose-1-sulfatase, while type IV B is due to a deficiency of a beta-galactosidase.Brailsford-Morquio disease, Morquio's disease, Morquio-Ullrich disease, type IVA, B mucopolysaccharidosis;
Morton's s.congenital shortening of the first metatarsal causing metatarsalgia.
Mounier-Kuhn s.tracheobronchomegaly
Mucha-Habermann s.pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta
Muckle-Wells s. [MIM*191900] a s. characterized by familial amyloidosis, notably involving the kidneys, progressive hearing loss of neural origin and unknown cause, and periods of febrile urticaria associated with pain in joints and muscles of the extremities; autosomal dominant inheritance.
mucocutaneous lymph node s.a polymorphous erythematous febrile, sometimes epidemic, disease of unknown etiology occurring in children, especially under two years of age; accompanied by conjunctivitis, pharyngitis, strawberry tongue, cervical lymphadenopathy, occasionally fatal arteritis with coronary artery aneurysm formation, and characteristic desquamation of perineum, fingers, and toes.Kawasaki's disease, Kawasaki's s;
Muir-Torre s.Torre's s
multiple endocrine deficiency s.acquired deficiency of the function of several endocrine glands, usually on an auto-immune basis.multiple glandular deficiency s;
multiple glandular deficiency s.multiple endocrine deficiency s
multiple hamartoma s.Cowden's disease
multiple lentigines s.LEOPARD s
multiple mucosal neuroma s.multiple submucosal neuromas or neurofibromas of the tongue, lips, and eyelids in young persons; sometimes associated with tumors of the thyroid or adrenal medulla, or with subcutaneous neurofibromatosis.
Munchausen s.repeated fabrication of clinically convincing simulations of disease for the purpose of gaining medical attention; a term referring to patients who wander from hospital to hospital feigning acute medical or surgical illness and giving false and fanciful information about their medical and social background for no apparent reason other than to gain attention. See factitious disorder.
Munchausen s. by proxya form of child maltreatment or abuse inflicted by a caretaker (usually the mother) with fabrications of symptoms and/or induction of signs of disease, leading to unnecessary investigations and interventions, with occasional serious health consequences, including death of the child.
Münchhausen s. See Munchausen s.
myasthenic s. (MS) a disorder of neuromuscular transmission marked primarily by limb and girdle weakness, absent deep tendon reflexes, dry mouth, and impotence; due to an immunological disorder; often, especially in males, a paraneoplastic syndrome linked to small cell carcinoma of the lung.
myeloproliferative s.'s [MIM*159595] a group of conditions that result from a disorder in the rate of formation of cells of the bone marrow, including chronic granulocytic leukemia, erythremia, myelosclerosis, panmyelosis, and erythremic myelosis and erythroleukemia.
myofacial pain-dysfunction s.dysfunction of the masticatory apparatus related to spasm of the muscles of mastication precipitated by occlusal dysharmony or alteration in vertical dimension of the jaws, and exacerbated by emotional stress; characterized by pain in the preauricular region, muscle tenderness, popping noise in the temporomandibular joint, and limitation of jaw motion.temporomandibular joint pain-dysfunction s;
myofascial s.irritation of the muscles and fascia of the back and neck causing acute and chronic pain not associated with any neurological or bony evidence of disease; presumed to arise primarily from poorly understood changes in the muscle and fascia themselves.
Naegeli s. [MIM*161000] reticular skin pigmentation, diminished sweating, hypodontia, and hyperkeratosis of the palms and soles; may be confused with incontinentia pigmenti but is as common in males as in females; autosomal dominant inheritance.Franceschetti-Jadassohn s;
Naffziger s.scalenus-anticus s.
nail-patella s. [MIM*101200] a congenital skeletal disorder characterized by hypoplasia of the patella, iliac horns, dysplasia of the fingernails and toenails, and thickening of the glomerular lamina densa; the lower ends of the femur have a shape very similar to Erlenmeyer flask deformity; autosomal dominant inheritance.
NAME s.the concurrence of nevi, atrial myxoma, myxoid neurofibromas, and ephilides.
Nelson s.a s. of hyperpigmentation, third nerve damage, and enlarging sella turcica caused by pituitary adenomas presumably present before adrenalectomy for Cushing's s. but enlarging and symptomatic afterward.postadrenalectomy s;
nephritic s.the clinical symptoms of acute glomerulonephritis, particularly hematuria, hypertension, and renal failure.
nephrotic s.a clinical state characterized by edema, albuminuria, decreased plasma albumin, doubly refractile bodies in the urine, and usually increased blood cholesterol; lipid droplets may be present in the cells of the renal tubules, but the basic lesion is increased permeability of the glomerular capillary basement membranes, of unknown cause or resulting from glomerulonephritis, diabetic glomerulosclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, amyloidosis, renal vein thrombosis, or hypersensitivity to various toxic agents.nephrosis (3) ;
Netherton's s. [MIM*256500] congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma or ichthyosis linearis circumscripta associated with bamboo hair, and irregularly with atopy, urticaria, intermittent aminoaciduria, and mental retardation; probably an autosomal recessive trait that frequently resolves or improves in adolescence.
neural crest s.s. consisting of loss of pain sensibility, autonomic dysfunction, pupillary abnormalities, neurogenic anhidrosis, vasomotor instability, aplasia of dental enamel, meningeal thickening, hyperflexion, and a degree of albinism; may reflect developmental abnormalities of the neural crest.
neurocutaneous s.the occurrence of nevi and sometimes various skeletal deformities with symptoms pointing to gliosis or abiotrophy of the central nervous system.
neuroleptic malignant s.hyperthermia with extrapyramidal and autonomic disturbances which may result in death, following the use of neuroleptic agents.
Nezelof s.cellular immunodeficiency with abnormal immunoglobulin synthesis
Nieden's s.multiple telangiectasis of the face, forearms, and hands, with cataract and aortic stenosis.
Noack's s.acrocephalopolysyndactyly
nonsense s.Ganser's s
Noonan's s. [MIM*163950, MIM*163955] the male phenotype of Turner's s., characterized by congenital heart disease, especially pulmonary stenosis, pigeon breast, webbing of the neck, antimongoloid slanting of the palpebrae, and other less regular minor features; autosomal dominant inheritance. It is equally common in males and in females; hence the alternative designation "Male Turner's s." (because of its similarity to the XO karyotype) is confusing.
Nothnagel's s.dizziness, staggering, and rolling gait, with irregular forms of oculomotor paralysis and often nystagmus, seen in cases of tumor of the midbrain.
nystagmus blockage s.strabismus with eyes and head in a position to minimize associated nystagmus.
OAV s.oculoauriculovertebral dysplasia
occipital horn s.an X-linked recessive disorder in which there is defective biliary excretion of copper resulting in a deficiency of lysyl oxidase causing skin and joint laxity.
ocular-mucous membrane s.Stevens-Johnson s. with associated ocular lesions (conjunctivitis, panophthalmitis, iritis), oral lesions (bullae, erosions, superficial ulcers), and genital lesions (urethritis, balanitis circinata, blebs).
oculobuccogenital s.Behçet's s
oculocerebrorenal s.a congenital s. with hydrophthalmia, cataracts, mental retardation, aminoaciduria, reduced ammonia production by the kidney, and vitamin D-resistant rickets; X-linked recessive inheritance.Lowe's s., Lowe-Terrey-MacLachlan s;
oculocutaneous s.Vogt-Koyanagi s
oculomandibulofacial s.dyscephalia mandibulo-oculofacialis
oculopharyngeal s. [MIM*106310] a myopathic disorder with a slowly progressive blepharoptosis and dysphagia, beginning late in life; autosomal dominant inheritance; there is also a similar autosomal dominant trait.
oculovertebral s.oculovertebral dysplasia
oculovestibulo-auditory s.a nonsyphilitic interstitial keratitis characterized by an abrupt onset with vertigo and tinnitus followed by deafness; about 50% of patients have an associated systemic disease, most commonly polyarteritis nodosa.Cogan's s;
OFD s.orodigitofacial dysostosis
Ogilvie's s.pseudo-obstruction believed to be the result of motility disturbance involving the large or small intestine but without physical obstruction.
Omenn's s. [MIM*267700] a rapidly fatal autosomal recessive immunodeficiency disease characterized by erythroderma, diarrhea, repeated infections, hepatosplenomegaly, and leukocytosis with eosinophilia.
Oppenheim's s.amyotonia congenita (1)
orbital s.an obsolete term referring to neoplastic tissue formation involving the apex of the orbit, causing ophthalmoplegia and optic nerve atrophy.
organic brain s.a constellation of behavioral or psychological signs and symptoms including problems with attention, concentration, memory, confusion, anxiety, and depression caused by transient or permanent dysfunction of the brain.acute organic brain s., OBS, organic mental s;
organic mental s. (OMS) organic brain s
organic mood s.s. attributed to an organic factor characterized by either depressive or manic mood. See bipolar disorder. See also bipolar disorder.
orofaciodigital s.orodigitofacial dysostosis
osteomyelofibrotic s.myelofibrosis
Ostrum-Furst s.congenital synostosis of the neck.
Othello s.a delusional belief in the infidelity of one's spouse. [Othello, Shakespearian char.]
otomandibular s.otomandibular dysostosis
otopalatodigital s. [MIM*311300] conduction deafness and cleft palate with broad nasal root and frontal bossing, wide spacing of toes, broad thumbs and great toes, and often other signs of generalized bone dysplasia; X-linked recessive inheritance.
ovarian vein s.ureteral obstruction due to compression by enlarged ovarian vein, usually right side and during pregnancy.
pacemaker s.the occurrence of symptoms relating to the loss of atrial-ventricular synchrony in ventricularly paced patients, or symptoms caused by inadequate timing of atrial and ventricular contractions in paced patients.
pachydermoperiostosis s. See pachydermoperiostosis.
Paget-von Schrötter s.stress thrombosis or spontaneous thrombosis of the subclavian or axillary vein; a thoracic-outlet syndrome.effort-induced thrombosis;
painful-bruising s.an intense inflammatory reaction to slight extravasation of blood, due to an allergic sensitivity to red blood cells; more commonly seen in adult women.
paleostriatal s.Hunt's s. (3)
pallidal s.Hunt's s. (3)
Pancoast s.lower trunk brachial plexopathy and Horner s. due to malignant tumor in the region of the superior pulmonary sulcus.
papillary muscle s.papillary muscle dysfunction
Papillon-Léage and Psaume s.orodigitofacial dysostosis
Papillon-Lefèvre s. [MIM*245000] a congenital hyperkeratosis of the palms and soles, with progessive destruction of alveolar bone about the deciduous and permanent teeth beginning as early as 2 years of age, and also with premature exfoliation of teeth; autosomal recessive inheritance.
paraneoplastic s.a s. directly resulting from a malignant neoplasm, but not resulting from the presence of tumor cells in the affected parts.
Parinaud's s.paralysis of conjugate upward gaze with a lesion at the level of the superior colliculi; Bell's phenomenon is present.Parinaud's ophthalmoplegia;
Parinaud's oculoglandular s.unilateral conjunctival granuloma with preauricular adenopathy in tularemia, chancre, and tuberculosis.
Parsonage-Turner s.neuralgic amyotrophy
Patau's s.trisomy 13 s
Paterson-Brown-Kelly s.tendon sheath s
Paterson-Kelly s.Plummer-Vinson s
pathologic startle s.'sa group of disorders characterized by markedly exaggerated startle reflex and other exaggerated stimulus-induced responses. Includes hyperexplexia and probably latah and the jumping Frenchman of Maine s.
Pellizzi's s.macrogenitosomia praecox
Pendred's s. [MIM*274600] a type of familial goiter; congenital nerve deafness with goiter (usually small) due to defective organic binding of iodine in the thyroid; afflicted individuals are usually euthyroid; autosomal recessive inheritance.
Pepper s.obsolete eponym for neuroblastoma of the adrenal gland with metastases in the liver; formerly believed to occur more frequently when the primary tumor was in the right adrenal, whereas tumors of the left adrenal tended to metastasize to the skull (Hutchison's syndrome).
pericolic membrane s.a symptom complex simulating chronic appendicitis, caused by congenital constricting pericolic membranes.
Persian Gulf s.Gulf War s
persistent müllerian duct s.familial disorder with presence of fallopian tube, uterus, and testis in a male. Deficient müllerian inhibitory substance secondary to Sertoli cell defect.hernia uteri inguinale;
pertussis s.pertussis
pertussis-like s.a syndrome characterized by severe episodes of coughing resembling whooping cough (pertussis).
petrosphenoidal s.neoplastic infiltration of the apex of the petrous bone and the anterior part of the foramen lacerum.
Peutz-Jeghers s. [MIM*175200] generalized hamartomatous multiple polyposis of the intestinal tract, consistently involving the jejunum, associated with melanin spots of the lips, buccal mucosa, and fingers; autosomal dominant inheritance.Jeghers-Peutz s., Peutz's s;
Peutz's s.Peutz-Jeghers s
Pfaundler-Hurler s.Hurler's s
Pfeiffer's s. [MIM*101600] type V acrocephalosyndactyly
pharyngeal pouch s.DiGeorge s
phospholipid s.the combination of antiphospholipid antibodies and the presence of either arterial or venous occlusive events such as thrombosis.
Picchini's s.a form of polyserositis involving the three great serosae in contact with the diaphragm, sometimes also the meninges, tunica vaginalis testis, synovial sheaths, and bursae, caused by the presence of a trypanosome.Picchini;
Pick's s.Pick's disease
pickwickian s.a combination of severe, grotesque obesity, somnolence, and general debility, theoretically resulting from hypoventilation induced by the obesity; hypercapnia, pulmonary hypertension and cor pulmonale can result. [after the "fat boy" in Dickens' Pickwick Papers]
Pierre Robin s. [MIM*261800] micrognathia and abnormal smallness of the tongue, often with cleft palate, severe myopia, congenital glaucoma, and retinal detachment; weak evidence of autosomal recessive inheritance.Robin's s;
Pins' s.dullness, diminution of vocal fremitus and of the vesicular murmur, and a slight distant blowing sound, heard in the posteroinferior region of the chest on the left side, in cases of pericardial effusion; there is sometimes also a fine rale in this region, but all the adventitious auscultatory signs disappear when the patient assumes the genupectoral position.
placental dysfunction s.fetal malnutrition and hypoxia resulting from impaired transfer of oxygen and various nutritive materials from mother to fetus.
Plummer-Vinson s.iron deficiency anemia, dysphagia, esophageal web, and atrophic glossitis.Paterson-Kelly s., sideropenic dysphagia;
POEMS s.a condition characterized by polyneuropathy, organomegaly, endocrinopathy, monoclonal gammopathy, and skin changes.
Poland's s.an anomaly consisting of absence of the pectoralis major and minor muscles, ipsilateral breast hypoplasia, and absence of two to four rib segments.
polycystic ovary s. [MIM*184700] a condition commonly characterized by hirsutism, obesity, menstrual abnormalities, infertility, and enlarged ovaries; thought to reflect excessive androgen secretion of ovarian origin.sclerocystic disease of the ovary, Stein-Leventhal s;
polyendocrine deficiency s., polyglandular deficiency s.associated pathologic dysfunction of several endocrine glands, as in Schmidt's s.
polysplenia s.bilateral left-sidedness
popliteal entrapment s.a crush s. resulting from compression of the popliteal artery and impairment of its blood flow by structures of the popliteal space.
porcine stress s.malignant hyperthermia
postadrenalectomy s.Nelson s
postcardiotomy s.postpericardiotomy s
postcholecystectomy s.the persistence of signs and symptoms that led to removal of the gallbladder, as a sequel to cholecystectomy.
postcommissurotomy s.postpericardiotomy s
postconcussion s. See posttraumatic s.
posterior inferior cerebellar artery s.a s. due usually to thrombosis, characterized by dysarthria, dysphagia, staggering gait, and vertigo, and marked by hypotonia, incoordination of voluntary movement, nystagmus, Horner's s. on the ipsilateral side, and loss of pain and temperature senses on the side of the body opposite to the lesion.lateral medullary s., Wallenberg's s;
postgastrectomy s.dumping s
postmaturity s.gestation extending 43 weeks or longer; sometimes associated with fetal dysmaturity.
postmyocardial infarction s.a complication developing several days to several weeks after myocardial infarction; its clinical features are fever, leukocytosis, chest pain, and evidence of pericarditis, sometimes with pleurisy and pneumonitis, with a strong tendency to recurrence; probably of immunopathogenetic origin.
postpartum pituitary necrosis s.Sheehan's s
postpericardiotomy s.pericarditis, with or without fever and often in repeated episodes, weeks to months after cardiac surgery.postcardiotomy s., postcommissurotomy s;
postphlebitic s.a state characterized by edema, pain, stasis dermatitis, cellulitis, and varicose veins, and ending in ulceration of the lower leg, developing as a sequel to deep venous thrombosis of the lower extremity.
postrubella s.a group of congenital defects resulting from maternal rubella during the first trimester of pregnancy and including microphthalmos, cataracts, deafness, mental retardation, patent ductus arteriosus, and pulmonary artery stenosis.
postthrombotic s.a s. that follows a vascular thrombosis. Term is usually used to indicate difficulties, such as persistent edema, following venous thrombosis.
posttraumatic s.a clinical disorder that often follows head injury, characterized by headache, dizziness, neurasthenia, hypersensitivity to stimuli, and diminished concentration.traumatic neurasthenia;
posttraumatic neck s.a clinical complex of pain, tenderness, tight neck musculature, vasomotor instability, and ill-defined symptoms such as dizziness and blurred vision as the result of trauma to the neck. Also variously termed occipital or suboccipital neuralgia or neuritis; cervical tension s.; cervical myospasm, myositis, or fibrositis.cervical fibrositis, cervical tension s;
posttraumatic stress s.a disorder appearing after a physically or psychologically traumatic event outside the range of usual human experience, (e.g., a serious threat to one's life or seeing a loved one killed), characterized by symptoms of re-experiencing the event, numbing of responsiveness to the environment, exaggerated startle response, guilt feelings, impairment of memory, and difficulties in concentration and sleep.
Potter's s.renal agenesis with hypoplastic lungs and associated neonatal respiratory distress, hemodynamic instability, acidosis, cyanosis, edema, and characteristic (Potter's) facies; death usually occurs from respiratory insufficiency, which develops before uremia.
Prader-Willi s. [MIM*176270] a congenital s. of unknown etiology characterized by short stature, mental retardation, polyphagia with marked obesity, and sexual infantilism; initially severe muscular hypotonia and poor responsiveness to external stimuli decrease with age; a small deletion is demonstrable in chromosome 15.
precordial catch s.a benign s. of uncertain origin, characterized by sharp, sudden pain in the region of the cardiac apex on inspiration, yet usually relieved by forcing a deeper breath; tenderness is absent.
preexcitation s.Wolff-Parkinson-White s
preinfarction s.abrupt development of angina pectoris or worsening of existing angina by increases in its frequency or severity; sometimes heralds myocardial infarction.
premature senility s.progeria
premenstrual s. (PMS) in women of reproductive age, the regular monthly experience of physiological and emotional distress, usually during the several days preceding menses; characterized by nervousness, depression, fluid retention, and weight gain.late luteal phase dysphoric disorder, menstrual molimina, premenstrual tension s., premenstrual tension; PMS affects about one-third of menstruating women between ages 25 and 40, and some amenorrheic women as well. Its symptoms may only partly be relieved by over-the-counter medications. In extreme cases, progesterone appears effective. Reducing caffeine and salt intake may lessen associated nervousness and depression, and regular exercise and diets high in complex carbohydrates may help minimize the severity of episodes. Before being listed in the revised edition of the DSM-III, PMS became a subject of debate among feminists who believed that it did not qualify as a true disorder. PMS has been used as a successful defense in a murder trial in the U.K.
premenstrual salivary s.glandular abnormalities occurring prior to the onset of menses, including swelling of the breast tissues and enlargement of the salivary glands.
premenstrual tension s.premenstrual s
premotor s.hemiplegia with spasticity, Rossolimo's reflex, but not the Babinski sign, together with forced grasping and vasomotor disturbances.
Proteus s.a sporadic disorder of possible genetic origin, having a variable and changing phenotype; characterized by grossly enlarged hands and feet, distorted abnormal growth, and gigantism of the head; often confused with neurofibromatosis type I.elephant man's disease;
prune belly s.a s. of deficient abdominal muscle, undescended testes, large hypotonic bladder and dilated, tortuous ureters.Eagle-Barrett s;
psychogenic nocturnal polydipsia s., PNP s.emotionally induced excessive water drinking at night.
pterygium s. [MIM*178110, *265000, *312150] webbing of the neck, antecubital fossae, and popliteal fossae with flexion deformities of the extremities and anomalies of the vertebrae; observed in pseudo-Turner's s. and Turner's s.; mendelian inheritance of all those kinds.
pulmonary dysmaturity s.a respiratory disorder occurring in small, premature infants who are incapable of normal pulmonary ventilation and who often die of hypoxia after an illness of 6 to 8 weeks; the lungs contain widespread focal emphysematous blebs and the parenchyma has thickened alveolar walls; diagnosed principally on the basis of the clinical history, chest radiographic findings, and the findings at autopsy, which must include the absence of pathological changes characteristic of other pulmonary disorders commonly encountered in this age group.Wilson-Mikity s;
punchdrunk s.a condition seen in boxers, often years after their retirement, and presumably caused by repeated cerebral injury, characterized by weakness in the lower limbs, unsteadiness of gait, slowness of muscular movements, tremors of hands, dysarthria, and slow cerebration.
Putnam-Dana s.subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord
radial aplasia-thrombocytopenia s.thrombocytopenia-absent radius s.
radicular s.a group of symptoms resulting from any interference with the intradural portion of one or more spinal nerve roots; the chief symptoms are pain, paresthesia, hypesthesia, or hyperesthesia, motor, trophic, and reflex disturbances.
Raeder's paratrigeminal s.a postganglionic Horner's s. associated with trigeminal nerve dysfunction caused by involvement of the carotid sympathetic plexus, near Mechel' cave.
Ramsay Hunt's s. 1. Hunt's s 2. herpes zoster oticus
Raynaud's s.idiopathic paroxysmal bilateral cyanosis of the digits due to arterial and arteriolar contraction; caused by cold or emotion. See also Raynaud's phenomenon.Raynaud's disease, symmetric asphyxia;
Refetoff s.a condition characterized by goiter and elevated serum level of thyroid hormones without manifestations of thyrotoxicosis, due to target organ unresponsiveness to thyroid hormones.
Refsum's s.Refsum's disease
Reifenstein's s. [MIM*312300, *313700] partial androgen sensitivity; a familial form of male pseudohermaphroditism characterized by varying degrees of ambiguous genitalia or hypospadias, postpubertal development of gynecomastia, and infertility associated with seminiferous tubular sclerosis; cryptorchidism may be present, and Leydig cell hypofunction may lead to impotence in later years; chromosomal studies are usually normal; X-linked recessive or autosomal dominant male-linked trait.
Reiter's s.the association of urethritis, iridocyclitis, mucocutaneous lesions, and arthritis, sometimes with diarrhea; one or more of these conditions may recur at intervals of months or years, but the arthritis may be persistent.Fiessinger-Leroy-Reiter s., Reiter's disease;
REM s.a reticular erythematous dermatitis of the upper trunk, more common in women, in which there is perivascular infiltrate of lymphocytes, few plasma cells, and upper dermal deposits of mucin; worsens on exposure to ultraviolet light.reticular erythematous mucinosis;
Rendu-Osler-Weber s.hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia
Renpenning's s. [MIM*309500] x-linked mental retardation with short stature and microcephaly not associated with the fragile X chromosome and occurring more frequently in males, although some females may also be affected.
residual ovary s.the development of a pelvic mass, pelvic pain, and occasionally dyspareunia following hysterectomy without removal of both ovaries.
resistant ovary s.Savage s
respiratory distress s. of the newbornhyaline membrane disease of the newborn
restless legs s.a sense of indescribable uneasiness, twitching, or restlessness that occurs in the legs after going to bed, frequently leading to insomnia, which may be relieved temporarily by walking about; thought to be caused by inadequate circulation or as a side effect of antipsychotic medication. See also akathisia.Ekbom s., restless legs;
retraction s.a retraction of the globe and pseudoptosis on attempted adduction; due to co-innervation of the horizontal recti. Sometimes there is an inability to abduct the affected eye (type 1), or adduct the affected eye (type 2), or both (type 3).Duane's s;
Rett's s. [MIM*312750] a progressive s. of autism, dementia, ataxia, and purposeless hand movements; associated with hyperammonemia, principally in girls.
Reye's s.an acquired encephalopathy of young children that follows an acute febrile illness, usually influenza or varicella infection; characterized by recurrent vomiting, agitation, and lethargy, which may lead to coma with intracranial hypertension; ammonia and serum transaminases are elevated; death may result from edema of the brain and resulting cerebral herniation.
Rh null s. [MIM*269150] a lack of all Rh antigens, compensated hemolytic anemia, and stomatocytosis.
Richards-Rundle s. [MIM*245100] a nervous system disorder beginning in early childhood with congenital severe, progressive sensorineural hearing loss, ataxia, muscle wasting nystagmus, absent deep tendon reflexes, mental retardation, and failure to develop secondary sexual characteristics; autosomal recessive inheritance.
Richter's s.a high-grade lymphoma developing during the course of chronic lymphocytic leukemia; associated with cachexia, pyrexia, dysproteinemia, and lymphomas with multinucleated tumor cells.
Rieger's s. [MIM*180500] iridocorneal mesodermal dysgenesis combined with hypodontia or anodontia and maxillary hypoplasia; autosomal dominant; there is a delayed sexual development and hypothyroidism; there is a deficiency in human growth hormone
right ovarian vein s.a condition characterized by intermittent abdominal pain due to ureteral compression by the right ovarian vein, occurring with most frequency on the right side, and thought to be due to aberrant crossing of the right ovarian vein over the ureter, generally at the level of the first sacral vertebra; dilation of the ovarian vein during pregnancy and unilateral ptosis of the kidney are thought to be contributing factors leading to intermittent ureteral obstruction and recurring bouts of pain and pyelonephritis.
Riley-Day s.familial dysautonomia
Roaf's s.a nonhereditary craniofacial-skeletal disorder characterized by congenital or early retinal detachment, cataracts, myopia, shortened long bones, and mental retardation; sensorineural progressive hearing loss is of later onset.
Roberts s. [MIM*268304] phocomelia or lesser degrees of hypomelia, microbrachycephaly, midfacial defect, prenatal growth deficiency, and cryptorchidism; autosomal recessive inheritance.
Robinow's s.fetal face s
Robin's s.Pierre Robin s
Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser s.Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser s
Romano-Ward s. [MIM*192500] a prolonged Q-T interval in the electrocardiogram in children subject to attacks of unconsciousness that result from ventricular arrhythmias including ventricular fibrillation; autosomal dominant inheritance. Cf. Jervell and Lange-Nielsen s. Ward-Romano s;
Romberg's s.facial hemiatrophy
Rothmund's s. [MIM*268400] atrophy, pigmentation, and telangiectasia of the skin, usually with juvenile cataract, saddle nose, congenital bone defects, disturbance of hair growth, hypogonadism; autosomal recessive inheritance.poikiloderma atrophicans and cataract, poikiloderma congenitale, Rothmund-Thomson s;
Rothmund-Thomson s.Rothmund's s
Rotor's s.jaundice appearing in childhood due to impaired biliary excretion; most of the plasma bilirubin is conjugated, liver fraction tests are usually normal, and there is no hepatic pigmentation.
Roussy-Lévy s.Roussy-Lévy disease
Rubinstein-Taybi s. [MIM*180849] mental retardation, broad thumb and great toe, antimongoloid slant to the eyes, thin and beaked nose, prominent forehead, low-set ears, high arched palate, and cardiac anomaly; may be submicroscopic chromosomal defect.
Rud's s. [MIM*308200] ichthyosiform erythroderma associated with acanthosis nigricans, dwarfism, hypogonadism, and epilepsy; mostly sporadic, but may be an X-linked recessive trait.
runting s. (run´ting) if newborn mice are thymectomized, they do not gain weight and their lymphoid tissue atrophies.wasting s. (1) ;
Russell's s.failure of infants and young children to thrive due to suprasellar lesions, commonly astrocytomas of the anterior third ventricle; although the growth hormone may be elevated, the child is emaciated and has loss of body fat. See also pseudohydrocephaly.
Saethre-Chotzen s.type III acrocephalosyndactyly
Sakati-Nyhan s.acrocephalopolysyndactyly
salt depletion s.low salt s
salt-losing s.salt-losing nephritis
Samter's s.a triad of asthma, nasal polyps, and aspirin intolerance.
Sanchez Salorio s.a s. characterized by retinal pigmentary dystrophy, cataract, hypotrichosis of the lashes, mental deficiencies, and retarded somatic development.
Sanfilippo's s. [MIM*252900-*252960] an error of the mucopolysaccharide metabolism, with excretion of large amounts of heparan sulfate in the urine and severe mental retardation with hepatomegaly; skeleton may be normal or may present mild changes similar to those in Hurler's s.; several different types (A, B, C, and D) have been identified according to the enzyme deficiency; autosomal recessive inheritance.type III mucopolysaccharidosis;
Savage s.obsolete term for amenorrhea associated with hypergonadotrophism and normal ovarian follicles.resistant ovary s; [after the surname of the first reported patient]
scalded skin s. See staphylococcal scalded skin s.
scalenus anterior s.one of the precursors of disputed neurogenic thoracic outlet s.; a popular cause for upper extremity discomfort in the late 1930s and 1940s, based on the unproven concept that the lower trunk and brachial plexus and subclavian artery could be compressed in the intrascalene triangle by hypertrophic scalenus anticus muscle, the compression in turn affecting the nerves to it and setting up a vicious circle; this concept was essentially abandoned in the 1950s, when real causes, such as cervical radiculopathy and carpal tunnel syndrome, for upper extremity symptoms were appreciated, but resurrected in the 1980s, without attribution, as etiology for upper plexus type of disputed neurologic thoracic outlet syndrome.
scapulocostal s.pain of insidious development in the upper or posterior part of the shoulder radiating into the neck and occiput, down the arm, or around the chest; there may be numbness or tingling in the fingers; attributed to an alteration from the normal relationship between the scapula and posterior wall of the thorax.
Schanz s.spinal muscle weakness, marked by quick fatigue, pain on pressure over the spinous processes, pain produced by the prone position, and a tendency to curvature of the spine.
Schaumann's s.sarcoidosis
Scheie's s. [MIM*252800] related to Hurler's s.,perhaps an allele; characterized by a-l-iduronidase deficiency, corneal clouding, deformity of the hands, aortic valve involvement, and normal intelligence; autosomal rescessive.type IS mucopolysaccharidosis;
Schmid-Fraccaro s.cat's-eye s
Schmidt's s. 1. unilateral paralysis of a vocal cord, the velum palati, trapezius, and sternocleidomastoid. [J. F. M. Schmidt] 2. the association of primary hypothyroidism, primary adrenocortical insufficiency, and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [M. B. Schmidt]
Schönlein-Henoch s.Henoch-Schönlein purpura
Schüller's s.Hand-Schüller-Christian disease
Schwartz s. [MIM*255800] a congenital disorder characterized by myotonic myopathy, dystrophy of epiphyseal cartilages resulting in dwarfism, joint contractures, blepharophimosis, and characteristic facies; autosomal recessive inheritance.
Seckel s. [MIM*210600] an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by low birth weight, dwarfism, microcephaly, large eyes, beaked nose, receding mandible, and moderate mental retardation.Seckel dwarfism;
Secrétan's s.factitious, traumatic, recurrent edema or hemorrhage of the dorsum of the hand.
Senear-Usher s.pemphigus erythematosus
Sertoli-cell-only s. [MIM*305700] the absence from the seminiferous tubules of the testes of germinal epithelium, Sertoli cells alone being present; there is sterility due to azoospermia but no other sexual abnormality, Leydig cells are normal, and the output of gonadotrophins in the urine is increased; probably represents one form of seminiferous tubule dysgenesis.Del Castillo s;
Sézary s.exfoliative dermatitis with intense pruritus, resulting from cutaneous infiltration by atypical mononuclear cells (T lymphocytes with markedly convoluted or cerebriform nuclei) also found in the peripheral blood, and associated with alopecia, edema, and nail and pigmentary changes; a variant of mycosis fungoides.Sézary erythroderma;
Sheehan's s.hypopituitarism arising from a severe circulatory collapse postpartum, with resultant pituitary necrosis.postpartum pituitary necrosis s., thyrohypophysial s;
Shone's s.the association of obstructive lesions of the mitral valve complex, including supravalvar ring and parachute mitral valve, with left ventricular outflow obstruction and coarctation of the aorta.
short-bowel s.malabsorption and maldigestion resulting from disease or resection of large portions of the small intestine.
shoulder-girdle s.neuralgic amyotrophy
shoulder-hand s.reflex sympathetic dystrophy
Shulman's s.eosinophilic fasciitis
Shwachman s. [MIM*260400] an inherited disorder, autosomal recessive, characterized by sinusitis and bronchiectasis with pancreatic insufficiency, resulting in malnutrition; associated with neutropenia and defect in neutrophile chemotaxis, short stature, and bone abnormalities.
Shy-Drager s. [MIM*146500] a progressive disorder involving the autonomic system, characterized by hypotension, external ophthalmoplegia, iris atrophy, incontinence, anhidrosis, impotence, tremor, and muscle wasting.
sicca s.Sjögren's s
sick building s.a s. of nonspecific symptoms including fatigue, headache, dry eyes and throat, and nasal problems, occurring mostly in office workers; attributed to low-level exposures to substances used in building and interior construction; most symptoms lessen during off-work periods.
sick euthyroid s.euthyroid sick s
sick sinus s. [MIM*182190] symptoms ranging from dizziness to unconsciousness due to chaotic or absent atrial activity often with bradycardia alternating with tachycardia, recurring ectopic beats including escape beats, and runs of supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias.
Silver-Russell s. [MIM*270050] a disorder characterized by low birth weight, late closure of the anterior fontanel, bilateral bodily asymmetry, clinodactyly of the fifth fingers, triangular facies, and carp mouth; little useful genetic evidence.Silver-Russell dwarfism;
Silverskiöld's s.a type of osteochondrodystrophy with only slight vertebral changes but with shortened and curved long bones of the extremities.
sinus venosus s.the association of partial anomalous, pulmonary-venous connection, and a small venosus ASD.
Sipple's s. [MIM*171400] pheochromocytoma, medullary carcinoma of the thyroid, and neural tumors; autosomal dominant inheritance.multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 2;
Sjögren-Larsson s. [MIM*270200] congenital ichthyosis in association with oligophrenia and spastic paraplegia; autosomal recessive inheritance.
Sjögren's s.keratoconjunctivitis sicca, dryness of mucous membranes, telangiectasias or purpuric spots on the face, and bilateral parotid enlargement, seen in menopausal woman, and often associated with rheumatoid arthritis, Raynaud's phenomenon, and dental caries; there are changes in the lacrimal and salivary glands resembling those of Mikulicz' disease.Gougerot-Sjögren disease, sicca s., Sjögren's disease; [H. S. C. Sjögren]
sleep apnea s.a disorder characterized by multiple episodes of partial or complete cessation of respiration during sleep.
sleep phase delay s.a disorder in which the circadian rhythm of sleep and waking falls into a delayed but stable relationship with external time cues of day and night.
SLE-like s.a disease with manifestations suggestive of systemic lupus erythematosus, without meeting diagnostic criteria for that disease; sometimes used for drug-induced lupus.
slit ventricle s.in shunt dependent patients, a state characterized by intermittent or chronic headaches, small ventricles, and slow reflux of the valve mechanism.
Sly s.an autosomal recessive disorder due to a deficiency of a beta-glucuronidase; defective lysosomal degradation of dermatan sulfate, heparan sulfate, and chondroitin sulfate; cellular function disrupted in most tissues.type VII mucopolysaccharidosis, type VIII mucopolysaccharidosis;
Smith-Lemli-Opitz s. [MIM*270400] mental retardation, small stature, anteverted nostrils, ptosis, male genital anomalies, and syndactyly of the second and third toes, often in breech-born babies with delayed fetal activity; inherited as an autosomal recessive trait.
Smith-Riley s.multiple hemangiomas, macrocephaly, and blurred optic disks; angiomas appear at birth or later, and enlarge and multiply.
Sneddon's s.a cerebral arteriopathy of unknown etiology, characterized by noninflammatory intimal hyperplasia of medium-sized vessels associated with diffuse cutaneous livedo reticularis.
Sohval-Soffer s. [MIM 307500 and MIM 307300] hypogonadism, gynecomastia, skeletal anomalies, and mental retardation without chromosomal abnormality.
Sorsby's s.congenital macular coloboma and apical dystrophy of the extremities.
Sotos' s. [MIM*117550] cerebral gigantism and generalized large muscles in childhood, with mental retardation and defective coordination; of unknown etiology. Most cases have been sporadic, perhaps new dominant mutations with low fitness, but there is one set of concordant identical twins on record.
space adaptation s.alterations in normal physiology that occur during prolonged exposure to weightlessness, unless preventive measures are taken. Characterized by muscle atrophy, loss of mineral from bones, cardiovascular changes, etc.
spastic s. in cattlea disease of the nervous system manifested by spastic contractions of the muscles of one or both hind legs, most common in old bulls; the cramps usually become more frequent and severe, eventually resulting in decreasing the usefulness of the animal.
Spens' s.Adams-Stokes s
splenic flexure s.symptoms of pain, gas, bloating, a sense of fullness experienced in the left upper abdominal quadrant, sometimes beneath the ribs, in some instances radiating upward, and in some instances producing anterior chest pain central or predominantly on the left. It may be induced experimentally by the introduction and trapping of air in the splenic flexure.
staphylococcal scalded skin s.a disease affecting infants in which large areas of skin peel off, as in a second-degree burn, as a result of upper respiratory staphylococcal infection even though the skin lesions are sterile; the level of skin separation is subcorneal, unlike a burn or the clinically similar toxic epidermal necrolysis which occurs in children and adults and which involves subepidermal cleavage.Lyell's disease;
Stauffer's s.elevation of liver function tests, in the absence of metastatic disease, due to cholestasis in renal cell cancer patients.
Steele-Richardson-Olszewski s.progressive supranuclear palsy
Stein-Leventhal s.polycystic ovary s
steroid withdrawal s.a condition exhibited by persons who previously had been receiving large therapeutic doses of glucocorticoid hormones for long periods of time; pituitary-adrenocortical insufficiency is manifested, particularly during stress, for as long as a year or more thereafter and varying degrees of emotional disturbance may be exhibited.
Stevens-Johnson s.a bullous form of erythema multiforme which may be extensive, involving the mucous membranes and large areas of the body; it may produce serious subjective symptoms and may have a fatal termination. See also ocular-mucous membrane s.ectodermosis erosiva pluriorificialis, erythema multiforme bullosum, erythema multiforme exudativum, erythema multiforme major;
Stewart-Morel s.Morgagni's s
Stewart-Treves s.angiosarcoma arising in arms affected by postmastectomy lymphedema.
Stickler's s.hereditary progressive arthro-ophthalmopathy
stiff heart s.any condition, usually acute, that causes the heart to be restricted in diastole mainly affecting the ventricles and at one time a complication of cardiac surgery.
stiff-man s.a chronic, progressive, but variable, central nervous system disorder of unknown cause, associated with fluctuating painful muscle spasm and rigidity involving muscles of the limbs, trunk, and neck.
Still-Chauffard s.Chauffard's s
Stockholm s.a form of bonding between a captive and captor in which the captive begins to identify with, and may even sympathize with, the captor. [Stockholm, Sweden, where early case reported]
Stokes-Adams s.Adams-Stokes s
straight back s.loss of the normal concavity of the thoracolumbar spine with a narrowed anteroposterior chest dimension, resulting compression of the heart between spine and sternum, and consequent prominent precordial pulsations, an ejection murmur, and radiologic evidence of a widened cardiac silhouette (pancaked heart).
Stryker-Halbeisen s.reddish, scaling, macular eruption on the head and upper trunk due to vitamin B complex deficiency; associated with macrocytic anemia.
Sturge-Kalischer-Weber s.Sturge-Weber s
Sturge-Weber s. [MIM*185300] in full, a triad of 1) congenital cutaneous angioma (flame nevus) in the distribution of the trigeminal nerve, usually unilateral; 2) homolateral meningeal angioma with intracranial calcification and neurologic signs; and 3) angioma of the choroid, often with secondary glaucoma. See also encephalotrigeminal vascular s.cephalotrigeminal angiomatosis, encephalotrigeminal angiomatosis, Sturge-Kalischer-Weber s., Sturge-Weber disease;
subclavian steal s.symptoms of vertebrobasilar insufficiency resulting from subclavian steal.
subcoracoid-pectoralis minor tendon s.hyperabduction s
sudden infant death s. (SIDS) abrupt and inexplicable death of an apparently healthy infant; various theories have been advanced to explain such deaths (e.g., sleep-induced apnea, laryngospasm, overwhelming infectious disease) but none has been generally accepted or demonstrated at autopsy.cot death, crib death;
Sudeck's s.Sudeck's atrophy
Sulzberger-Garbe s.Sulzberger-Garbe disease
sump s.a complication of side-to-side choledochoduodenostomy in which the lower end of the common bile duct at times acts as a diverticulum, resulting in stasis, trapping of food particles, and infection.
superior cerebellar artery s.s. due to thrombosis of the superior cerebellar artery which supplies the spinothalamic tract and the superior cerebellar peduncle; there is incoordination in performing skilled movements, with loss of pain and temperature senses on the side of the face and body opposite to that of the lesion.
superior mesenteric artery s.partial or complete block of the superior mesenteric artery, with pain, vomiting, blood in the stool and/or vomitus, and abdominal distention with characteristic radiologic appearance (thumbprinting); often culminates in bowel infarction.Wilkie's disease;
superior vena cava s.obstruction of the superior vena cava or its main tributaries by benign or malignant lesions, causing edema and engorgement of the vessels of the face, neck, and arms, nonproductive cough, and dyspnea; bluish looking venous stars may be found in the early phases, overlying the large veins to which they are tributary, but they tend to diminish in size and disappear after collateral circulation has been reestablished.
supine hypotensive s.in the supine pregnant woman at or near term, maternal hypotension; maternal hypotension is due to obstruction by the gravid uterus of the inferior vena cava with resulting decrease in venous return to the heart; fetal hypoxia is due to maternal hypotension and obstruction of the maternal aorta by the gravid uterus with resulting decrease in placental perfusion.
supraspinatus s.pain on abduction of the shoulder and tenderness upon deep pressure over the supraspinatus tendon; due to pressure of an injured tendon or inflamed subacromial bursa coming into contact or pressing upon the overlying acromial process when the arm is abducted within an arc of 60° to 120°.
supravalvar aortic stenosis s. [MIM*185500] supravalvar aortic stenosis (usually membranous) sometimes associated with pulmonary valvular or peripheral arterial stenosis but with normal facies and mentality; autosomal dominant inheritance. Cf. Williams s.
supravalvar aortic stenosis-infantile hypercalcemia s. [MIM*194050] supravalvar aortic stenosis associated with elfin facies, mental retardation, and hypercalcemia; usually sporadic; perhaps an irregular dominant trait.
surdocardiac s.Jervell and Lange-Nielsen s
sweaty feet s.isovaleric acidemia
swollen belly s.swollen belly disease
swollen head s.a disease of chickens caused by the turkey rhinotracheitis virus.
Swyer-James s. 1. unilateral lobar emphysema 2. hyperlucency of one lung from obliterating bronchiolitis, usually caused by adenovirus infection in childhood, with decreased size and vascularity of the lung; distinguished from other causes of unilateral hyperlucency by demosntration of air trapping without central obstruction.Swyer-James-MacLeod s;
Swyer-James-MacLeod s.Swyer-James s
tachybradycardia s.bradytachycardia s
tachycardia-bradycardia s.alternating periods of slow and rapid heart beat; often associated with disturbances of both sinoatrial and atrioventricular conduction. See also sick sinus s.
Takayasu's s.Takayasu's arteritis
Tapia's s.unilateral paralysis of the larynx, the velum palati, and the tongue, with atrophy of the latter.
tarsal tunnel s.s. produced by entrapment neuropathy of terminal branches of posterior tibial nerve (medial plantar, lateral plantar, and calcanial nerves) at the ankle.
Taussig-Bing s.complete transposition of the aorta, which arises from the right ventricle, with a left sided pulmonary artery overriding the left ventricle, and with high ventricular septal defect, right ventricular hypertrophy, anteriorly situated aorta, and posteriorly situated pulmonary artery.Taussig-Bing disease;
tegmental s.a s. usually caused by a vascular lesion in the tegmentum; marked by contralateral hemiplegia and ipsilateral ocular paresis.
temporomandibular s.those various symptoms of discomfort, pain, or pathosis stated to be caused by loss of vertical dimension, lack of posterior occlusion, or other malocclusion, trismus, muscle tremor, arthritis, or direct trauma to the temporomandibular joint.
temporomandibular joint pain-dysfunction s.myofacial pain-dysfunction s
tendon sheath s.limited elevation of the eye in adduction, appearing clinically as a paresis of the inferior oblique muscle, due to fascia contracting the superior oblique muscle on the same side.Brown's s., Paterson-Brown-Kelly s;
Terry's s.retinopathy of prematurity
testicular feminization s. [MIM*313700] a type of male pseudohermaphroditism characterized by female external genitalia (may be ambiguous if the s. is incomplete), incompletely developed vagina often with rudimentary uterus and fallopian tubes, female habitus at puberty but with scanty or absent axillary and pubic hair and amenorrhea, and testes present within the abdomen or in the inguinal canals or labia majora; epididymis and vas deferens are usually present; androgens and estrogens are formed, but target tissues are largely unresponsive to androgens; individuals are sex chromatin-negative and have a normal male karyotype; X-linked recessive inheritance; there is a defect in the androgen receptor protein.
tethered cord s.abnormal low positioning (below the L₂ vertebrae) of the distal spinal cord (conus medullaris) by the filum terminale. May be associated with incontinence, progressive motor and sensory impairment in the legs, pain, and scoliosis.
thalamic s.a s. produced by infarction of the postero-inferior thalamus causing transient hemiparesis, severe loss of superficial and deep sensation with preservation of crude pain in the hypalgic limbs which frequently have vasomotor or trophic disturbances.Dejerine-Roussy s;
Thiemann's s.avascular necrosis of the epiphyses of phalanges of fingers or toes, usually familial, beginning in childhood or adolescence, leading to deformity of fingers; also called familial arthropathy of the fingers or toes.Thiemann's disease;
third and fourth pharyngeal pouch s.DiGeorge s
thoracic outlet s. (TOS) collective title for a number of conditions attributed to compromise of blood vessels or nerve fibers (brachial plexus) at any point between the base of the neck and the axilla; formerly classified on the basis of presumed injurious structure or mechanism, i.e., scalenus anticus syndrome, hyperabduction syndrome, costoclavicular syndrome; currently classified on the basis of the structure known or presumed to be compromised, and divided into two main groups: vascular and neurologic (simultaneous compromise of both neural and vascular structures is rare); vascular subdivisions include arterial and venous, while neurological subdivisions include true and disputed.
Thorn's s.salt-losing nephritis
thrombocytopenia-absent radius s., TAR s. [MIM*270400] congenital absence of the radius associated with thrombocytopenia that is symptomatic in infancy but later improves; congenital heart disease and renal anomalies occur in some cases; autosomal recessive inheritance.
thrombopathic s.a nondescript term to describe any of a number of bleeding diseases in which clot formation is deficient rather than those in which there is an organic fault of the blood vessels.
thyrohypophysial s.Sheehan's s
Tietze's s.inflammation and painful, tender nonsuppurative swelling of a costochondral junction.peristernal perichondritis;
Tolosa-Hunt s.cavernous sinus s. produced by an idiopathic granuloma.
tooth-and-nail s. [MIM*189500] hypodontia associated with absent or very small nails at birth. Common among Dutch Mennonites in Canada.
TORCH s.a group of infections with similar clinical manifestations, although symptoms may vary in degree and time of appearance: toxoplasmosis, other infections, rubella, cytomegalovirus infection, and herpes simplex. These infections might be associated with underlying HIV infection.
Tornwaldt's s.nasopharyngeal discharge, occipital headache, and stiffness of posterior cervical muscles, with halitosis due to chronic infection of the pharyngeal bursa.
Torre's s.multiple sebaceous gland neoplasms associated with multiple visceral malignancies.Muir-Torre s;
Torsten Sjögren's s.Marinesco-Garland s
Tourette s.a tic disorder appearing in childhood, characterized by multiple motor tics and vocal tics present for more than one year. Obsessive-compulsive behavior, attention-deficit disorder, and other psychiatric disorders may be associated; coprolalia and echolalia rarely occur; autosomal dominant inheritance.Gilles de la Tourette's disease, Gilles de la Tourette's s., Tourette's disease;
toxic shock s. (TSS) infection with toxin-producing staphylococci, occurring most often in the vagina of menstruating women using superabsorbent tampons and characterized by high fever, vomiting, diarrhea, a scarlatiniform rash followed by desquamation, and decreasing blood pressure and shock, which can result in death; hyperemia of the conjunctival, oropharyngeal, and vaginal mucous membranes also occurs.
transplant lung s.a s. associated with fever and diffuse bilateral pulmonary infiltration mainly at the base or at the hilum of the lung; can accompany rejection of an organ (kidney) transplant or follow a reduction in dosage of an immunosuppressive drug.
transurethral resection s.absorption of glycine from irrigation solution during TUR that the liver cannot metabolize, resulting in increased serum ammonia.TUR s;
Treacher Collins' s. [MIM*154500] mandibulofacial dysostosis, when limited to the orbit and malar region.
trichorhinophalangeal s.a condition characterized by sparse fine hair, broad nose with a long philtrum, swollen middle phalanges with cone-shaped epiphyses, and growth retardation. There seems to be at least three similar disorders, two dominant [MIM*150230, 190350] and one recessive [MIM*275500].
triple X s.in principle, the phenotypic features characteristic of trisomy of the X chromosome. Original observations (made in mental institutions) were seriously biased and the phenotypic changes spurious; now, even the remaining claim, that there is mild mental retardation, is suspect. The outstanding feature of the s. is the occurence of twin Barr bodies in a typical cell.
trisomy 8 s.craniofacial dysmorphia, short wide neck but narrow cylindrical trunk, and multiple joint and digital defects.
trisomy 13 s.a s. that is usually fatal within two years; characterized by mental retardation and malformed ears in all patients, and in most patients cleft lip or palate, microphthalmia or coloboma, small mandible, polydactyly, cardiac defects, convulsions, renal anomalies, umbilical hernia, malrotation of intestines, and dermatoglyphic anomalies.Patau's s., trisomy D s;
trisomy 18 s.a s. that is usually fatal within two to three years; characterized by mental retardation, abnormal skull shape, lowset and malformed ears, small mandible, cardiac defects, short sternum, diaphragmatic or inguinal hernia, Meckel's diverticulum, abnormal flexion of fingers, and dermatoglyphic anomalies.Edwards' s;
trisomy 20 s.profound mental retardation with coarse facies, macrostomia and macroglossia, minor anomalies of the ears, pigmentary dysplasia of the skin, dorsal kyphoscoliosis, and other skeletal defects.
trisomy 21 s.Down's s
trisomy C s.trisomy for any chromosome of group C, numbers 6 through 12, most often number 8.
trisomy D s.trisomy 13 s
trochanteric s.tendonitis and bursitis around the trochanter major.
tropical splenomegaly s.hyperreactive malarious splenomegaly
Trousseau's s. 1. gastric vertigo 2. thrombophlebitis migrans associated with visceral cancer.
true neurogenic thoracic outlet syndromevery chronic axon loss brachial plexopathy, caused by compromise of the lower trunk fibers by a congenital band extending from a rudimentary cervical rib to the first thoracic rib; rare disorder, found mostly in young to middle-aged women, that presents with unilateral hand wasting and weakness, particularly involving the lateral thenar eminence; sometimes accompanied by intermittent discomfort along the medial forearm and hand.cervical rib and band s., classic cervical rib s;
tumor lysis s.hyperphosphatemia, hypocalcemia, hyperkalemia, and hyperuricemia following induction chemotherapy of malignant neoplasms; believed to be due to the release of intracellular products by cell lysis.
TUR s.transurethral resection s
Turcot s. [MIM*276300] a rare and perhaps distinct form of multiple intestinal polyposis in which brain tumors are present; probably autosomal recessive trait.
Turner's s.a s. with chromosome count 45 and only one X chromosome; buccal and other cells are usually sex chromatin-negative; anomalies include dwarfism, webbed neck, valgus of elbows, pigeon chest, infantile sexual development, and amenorrhea; the ovary has no primordial follicles and may be represented only by a fibrous streak; some individuals are chromosomal mosaic, with two or more cell lines of different chromosome constitution; seen in many animal species, in the meadow vole it is the normal female state.XO s;
twiddler's s.condition in which a cardiac pacemaker wire is pulled out of position in the heart with rotation of the subcutaneous pacemaker by the patient's "twiddling."
Uhthoff s.Uhthoff symptom
Ullmann's s.a systemic angiomatosis due to multiple arteriovenous malformations.
Ulysses s.the ill effects of extensive diagnostic investigations conducted because of a false-positive result in the course of routine laboratory screening. [L. Ulysses, fr. G. Odysseus, myth. char.]
unroofed coronary sinus s.a spectrum of cardiac anomalies in which part or all of the common wall between the coronary sinus and the left atrium is absent.
urethral s.a condition of no certain etiology, characterized by urinary frequency, urgency, dysuria in the absence of specific infection, obstruction, or dysfunction. Suprapubic pain, hesitancy, and back pain may also occur. Usually seen in females.female urethral s;
Usher's s. [MIM*276900 and *270901] autosomal recessive inheritance; the two forms are distinguishable only by linkage data; causing sensorineural heraring loss and retinitis pigmentosa.
uveocutaneous s.Vogt-Koyanagi s
uveo-encephalitic s.Behçet's s
uveomeningitis s.Harada's s
VACTERL s.abnormalities of vertebrae, anus, cardiovascular tree, trachea, esophagus, renal system, and limb buds associated with administration of sex steroids during early pregnancy.
van Buchem's s. [MIM*239100] an inherited skeletal dysplasia, with mandibular enlargement and thickening of the diaphyses and calvaria, and increased serum alkaline phosphatase; autosomal recessive inheritance.generalized cortical hyperostosis;
van der Hoeve's s.a subtype of osteogenesis imperfecta in which progressive conductive hearing loss begins in childhood because of stapedial fixation.
vanished testis s.absence of both testes in a male with normal chromosomes (XY) and otherwise normal genitalia at birth and during childhood. Testes were present in at least the first trimester of gestation, but vanished sometime thereafter.
vanishing lung s.progressive decrease of radiographic opacity of the lung caused by accelerated development of emphysema or rapid cystic destruction of the lung from infection.
vasculocardiac s. of hyperserotonemiaobsolete term for carcinoid s.
vasovagal s.vagal attack
Verner-Morrison s.watery diarrhea, hypokalemia, and achlorhydria associated with secretion of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide by a pancreatic islet-cell tumor in the absence of gastric hypersecretion.WDHA s;
Vernet's s.a s. characterized by paralysis of the motor components of the glossopharyngeal, vagus, and accessory cranial nerves as they lie in the posterior fossa; it is most commonly the result of head injury.
vertical retraction s. See retraction s.
vibration s.tingling, numbness, and blanching of the fingers resulting from use of hand-held vibration tools; may persist without further exposure to vibration.
virus-associated hemophagocytic s.a s. closely resembling malignant histiocytosis but potentially reversible, following a herpes group virus infection such as by the Epstein-Barr virus.
vitreoretinal choroidopathy s. [MIM*193220] an ocular condition characterized by peripheral pigmentary retinopathy, retinal vascular abnormalities, vitreous opacities, choroidal atrophy, and presenile cataracts; autosomal dominant inheritance.
vitreoretinal traction s.traction on the internal limiting membrane of the retina by adherent vitreous fibrils in vitreous humor detachment.
Vogt s.double athetosis [Cècile and Oscar Vogt]
Vogt-Koyanagi s.bilateral uveitis with iritis and glaucoma, premature graying of the hair, and alopecia, vitiligo, and dysacusia; related to Harada's s. and sympathetic ophthalmia.oculocutaneous s., uveocutaneous s;
Vohwinkel s.mutilating keratoderma
von Hippel-Lindau s.a type of phacomatosis, consisting of hemangiomas of the retina, which may be multiple and bilateral, associated with hemangiomas or hemangioblastomas primarily of the cerebellum and walls of the fourth ventricle, occasionally involving the spinal cord; sometimes associated with cysts or hamartomas of kidney, adrenal, or other organs; autosomal dominant inheritance.cerebroretinal angiomatosis, Lindau's disease;
vulnerable child s.a reaction characterized by disturbance in psychosocial development, often occurring in children whose parents expect them to die prematurely.
Waardenburg s. [MIM*193500, MIM*193510] Autosomal dominant disorder characterized by lateral dystopia of medial canthi and lacrimal puncta, increased width of the root of the nose, heterochromia or hypochromia iridis, cochlear deafness, white forelock, and synophrys.
Wagner's s.hyaloideoretinal degeneration
Waldenström's s.Waldenström's macroglobulinemia
Wallenberg's s.posterior inferior cerebellar artery s
Ward-Romano s.Romano-Ward s
wasting s. 1. runting s 2. a condition of 10% weight loss in conjunction with diarrhea or fever lasting over one month. Associated with AIDS.
Waterhouse-Friderichsen s.a condition occurring mainly in children under 10 years of age, characterized by vomiting, diarrhea, extensive purpura, cyanosis, toniclonic convulsions, and circulatory collapse, usually with meningitis and hemorrhage into the adrenal glands.acute fulminating meningococcal septicemia, Friderichsen-Waterhouse s;
WDHA s.Verner-Morrison s [watery diarrhea, hypokalemia, achlorhydria]
weaving s.a behavioral disorder of caged or confined animals where the animal stands in one position but weaves from side to side or rocks back and forth.
Weber-Cockayne s. [MIM*131800] epidermolysis bullosa of the hands and feet.
Weber's s.midbrain tegmentum lesion characterized by ipsilateral oculomotor nerve paresis and contralateral paralysis of the extremities, face, and tongue.Weber's sign;
Weill-Marchesani s. [MIM*277600] ectopia lentis (lens abnormally round and small), short stature, and brachydactyly; recessive autosomal inheritance.
Wells' s.recurrent cellulitis followed by brawny edematous skin lesions, or a less acute presentation of papular, annular, or gyrate skin lesions which are sometimes urticarial; affected skin and subcutis are heavily infiltrated by eosinophils and histiocytes, with scattered small necrotic foci (flame figures) of varied etiology; sometimes follows an arthropod bite.eosinophilic cellulitis;
Werner's s. [MIM*277700] a disorder consisting of scleroderma-like skin changes, bilateral juvenile cataracts, progeria, hypogonadism, and diabetes mellitus; autosomal recessive inheritance.
Wernicke-Korsakoff s.the coexistence of Wernicke's and Korsakoff's s.'s.
Wernicke's s.a condition frequently encountered in chronic alcoholics, largely due to thiamin deficiency and characterized by disturbances in ocular motility, pupillary alterations, nystagmus, and ataxia with tremors; an organic-toxic psychosis is often an associated finding, and Korsakoff's s. often coexists; characteristic cellular pathology found in several areas of the brain.superior hemorrhagic polioencephalitis, Wernicke's disease, Wernicke's encephalopathy;
West's s.an encephalopathy in infancy characterized by infantile spasms, arrest of psychomotor development, and hypsarrhythmia.
Weyers-Thier s.oculovertebral dysplasia
whistling face s.craniocarpotarsal dystrophy
white-out s.a psychosis which occurs in Arctic explorers or others similarly exposed to the stimulus deprivation of a snow-clad environment. See also sensory deprivation.
Widal's s.Hayem-Widal s
Wildervanck s.cervico-oculo-acoustic s
Williams s.a congenital disorder characterized by mental deficiency, mild growth deficiency, elfin facies, supravalvular aortic stenosis, and, occasionally, elevated blood calcium; may be associated with hypersensitivity to vitamin D or excess ingestion of the vitamin during pregnancy. Cf. idiopathic hypercalcemia of infants.
Williams' s.cardiofacial s
Williams-Beurer s.idiopathic hypercalcemia of infants
Wilson-Mikity s.pulmonary dysmaturity s
Wilson's s.Wilson's disease (1)
Wiskott-Aldrich s. [MIM*301000] an X-linked immunodeficiency disorder occurring in male children and characterized by thrombocytopenia, eczema, melena, and susceptibility to recurrent bacterial infections; death occurs from severe hemorrhage or overwhelming infection.Aldrich s;
Wissler's s.high intermittent fever, irregularly recurring macular and maculo-papular eruption of the face, chest and limbs, leukocytosis, arthralgia, occasionally eosinophilia, and raised erythrocyte sedimentation rate; occurs in children and adolescents, with varying duration.
withdrawal s.the development of a substance-specific s. that follows the cessation of, or reduction in, intake of a psychoactive substance that the person previously used regularly; e.g., clinical syndrome of disorientation, perceptual disturbance, and psychomotor agitation following the cessation of chronic use of excessive quantities of alcohol is termed alcohol withdrawal syndrome. The s. that develops varies according to the psychoactive substance used. Common symptoms include anxiety, restlessness, irritability, insomnia, and impaired attention. See also abstinence s.
Wolff-Parkinson-White s. [MIM*194200] an electrocardiographic pattern sometimes associated with paroxysmal tachycardia; it consists of short P-R interval (usually 0.1 second or less; occasionally normal) together with a prolonged QRS complex with a slurred initial component (delta wave).preexcitation s;
Wright's s.hyperabduction s
Wyburn-Mason s.arteriovenous malformation on the cerebral cortex, retinal arteriovenous angioma and facial nevus, usually occurring in mentally retarded individuals.
XO s.Turner's s
XXY s.Klinefelter's s
XYY s.a chromosomal anomaly with chromosome count 47, with a supernumerary Y chromosome; controversial evidence associates tallness, aggressiveness, and acne with this condition.
yellow nail s.yellow nail
Young s.obstructive azoospermia and chronic sinopulmonary infections.
Zellweger s.cerebrohepatorenal s
Zieve's s.transient jaundice, hemolytic anemia, and hyperlipemia associated with acute alcoholism in patients with cirrhosis or a fatty liver.
Zivert s.Kartagener's s
Zollinger-Ellison s. [MIM*131100] peptic ulceration with gastric hypersecretion and non-beta cell tumor of the pancreatic islets, sometimes associated with familial polyendocrine adenomatosis.

syndromic syndromic (sin-drom´ik, -dro´mik)

Relating to a syndrome.

synechia synechia, pl. synechiae (si-nek´e-a, -ke-e; si-ne´ke-a)

Any adhesion; specifically, anterior or posterior s. [G. synecheia, continuity, fr. syn, together, + echo, to have, hold]
annular s.adhesion of the entire pupillary margin of the iris to the capsule of the lens.
anterior s.adhesion of the iris to the cornea.
s. pericar´diiconcretio cordis
peripheral anterior s.goniosynechia
posterior s.adhesion of the iris to the capsule of the lens.
total s.adhesion of the entire surface of the iris to the lens capsule.

synechiotomy synechiotomy (si-nek´e-ot´o-me)

Division of the adhesions in synechia. [synechia + G. tome, incision]

synechotome synechotome (si-nek´o-tom)

A small knife for use in synechiotomy.

synectenterotomy synectenterotomy (si-nek´ten-ter-ot´o-me)

Division of intestional adhesions. [G. synektos, held together (see synechia), + enteron, intestine, + tome, incision]

synencephalocele synencephalocele (sin-en-sef´a-lo-sel)

Protrusion of brain substance through a defect in the skull, with adhesions preventing reduction. [syn- + G. enkephalos, brain, + kele, hernia]

syneresis syneresis (si-ner´e-sis)

1. The contraction of a gel, e.g., a blood clot, by which part of the dispersion medium is squeezed out. 2. Degeneration of the vitreous humor with loss of gel consistency to become partially or completely fluid. [G. synairesis, a taking or drawing together]

synergetic synergetic (sin-er-jet´ik)

synergistic

synergia synergia (si-ner´je-a)

synergism

synergic synergic (si-ner´jik)

synergistic

synergism synergism (sin´er-jizm)

Coordinated or correlated action of two or more structures, agents, or physiologic processes so that the combined action is greater than the sum of each acting separately. Cf. antagonism. synergia, synergistic effect, synergy; [G. synergia, fr. syn, together, + ergon, work]

synergist synergist (sin´er-jist)

A structure, agent, or physiologic process that aids the action of another. Cf. antagonist.

synergistic synergistic (sin-er-jis´tik)

1. Pertaining to synergism. 2. Denoting a synergist.synergetic, synergic;

synergy synergy (sin´er-je)

synergism

synesthesia synesthesia (sin-es-the´ze-a)

A condition in which a stimulus, in addition to exciting the usual and normally located sensation, gives rise to a subjective sensation of different character or localization; e.g., color hearing, color taste. [syn- + G. aisthesis, sensation]
s. al´gicasynesthesialgia

synesthesialgia synesthesialgia (sin´es-the-ze-al´je-a)

Painful synesthesia.synesthesia algica;

Syngamidae Syngamidae (sin-gam´i-de)

A family of nematodes (order Strongyloidea) parasitic in the respiratory system of birds and mammals. [see Syngamus]

Syngamus Syngamus (sin´ga-mus)

A genus of moderate-sized, bloodsucking, strongyle nematodes (family Syngamidae) that live in the bronchi and tracheae of birds, and are especially important parasites of gallinaceous birds. They are called gapeworms because the host often gapes with open mouth due to the presence of the worms in the throat, or forked worms because the male is permanently attached to the midregion of the female, where the bursa of the male is clasped over the female vulva. [syn- + G. gamos, marriage]
S. tra´cheaa worldwide parasite of the trachea of domestic fowl and many wild birds, causing gapes.

syngamy syngamy (sin´ga-me)

Conjugation of the gametes in fertilization. [syn- + G. gamos, marriage]

syngeneic syngeneic (sin´je-ne´ik)

Relating to genetically identical individuals.isogeneic, isogenic, isologous, isoplastic, syngenic; [G. syngenes, congenital]

syngenesioplasty syngenesioplasty (sin-je-ne´ze-o-plas-te)

Plastic surgery involving syngenesiotransplantation. [syn- + G. genesis, origin, + plastos, formed]

syngenesiotransplantation syngenesiotransplantation (sin-je-ne´ze-o-trans-plan-ta´shun)

Transplantation in which the donor and recipient of a graft are closely related, e.g., parent and child or siblings. [syn- + G. genesis, origin, + transplantation]

syngenesis syngenesis (sin-jen´e-sis)

sexual reproduction [syn- + G. genesis, origin]

syngenetic syngenetic (sin-je-net´ik)

Relating to syngenesis.

syngenic syngenic (sin-jen´ik)

syngeneic

syngnathia syngnathia (sin-nath´e-a)

Congenital adhesion of the maxilla and mandible by fibrous bands. [syn- + G. gnathos, jaw]

syngraft syngraft (sin´graft)

A tissue or organ transplanted between genetically identical individuals.isogeneic graft, isograft, isologous graft, isoplastic graft, syngeneic graft;

synidrosis synidrosis (sin-i-dro´sis)

A condition in which excessive sweating is part of the clinical manifestation. [syn- + G. hidrosis, sweating]

synizesis synizesis (sin-i-ze´sis)

1. Closure or obliteration of the pupil. 2. The massing of chromatin at one side of the nucleus that occurs usually at the beginning of synapsis. [G. collapse]

synkaryon synkaryon (sin-kar´e-on)

The nucleus formed by the fusion of the two pronuclei in karyogamy.syncaryon; [syn- + G. karyon, kernel (nucleus)]

synkinesis synkinesis (sin-ki-ne´sis)

Involuntary movement accompanying a voluntary one, as the movement of a closed eye following that of the uncovered one, or the movement occurring in a paralyzed muscle accompanying motion in another part.syncinesis; [syn- + G. kinesis, movement]

synkinetic synkinetic (sin-ki-net´ik)

Relating to or marked by synkinesis.

synnematin B synnematin B (sin-e-ma´tin, si-ne´ma-tin)

cephalosporin N

synonychia synonychia (sin-o-nik´e-a)

Fusion of two or more nails of the digits, as in syndactyly. [sin- + G. onyx (onych-), nail]

synonym synonym (sin´o-nim)

In biologic nomenclature, a term used to denote one of two or more names for the same species or taxonomic group (taxon).
objective s.'sdifferent names for the same organism, based on one and the same nomenclatural type, as when a species is transferred from one genus to another (e.g., the transfer of Diplococcus pneumoniae to the genus Streptococcus as Streptococcus pneumoniae), in contrast to subjective s.'s.
senior s.the earliest published of two or more available names for the same organism, usually used as the correct name (law of priority).
subjective s.'sdifferent names, based on different nomenclatural types, for organisms that were originally regarded as different but were later considered to be identical, or nearly so, as a matter of personal opinion, in contrast to objective s.'s.

synophrys synophrys (sin-of´ris)

Hypertrophy and fusion of the eyebrows. [syn- + G. ophrys, eyebrow]

synophthalmia synophthalmia (sin-of-thal´me-a)

cyclopia [syn- + G. ophthalmos, eye]

synophthalmus synophthalmus (-mus)

cyclopia

synoptophore synoptophore (sin-op´to-for)

A modified form of Wheatstone stereoscope used in orthoptic training. [syn- + G. ops, eye, + phoros, bearing]

synorchidism synorchidism, synorchism (sin-or´ki-dizm, sin-or´kizm)

Congenital fusion of the testes in the abdomen or scrotum. [syn- + G. orchis, testis]

synoscheos synoscheos (sin-os´ke-os)

Partial or complete adhesion of the penis and scrotum, a malformation in hermaphroditism. [syn- + G. osche, scrotum]

synosteology synosteology (sin-os´te-ol´o-je)

arthrology [syn- + G. osteon, bone, + logos, study]

synosteosis synosteosis (sin-os-te-o´sis)

synostosis

synostosis synostosis (sin-os-to´sis)

Osseous union between the bones forming a joint.bony ankylosis, synosteosis, true ankylosis; [syn- + G. osteon, bone, + -osis, condition]
sagittal s.scaphocephaly
tribasilar s.fusion in early life of the three bones at the base of the skull, resulting in interference with the development of the brain.

synostotic synostotic (sin-os-tot´ik)

Relating to synostosis.

synotia synotia (si-no´she-a)

Fusion or abnormal approximation of the lobes of the ears in otocephaly. [syn- + G. ous, ear]

synovectomy synovectomy (sin-o-vek´to-me)

Excision of a portion or all of the synovial membrane of a joint.villusectomy; [synovia + G. ektome, excision]

synovia synovia (si-no´ve-a) [NA]

synovial fluid [Mod. L., a word coined by Paracelsus, fr. G. syn, together, + oon (L. ovum), egg]

synovial synovial (si-no´ve-al)

1. Relating to, containing, or consisting of synovia. 2. Relating to the membrana synovialis.

synovioma synovioma (si-no-ve-o´ma)

A tumor of synovial origin involving joint or tendon sheath. [synovium + G. -oma, tumor]
malignant s.synovial sarcoma

synoviparous synoviparous (sin´o-vip´a-rus)

Producing synovia. [synovia + L. pario, to produce]

synovitis synovitis (sin-o-vI´tis)

Inflammation of a synovial membrane, especially that of a joint; in general, when unqualified, the same as arthritis. [synovia + G. -itis, inflammation]
bursal s.bursitis
chronic hemorrhagic villous s.pigmented villonodular s
dry s.s. with little serous or purulent effusion.s. sicca;
filarial s.synovial inflammation often followed by fibrotic ankylosis due to microfilariae in the joint.
infectious s.a disease of chickens and turkeys caused by the bacterium Mycoplasma synoviae and characterized by lameness with swollen hocks and foot pads.
pigmented villonodular s.diffuse outgrowths of synovial membrane of a joint, usually the knee, composed of synovial villi and fibrous nodules infiltrated by hemosiderin- and lipid-containing macrophages and multinucleated giant cells; the condition may be inflammatory, although recurrence is likely to follow incomplete removal.chronic hemorrhagic villous s;
purulent s.suppurative arthritis
serous s.s. with a large effusion of nonpurulent fluid.
s. sic´cadry s
suppurative s.suppurative arthritis
tendinous s.tenosynovitis
vaginal s.tenosynovitis

synovium synovium (si-no´ve-um)

synovial membrane

synpolydactyly synpolydactyly (sin´pol-e-dak´ti-le)

Associated syndactyly and polydactyly.

syntactics syntactics (sin-tak´tiks)

A branch of semiotics concerned with the formal relations between signs, in abstraction from their meaning and their interpreters. [syn- + G. taxis, order]

syntality syntality (sin-tal´i-te)

The consistent and predictable behavior of a social group. [prob. telescoped from syn- + mentality]

syntectic syntectic (sin-tek´tik)

Pertaining to or marked by syntexis.

syntenic syntenic (sin-ten´ik)

Pertaining to synteny.

synteny synteny (sin´ten-e)

The relationship between two genetic loci (not genes) represented on the same chromosomal pair or (for haploid chromosomes) on the same chromosome; an anatomic rather than a segregational relationship. [syn- + G. tainia, ribbon]

syntexis syntexis (sin-tek´sis)

Emaciation or wasting. [G. syn-texis, a melting together]

synthase synthase (sin´thas)

Trivial name used in Enzyme Commission Report for a lyase reaction going in the reverse direction (NTP-independent). For individual s.'s, see the specific names. See also synthetase.

synthermal synthermal (sin-ther´mal)

Having the same temperature. [syn- + G. therme, heat]

synthesis synthesis, pl. syntheses (sin´the-sis, -sez)

1. A building up, putting together, composition. 2. In chemistry, the formation of compounds by the union of simpler compounds or elements. 3. Stage in the cell cycle in which DNA is synthesized as a preliminary to cell division. [G. fr. syn, together, + thesis, a placing, arranging]
s. of continuityhealing of the edges of a wound or fracture.
enzymatic s.s. by enzymes. See biosynthesis.
Kiliani-Fischer s.a synthetic procedure for the extension of the carbon atom chain of aldoses by treatment with cyanide; hydrolysis of the cyanohydrins followed by reduction of the lactone yields the homologous aldose; with this method, d-glucose and d-mannose can be synthesized from d-arabinose.
Merrifield s.the s. of peptides and proteins via an automated system on carrier polymers.
protein s.the process in which individual amino acids, whether of exogenous or endogenous origin, are connected to each other in peptide linkage in a specific order dictated by the sequence of nucleotides in DNA; this governing sequence is conveyed to the synthesizing apparatus in the ribosomes by mRNA, formed by base-pairing on the DNA template.

synthesize synthesize (sin´the-sIz)

To make something by synthesis, i.e., synthetically.

synthetase synthetase (sin´the-tas)

An enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of a specific substance. S. is limited, in the Enzyme Commission Report, to use as a trivial name for the ligases (EC class 6), which in turn are those synthesizing enzymes that require the cleavage of a pyrophosphate linkage in ATP or a similar compound. Reversal of lyase (EC class 4) reactions, producing a synthesis, is indicated (in trivial names) by synthase; such reactions do not involve pyrophosphate cleavage. For individual s.'s, see the specific names.

synthetic synthetic (sin-thet´ik)

Relating to or made by synthesis.

synthorax synthorax (sin-thor´aks)

thoracopagus

syntonic syntonic (sin-ton´ik)

Having even tone or temperament; a personality trait characterized by a high degree of emotional responsiveness to the environment. [G. syntonos, in harmony, fr. syn, together, + tonos, tone]

syntrophism syntrophism (sin´tro-fizm)

State of mutual dependence, with reference to food supply, of organs or cells of a plant or an animal. [syn- + G. trophe, nourishment]

syntrophoblast syntrophoblast (sin-tro´fo-blast, -trof´o-)

syncytiotrophoblast

syntropic syntropic (sin-trop´ik)

Relating to syntropy.

syntropy syntropy (sin´tro-pe)

1. The tendency sometimes seen in two diseases to coalesce into one. 2. The state of harmonious association with others. 3. In anatomy, a number of similar structures inclined in one general direction; e.g., the spinous processes of a series of vertebrae, the ribs. [syn- + G. trope, a turning]
inverse s.a situation in which the presence of one disease tends to decrease the possibility of another.

synzyme synzyme (sin´zIm)

A synthetic macromolecule having enzymatic activity.enzyme analog;

Syphacia Syphacia (si-fa´she-a)

Genus of oxyurid nematode pinworms of rodents; S. obvelata is the common cecal pinworm of mice, and S. muris, of rats. See also Aspiculuris tetraptera. [fr. L. siphon, tube]

syphil- syphil-

See syphilo-.

syphilemia syphilemia (sif-i-le´me-a)

A state in which the specific organism, Treponema pallidum, is present in the bloodstream. [syphilis + G. haima, blood]

syphilid syphilid (sif´i-lid)

Any of the several kinds of cutaneous and mucous membrane lesions of secondary and tertiary syphilis, but most commonly denoting the former.syphiloderm, syphiloderma; [syphilis + -id (1)]
acneform s.pustular s
acuminate papular s.follicular s
annular s.cutaneous lesions of secondary syphilis in which the papules form annular lesions with raised papular borders and clear central portions.
bullous s.a rare manifestation of congenital syphilis.pemphigoid s;
corymbose s.a secondary syphilitic eruption consisting of a large central papule surrounded by a more or less complete ring of smaller papules.
ecthymatous s.pustular s
erythematous s.syphilitic roseola
flat papular s.lenticular s
follicular s.secondary eruption of small follicular papules, usually appearing as groups of lesions.acuminate papular s., lichen syphiliticus, miliary papular s;
frambesiform s.rupial s
gummatous s.gumma
impetiginous s.pustular s
lenticular s.eruption of flattened, dull reddish papules, 5 mm to 1 cm in diameter, occurring in secondary syphilis.flat papular s;
macular s.syphilitic roseola
miliary papular s.follicular s
nodular s.gumma
nummular s.flat, disk-shaped papules of secondary syphilis.
palmar s.dull red papules in the palms, occurring in secondary syphilis.
papular s. See follicular s., lenticular s.
papulosquamous s.scaling papules of secondary syphilis.
pemphigoid s.bullous s
pigmentary s.lesions of secondary syphilis consisting of rounded white macules on the trunk.
plantar s.dull red papules on the soles in secondary syphilis.
pustular s.a type of pustular eruption occurring in secondary syphilis.acne syphilitica, acneform s., ecthymatous s., impetiginous s., varioliform s;
rupial s.lesions that appear granulomatous and crusted, resembling those of yaws.frambesiform s;
secondary s.a syphilitic skin lesion characteristic of the second stage of the disease.
tertiary s.a syphilitic skin lesion characteristic of the third stage of the disease.
varioliform s.pustular s

syphilimetry syphilimetry (sif-i-lim´e-tre)

A test designed to determine intensity of syphilitic infection, e.g., titered serologic test. [syphilis + G. metron, measure]

syphilionthus syphilionthus (sif´i-li-on´thus)

A copper-colored syphilid with branny scales. [syphilid + G. ionthos, acne of adolescence]

syphilis syphilis (sif´i-lis)

An acute and chronic infectious disease caused by Treponema pallidum and transmitted by direct contact, usually through sexual intercourse. After an incubation period of 12 to 30 days, the first symptom is a chancre, followed by slight fever and other constitutional symptoms (primary s.), followed by a skin eruption of various appearances with mucous patches and generalized lymphadenopathy (secondary s.), and subsequently by the formation of gummas, cellular infiltration, and functional abnormalities usually resulting from cardiovascular and central nervous system lesions (tertiary s.).lues venerea, malum venereum; [Mod. L. syphilis (syphilid-), (?) fr. a poem, Syphilis sive Morbus Gallicus, by Fracastorius, Syphilus being a shepherd and principal char.]
cardiovascular s.involvement of the cardiovascular system seen in late s., usually resulting in aortitis, aneurysm formation, and aortic valvular insufficiency.
congenital s.s. acquired by the fetus in utero, thus present at birth.hereditary s., s. hereditaria;
s. d'emblée (dom-bla´) s. occurring without an initial sore. [Fr. right away]
early s.primary, secondary, or early latent s., before any tertiary manifestations have appeared.
early latent s.infection with Treponema pallidum, the organism of syphilis, after the primary and secondary phases have subsided, during the first year after infection, before any manifestations of tertiary syphilis have appeared.
endemic s.nonvenereal s
equine s.dourine
s. heredita´riacongenital s
hereditary s.congenital s
s. heredita´ria tar´das., believed to be congenital, but not manifesting itself until several years after birth.
late s.involvement of the cardiovascular or central nervous system, or the development of a gumma in any organ, due to infection with Treponema pallidum; usually several years to 2-3 decades after the initial infection.tertiary s;
late benign s.late s., manifested by serologic evidence of infection, but without any clinical manifestations.
late latent s.Usually infectious in pregnant women only, who may pass the infection on to the fetus.
latent s.infection with Treponema pallidum, after the manifestations of primary and secondary s. have subsided (or were never noticed), before any manifestations of tertiary s. have appeared.
meningovascular s.a rare manifestation of secondary or tertiary s. characterized by mild, nonsuppurative, chronic inflammation of the leptomeninges and an intracranial or spinal angiitis.
nonvenereal s.s. caused by organisms closely related to Treponema pallidum; spread by personal, but not necessarily venereal, contact; usually acquired in childhood, most common in areas of provery and overcrowding; rare in the United States; includes yaws, pinta and bejel.endemic s;
primary s.the first stage of s. See syphilis.
quaternary s.parasyphilis
secondary s.the second stage of s. See syphilis.mesosyphilis;
tertiary s.late s

syphilitic syphilitic (sif-i-lit´ik)

Relating to, caused by, or suffering from syphilis.luetic;

syphilo- syphilo-, syphil-, syphili-

Syphilis. [see syphilis]

syphiloderm syphiloderm, syphiloderma (sif´i-lo-derm, -der´ma)

syphilid [syphilo- + G. derma, skin]

syphiloid syphiloid (sif´i-loyd)

Resembling syphilis. [syphilo- + G. eidos, resemblance]

syphilologist syphilologist (sif-i-lol´o-jist)

One who specializes in the study, diagnosis, and treatment of syphilis.

syphilology syphilology (sif-i-lol´o-je)

The branch of medical science concerned with the origin, prevention, and treatment of syphilis. [syphilo- + G. logos, study]

syphiloma syphiloma (sif-i-lo´ma)

gumma [syphilo- + G. -oma, tumor]
s. of FournierFournier's disease

syphilomatous syphilomatous (sif-i-lo´ma-tus)

gummatous

syr syr

Abbreviation of Mod. L. syrupus, syrup.

syrigmus syrigmus (sI-rig´mus)

tinnitus aurium [L. fr. G. syrigmos, a hissing]

syring- syring-

See syringo-.

syringadenoma syringadenoma (sir´ing-ad-e-no´ma)

A benign sweat gland tumor showing glandular differentiation typical of secretory cells.syringoadenoma; [syring- + G. aden, gland, + -oma, tumor]

syringadenosus syringadenosus (sir´ing-ad-e-no´sus)

Relating to the sweat glands. [L. fr. syring- + G. aden, gland]

syringe syringe (sI-rinj´, sir´inj)

An instrument used for injecting or withdrawing fluids. [G. syrinx, pipe or tube]
air s.chip s
chip s.a tapered metal tube through which air is forced from a rubber bulb or pressure tank to blow debris from, or to dry, a cavity in preparing teeth for restoration.air s;
control s.a type of Luer-Lok s. with thumb and finger rings attached to the proximal end of the barrel and to the tip of the plunger, allowing operation of the s. with one hand.ring s;
Davidson s.a rubber tube, armed with an appropriate nozzle, intersected with a compressible bulb, with valves so arranged that compression forces the fluid, into which one end of the tube is inserted, forward to the nozzle end.
dental s.a breech-loading metal cartridge s. into which fits a hermetically sealed glass cartridge containing the anesthetic solution.
fountain s.an apparatus consisting of a reservoir for holding fluid, to the bottom of which is attached a tube with a suitable nozzle; used for vaginal or rectal injections, irrigating wounds, etc., the force of the flow being regulated by the height of the reservoir above the point of discharge.
hypodermic s.a small s. with a barrel (which may be calibrated), perfectly matched plunger, and tip; used with a hollow needle for subcutaneous injections and for aspiration.hypodermic (3) ;
Luer s.a glass s. with a metal tip and locking device to secure the needle; used for hypodermic and intravenous purposes.Luer-Lok s;
Luer-Lok s.Luer s
Neisser's s.a urethral s. used in treatment of gonococcal urethritis.
probe s.a s. with an olive-shaped tip, used in treatment of diseases of the lacrimal passages.
ring s.control s
Roughton-Scholander s.Roughton-Scholander apparatus
rubber-bulb s.a s. with a hollow rubber bulb and cannula provided with a check valve, used to obtain a jet of air or water.

syringeal syringeal (sI-rin´je-al)

Relating to a syrinx.

syringectomy syringectomy (si-rin-jek´to-me)

fistulectomy [syring- + G. ektome, excision]

syringitis syringitis (si-rin-jI´tis)

Inflammation of the eustachian tube. [syring- + G. -itis, inflammation]

syringo- syringo-, syring-

A syrinx; syringeal. [G. syrinx, pipe or tube]

syringoadenoma syringoadenoma (sI-ring´go-ad-e-no´ma)

syringadenoma

syringobulbia syringobulbia (sI-ring´go-bul´be-a)

A fluid-filled cavity of the brainstem, analogous to syringomyelia. [syringo- + L. bulbus, bulb (medulla oblongata)]

syringocarcinoma syringocarcinoma (sI-ring´go-kar-si-no´ma)

A malignant epithelial neoplasm which has undergone cystic change (cystic carcinoma). [syringo- + carcinoma]

syringocele syringocele (sI-ring´go-sel)

1. central canal 2. A meningomyelocele in which there is a cavity in the ectopic spinal cord. [syringo- + G. koilia, a hollow]

syringocystadenoma syringocystadenoma (sI-ring´go-sis-tad-e-no´ma)

A cystic benign sweat gland tumor. [syringo- + cystadenoma]
s. papillif´eruma s. characterized by numerous finger-like projections of proliferated neoplastic epithelial cells in two layers on a stromal core of fibrous connective tissue infiltrated by plasma cells occurring singly or as part of a nevus sebaceus.

syringocystoma syringocystoma (sI-ring´go-sis-to´ma)

hidrocystoma [syringo- + cystoma]

syringoencephalomyelia syringoencephalomyelia (sI-ring´go-en-sef´a-lo-mI-e´le-a)

A tubular cavity involving both brain and spinal cord and etiologically unrelated to vascular insufficiency. [syringo- + G. enkephalos, brain, + myelos, marrow]

syringoid syringoid (sI-ring´goyd)

Resembling a tube or fistula. [syringo- + G. eidos, resemblance]

syringoma syringoma (si-ring-go´ma)

A benign, often multiple, sometimes eruptive benign, neoplasm of the sweat gland ducts composed of very small round cysts. [syringo- + G. -oma, tumor]
chondroid s.a benign tumor of sweat glands with a mucoid stroma showing cartilaginous metaplasia.mixed tumor of skin;

syringomeningocele syringomeningocele (sI-ring´go-me-ning´go-sel)

A form of spina bifida in which the dorsal sac consists chiefly of membranes, with very little cord substance, enclosing a cavity that communicates with a syringomyelic cavity. [syringo- + meningocele]

syringomyelia syringomyelia (sI-ring´go-mI-e´le-a)

The presence in the spinal cord of longitudinal cavities lined by dense, gliogenous tissue, which are not caused by vascular insufficiency. S. is marked clinically by pain and paresthesia, followed by muscular atrophy of the hands and analgesia with thermoanesthesia of the hands and arms, but with the tactile sense preserved; later marked by painless whitlows, spastic paralysis in the lower extremities, and scoliosis of the lumbar spine. Some cases are associated with low grade astrocytomas or vascular malformations of the spinal cord.hydrosyringomyelia, Morvan's disease, myelosyringosis, syringomyelus; [syringo- + G. myelos, marrow]

syringomyelocele syringomyelocele (sI-ring´go-mI´e-lo-sel)

A form of spina bifida, consisting in a protrusion of the membranes and spinal cord through a dorsal defect in the vertebral column, the fluid of the syrinx of the cord being increased and expanding the cord tissue into a thin-walled sac which then expands through the vertebral defect. [syringo- + myelocele]

syringomyelus syringomyelus (sI-ring´go-mI´e-lus)

syringomyelia [syringo- + G. myelos, marrow]

syringopontia syringopontia (sI-ring´go-pon´she-a)

A condition of cavity formation in the pons, of the same nature as syringomyelia. [syringo- + L. pons, bridge]

syringotome syringotome (sI-rin´go-tom)

fistulatome

syringotomy syringotomy (si-rin-got´o-me)

fistulotomy

syrinx syrinx, pl. syringes (sir´ingks, sI-rin´jez)

1. A rarely used synonym for fistula. 2. A pathologic tube-shaped cavity in the brain or spinal cord. 3. The lower part of the bird trachea, which produces vocal sounds. [G. a tube, pipe]

syrosingopine syrosingopine (sir-o-sin´go-pen)

Carbethoxysyringoyl methyl reserpate;prepared from reserpine by hydrolysis and reesterification; an antihypertensive agent with actions similar to those of reserpine.

syrup syrup (ser´up, sir´up)

1. Refined molasses; the uncrystallizable saccharine solution left after the refining of sugar. 2. Any sweet fluid; a solution of sugar in water in any proportion. 3. A liquid preparation of medicinal or flavoring substances in a concentrated aqueous solution of a sugar, usually sucrose; other polyols, such as glycerin or sorbitol, may be present to retard crystallization of sucrose or to increase the solubility of added ingredients. When the s. contains a medicinal substance, it is termed a medicated s.; although a syrup tends (due to its very high [approximately 85 percent] sucrose content) to resist mold or bacterial contamination, a s. may contain antimicrobial agents to prevent bacterial and mold growth.sirup, syrupus; [Mod. L. syrupus, fr. Ar. sharab]
ipecac s.a sweetened liquid medicinal preparation containing powdered ipecac extract, which contains the alkaloids emetine and cephaline; used as an emetic in certain cases of poisoning and (at lower doses) as an expectorant.

syrupus syrupus (sir´u-pus)

syrup [Mod. L.]

syrupy syrupy (ser´u-pe, sir´)

Relating to syrup; of the consistency of syrup.

syssarcosic syssarcosic (sis´ar-ko´sik)

syssarcotic

syssarcosis syssarcosis (sis´ar-ko´sis)

A muscular articulation; Union of bones by muscle; e.g., in man, the muscular connections of the patella. [G. syssarkosis, a being overgrown with flesh, fr. syn, with, + sarx, flesh]

syssarcotic syssarcotic (sis´ar-kot´ik)

Relating to or characterized by syssarcosis.syssarcosic;

systaltic systaltic (sis-tahl´tik, -tal´tik)

Obsolete term for pulsating; alternately contracting and dilating; denoting the action of the heart. [G. systaltikos, contractile]

system system (sis´tem)

1. A consistent and complex whole made up of correlated and semi-independent parts. A complex of anatomical structures functionally related. 2. The entire organism seen as a complex organization of parts. 3. Any complex of structures anatomically related (e.g., vascular s.) or functionally related (e.g., digestive s.). 4. A scheme of medical theory. See also apparatus, classification, system. 5. S. followed by one or more letters denotes specific amino acid transporters; s. N is a sodium-dependent transporter specific for amino acids such as l-glutamine, l-asparagine, and l-histidine; s. y⁺ is a sodium-independent transporter of cationic amino acids.systema [NA] ; [G. systema, an organized whole]
absolute s. of unitsa s. based on absolute units accepted as being fundamental (length, mass, time) and from which other units (force, energy or work, power) are derived; such s.'s in common use are the foot-pound-second, centimeter-gram-second, and meter-kilogram-second s.'s.
absorbent s.lymphatic s
alimentary s.digestive s
anterolateral s.a composite bundle of fibers, located in the ventrolateral part of the lateral funiculus, containing spinothalamic, spinohypothalamic, spinoreticular, and spinomesencephalic (spinotectal, spinal to periaqueductal grey, etc.) fibers; occupies the combined areas of the spinal white matter historically divided into anterior and lateral spinothalamic tracts; located in white matter ventral to the denticulate ligament, hence the anatomical basis for the anterolateral cordotomy; concerned with the transmission of nociceptive and thermal information and with crude (nondiscriminative) touch.
arch-loop-whorl s. (A.L.W.) See Galton's system of classification of fingerprints, under fingerprint.
association s.groups or tracts of nerve fibers interconnecting different regions of one and the same major subdivision of the central nervous system, such as the various areas of the cerebral cortex or the various segments of the spinal cord.
autonomic nervous s.that part of the nervous system which represents the motor innervation of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and gland cells. It consists of two physiologically and anatomically distinct, mutually antagonistic components: the sympathetic and parasympathetic parts. In both of these parts the pathway of innervation consists of a synaptic sequence of two motor neurons, one of which lies in the spinal cord or brainstem as the preganglionic neuron, the thin but myelinated axon of which (preganglionic or B fiber) emerges with an outgoing spinal or cranial nerve and synapses with one or more of the postganglionic (or, more strictly, ganglionic) neurons composing the autonomic ganglia; the unmyelinated postganglionic fibers in turn innervate the smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, or gland cells. The preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic part lie in the intermediolateral cell column of the thoracic and upper two lumbar segments of the spinal gray matter; those of the parasympathetic part compose the visceral motor (visceral efferent) nuclei of the brainstem as well as the lateral column of the second to fourth sacral segments of the spinal cord. The ganglia of the sympathetic part are the paravertebral ganglia of the sympathetic trunk and the prevertebral or collateral ganglia; those of the parasympathetic part lie either near the organ to be innervated or as intramural ganglia within the organ itself except in the head, where there are four discrete parasympathetic ganglia (ciliary, otic, pterygopalatine, and submandibular). Impulse transmission from preganglionic to postganglionic neuron is mediated by acetylcholine in both the sympathetic and parasympathetic parts; transmission from the postganglionic fiber to the visceral effector tissues is classically said to be by acetylcholine in the parasympathetic part and by noradrenalin in the sympathetic part; recent evidence suggests the existence of further noncholinergic, nonadrenergic classes of postganglionic fibers.pars autonomica [NA] , systema nervosum autonomicum [NA] , autonomic part, involuntary nervous s., vegetative nervous s., visceral nervous s;
Bethesda s.recent classification for categorizing cervical Papanicolaou smears. [Bethesda, Maryland, site of NIH]
blood group s.'ssee Blood Groups appendix.
blood-vascular s.cardiovascular s
bulbosacral s.parasympathetic part
cardiovascular s.the heart and blood vessels considered as a whole.blood-vascular s;
caudal neurosecretory s.urohypophysis.
centimeter-gram-second s. (CGS, cgs) the scientific s. of expressing the fundamental physical units of length, mass, and time, and those units derived from them, in centimeters, grams, and seconds; currently being replaced by the International System of Units based on the meter, kilogram, and second.
central nervous s. (CNS) the brain and the spinal cord.pars centralis [NA] , systema nervosum centrale [NA] ;
cerebrospinal s.the combined central nervous s. and peripheral nervous s.
charge transfer s.charge transfer complex
chromaffin s.the cells of the body that stain with chromium salts and occur in the medullary portion of the adrenal body, paraganglia, and in relation to certain sympathetic nerves.
circulatory s.vascular s
closed s.a s. in which there is no exchange of material, energy, or information with the environment.
colloid s.a combination of the two phases, internal and external, of a colloid solution; the various s.'s are: gas + liquid (foam); gas + solid (meerschaum); liquid + gas (fog); solid + gas (smoke); solid + liquid (sol); liquid + solid (gel); liquid + liquid (emulsion); solid + solid (colored glass).
complement s.a group of more than 20 serum proteins, some of which can be serially activated and participate in a cascade resulting in cell lysis.
conducting s. of heartthe s. of atypical cardiac muscle fibers comprising the sinoatrial node, internodal tracts, atrioventricular node and bundle, the bundle branches, and their terminal ramifications into the Purkinje network; sometimes also called cardionector.
craniosacral s.parasympathetic part
cytochrome s.respiratory chain
dermal s., dermoid s.the skin and its appendages, the nails and hair.
digestive s.the digestive tract from the mouth to the anus with all its associated glands and organs.systema alimentarium, alimentary apparatus, alimentary s., systema digestorium;
ecological s.ecosystem
electron-transport s.respiratory chain
endocrine s.collective designation for those tissues capable of secreting hormones.
endomembrane s.endoplasmic reticulum
esthesiodic s.a s. of neurons and fiber tracts in the spinal cord and brain subserving sensation.
exterofective s.name applied by Cannon to the somatic nervous s. as opposed to the interofective or autonomic s.
extrapyramidal motor s.literally: all of the brain structures affecting bodily (somatic) movement, excluding the motor neurons, the motor cortex, and the pyramidal (corticobulbar and corticospinal) tract. Despite its very wide literal connotation, the term is commonly used to denote in particular the striate body (basal ganglia), its associated structures (substantia nigra; subthalamic nucleus), and its descending connections with the midbrain.
feedback s. 1. a complex of neuronal circuits whereby a part of the efferent path returns to the input to modulate its activity, thus acting as a governor on the s.; 2. See feedback.
foot-pound-second s. (FPS, fps) a s. of absolute units based on the foot, pound, and second.
gamma motor s.gamma loop
genital s.the complex s. consisting of the male or female gonads, associated ducts, and external genitalia dedicated to the function of reproducing the species.reproductive s;
genitourinary s.urogenital s
glandular s.all the glands of the body collectively.
haversian s.osteon
hematopoietic s.the blood-making organs; in the embryo at different ages these are the yolk sac, liver, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow; after birth they are principally the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes.
hepatic portal s.a venous portal s. in which the portal vein receives blood via its tributaries from the capillaries of most of the abdominal viscera and drains it into the hepatic sinusoids.
heterogeneous s.in chemistry, a s. that contains various distinct and mechanically separable parts or phases; e.g., a suspension or an emulsion.
hexaxial reference s.the figure resulting if the lines of derivation of the unipolar limb leads of the electrocardiogram are added to the triaxial reference s.
His-Tawara s.the complex s. of interlacing Purkinje fibers within the ventricular myocardium. See also conducting s. of heart.
homogeneous s.in chemistry, a s. whose parts cannot be mechanically separated, and is therefore uniform throughout and possesses in every part identically physical properties; e.g., a solution of sodium chloride in water.
hypophyseoportal s. (hI´po-fiz´e-o- por´tal) portal hypophysial circulation
hypophysial portal s.portal hypophysial circulation
hypophysioportal s.portal hypophysial circulation
hypothalamohypophysial portal s.portal hypophysial circulation
hypothalamohypophysial portal s.renal portal s
hypoxia warning s.a device designed to produce an audio or visual signal at a predetermined level of oxygen partial pressure; ideally, the system would warn of impending hypoxia in time for corrective action to be taken.
immune s.an intricate complex of interrelated cellular, molecular, and genetic components which provides a defense (immune response) against foreign organisms or substances and aberrant native cells.
indicator s.in in vitro immunological tests, a combination of reagents used to determine the degree to which immunological reagents have combined (e.g., sensitized erythrocytes in complement-fixation tests; enzyme and substrate in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays).
information s.combination of vital and health statistical data from multiple sources, used to derive information and make decisions about the health needs, health resources, costs, use, and outcome of health care.
integumentary s.the skin, hair, and nails; derived from ectoderm and subjacent mesoderm.
intermediary s.interstitial lamella
International S. of Units See International System of Units.
interofective s.term applied by W. Cannon to the autonomic nervous s. as opposed to the somatic nervous s. or exterofective s.
involuntary nervous s.autonomic nervous s
kallikrein s.a blood serum s., the activity of which is initiated by factor XII (Hageman factor) leading to the production of prekallikrein activator and then to kallikrein which, after activation by plasmin, splits bradykinin from kininogen.
kinetic s. 1. a term proposed by G.W. Crile to denote the chain of organs through which latent energy is transformed into motion and heat: it includes the brain, the thyroid, the adrenals, the liver, the pancreas, and the muscles; 2. that part of the neuromuscular s. whereby active movements are effected; distinguished from the static s.
lateral line s.a series of sense organs that detect pressure or vibrations along the head and side of cyclostomes, fishes, and some amphibians.
limbic s.collective term denoting a heterogeneous array of brain structures at or near the edge (limbus) of the medial wall of the cerebral hemisphere, in particular the hippocampus, amygdala, and fornicate gyrus; the term is often used so as to include also the interconnections of these structures, as well as their connections with the septal area, the hypothalamus, and a medial zone of mesencephalic tegmentum. By way of the latter connections, the limbic s. exerts an important influence upon the endocrine and autonomic motor s.'s; its functions also appear to affect motivational and mood states.visceral brain;
linnaean s. of nomenclaturethe s. of nomenclature in which the names of species are composed of two parts, a generic name and a specific epithet (species name, in botany).binary nomenclature, binomial nomenclature; [Carl von Linné]
lymphatic s.it consists of lymphatic vessels, nodes, and lymphoid tissue; it empties into the veins at the level of the superior aperture of the thorax.systema lymphaticum [NA] , absorbent s;
s. of macrophagesmononuclear phagocyte s
masticatory s.the organs and structures primarily functioning in mastication: the jaws, teeth with their supporting structures, temporomandibular joint, muscles of mastication, tongue, lips, cheeks, and oral mucosa.dental apparatus, masticatory apparatus (1) ;
metameric nervous s.that part of the nervous s. which innervates body structures developed in ontogeny from the segmentally arranged somites or, in the head region, branchial arches. The term implies reference to the neural mechanisms intrinsic to the spinal cord and brainstem (represented by the sensory nuclei, motoneuronal cell groups, and their associated interneurons in the reticular formation); by strict definition it should exclude the autonomic nervous system.
meter-kilogram-second s.an absolute s. based on the meter, kilogram, and second; the basis of the International System of Units.
metric s.a s. of weights and measures, universal for scientific use, based upon the meter, which was originally intended to be one ten-millionth of a quadrant of the earth's meridian and now is based on the length that light travels in a vacuum in a given period of time (see meter). Prefixes of the meter (and other standards) reflect either fractions or multiples of the meter and are identical to the International System of Units (see International System of Units). The unit of weight is the gram, which is the weight of one cubic centimeter of water, equivalent to 15.432358 grains. The unit of volume is the liter or one cubic decimeter, equal to 1.056688 U.S. liquid quarts; a cubic centimeter is about 16.23073 U.S. minims.
mononuclear phagocyte s. (MPS) a widely distributed collection of both free and fixed macrophages derived from bone marrow precursor cells by way of monocytes; their substantial phagocytic activity is mediated by immunoglobulin and the serum complement system. In both connective and lymphoid tissue, they may occur as free and fixed macrophages; in the sinusoids of the liver, as Kupffer cells; in the lung, as alveolar macrophages; and in the nervous system, as microglia.s. of macrophages;
muscular s.all the muscles of the body collectively.
nervous s.the entire nerve apparatus, composed of a central part, the brain and spinal cord, and a peripheral part, the cranial and spinal nerves, autonomic ganglia, and plexuses.systema nervosum [NA] ;
neuromuscular s.the muscles of the body collectively and the nerves supplying them.
nonspecific s.reticular activating s
occlusal s.the form or design and arrangement of the occlusal and incisal units of a dentition or the teeth on a denture.occlusal scheme;
oculomotor s.that part of the central nervous s. having to do with eye movements; it is composed of pathways connecting various regions of the cerebrum, brainstem, and ocular nuclei, utilizing multisynaptic articulations.
open s.a s. in which there is a continual exchange of material, energy, and information with the environment.
O-R s.abbreviation for oxidation-reduction s.
oxidation-reduction s. (O-R s.) an enzyme s. in the tissues by which oxidation and reduction proceed simultaneously through the transference of hydrogen or of one or more electrons from one metabolite to another. See also oxidation-reduction.redox s;
parasympathetic nervous s. See parasympathetic part, autonomic nervous s.
pedal s.efferent fibers connecting the forebrain with more caudal structures.
periodic s.the arrangement of the chemical elements in a definite order as indicated by their respective atomic numbers in such a way that groups of elements with similar chemical properties (similar valence shell electron number) are grouped together. See Mendeléeff's law.
peripheral nervous s.the peripheral part of the nervous system external to the brain and spinal cord from their roots to their peripheral terminations. This includes the ganglia, both sensory and autonomic and any plexuses through which the nerve fibers run. See also autonomic nervous s.pars peripherica [NA] , systema nervosum periphericum [NA] , peripheral part;
Pinel's s.the abolition of forcible restraint in the treatment of the mental hospital patient.
portal s.a s. of vessels in which blood, after passing through one capillary bed, is conveyed through a second capillary network, as in the hepatic portal system in which blood from the intestines passes through the liver sinusoids.
pressoreceptor s.the pressoreceptive areas which with their afferent fibers and connections with the autonomic system react to a rise in arterial blood pressure and serve to buffer it by inhibiting the heart rate and vascular tone. See also baroreceptor.
projection s.the s. of axons carrying stimuli from one portion of the nervous system to other portions.
properdin s.an immunological s. that is the alternative pathway for complement, composed of several distinct proteins that react in a serial manner and activate C3 (third component of complement), seemingly without utilizing components C1, C4, and C2; in addition to properdin, the s. includes properdin factors A (native C3), B (C3 proactivator), D (C3 proactivator convertase), and perhaps at least one other, E; the s. can be activated, in the absence of specific antibody, by bacterial endotoxins, by a variety of polysaccharides and lipopolysaccharides, and by a component of cobra venom.
Purkinje s.terminal ramifications in the ventricles of the specialized conducting s. of the heart.
redox s.oxidation-reduction s
renal portal s.an arterial portal s., in which efferent glomerular arterioles receive blood from the capillaries of the renal glomeruli and carry it to the peritubular capillary plexus surrounding the proximal and distal convoluted tubules.hypothalamohypophysial portal s;
renin-angiotensin s.a selective regulator of the aldosterone biosynthetic pathway that acts by increasing aldosterone production and sodium retention as a result of volume depletion, with resulting increased renin production in the kidney and conversion of angiotensin I in the plasma to angiotensin II.
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone s.the hormones, renin, angiotensin, and aldosterone work together to regulate blood pressure. A sustained fall in blood pressure cuases the kidney to release renin. This is converted to angiotensin in the circulation. Angiotensin then raises blood pressure directly by arteriolar constriction and stimulates adrenal gland to produce aldosterone which promotes sodium and water retention by kidney, such that blood volume and blood pressure increase.
reproductive s.genital s
respiratory s.all the air passages from the nose to the pulmonary alveoli.apparatus respiratorius [NA] , systema respiratorium [NA] , respiratory apparatus;
reticular activating s. (RAS) a physiological term denoting that part of the brainstem reticular formation that plays a central role in the organism's bodily and behavorial alertness; it extends as a diffusely organized neural apparatus through the central region of the brainstem into the subthalamus and the intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus; by its ascending connections it affects the function of the cerebral cortex in the sense of behavioral responsiveness; its descending (reticulospinal) connections transmit its activating influence upon bodily posture and reflex mechanisms (e.g., muscle tonus), in part by way of the gamma motor neurons. See also reticular formation.nonspecific s;
reticuloendothelial s. (RES) a collection of putative macrophages, first described by Aschoff, which included most of the true macrophages (now classified under the mononuclear phagocytic s.) as well as cells lining the sinusoids of the spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow, and the fibroblastic reticular cells of hematopoietic tissues; all of these latter cells are only weakly phagocytic and are not true macrophages. The term persists in the literature and is often equated with the mononuclear phagocytic s.
second signaling s.pavlovian term for speech in which words are considered to be the "second signals" capable of producing conditioned responses.
skeletal s.the bones and cartilages of the body.systema skeletale [NA] ;
somesthetic s.sensory data derived from skin, muscles, and body organs in contrast to that derived from the five special senses.
static s.that part of the neuromuscular s. whereby the animal organism is maintained in posture and equilibrium, and counteracts the forces of gravity and atmospheric pressure; distinguished from the kinetic s. (2).
stomatognathic s.all of the structures involved in speech and in the receiving, mastication, and deglutition of food. See also masticatory s.masticatory apparatus (2) ;
sympathetic nervous s. 1. originally, the entire autonomic nervous s.; 2. the sympathetic part of the nervous system. See also autonomic nervous s.pars sympathica [NA] , sympathetic part;
T s.the transverse tubules that are continuous with the sarcolemma in skeletal and cardiac muscle fibers.
thoracolumbar s. See autonomic nervous s., sympathetic part.
triaxial reference s.the figure resulting from rearranging the lines of derivation of the three standard limb leads of the electrocardiogram (as represented in Einthoven's triangle) so that, instead of forming the sides of an equilateral triangle, they bisect one another.Dieuaide diagram;
urinary s.urogenital s
urogenital s.includes all the organs concerned in reproduction and in the formation and voidance of the urine.apparatus urogenitalis [NA] , systema urogenitale [NA] , genitourinary apparatus, genitourinary s., urinary apparatus, urinary s., urogenital apparatus;
uropoietic s.the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra, considered as a s. for the secretion and excretion of urine.
vascular s.the cardiovascular and lymphatic s.'s collectively.circulatory s;
vegetative nervous s.autonomic nervous s
vertebral-basilar s.the arterial complex comprising the two vertebral arteries joining to form the basilar artery, and their immediate branches.
vertebral venous s.any of four interconnected venous networks surrounding the vertebral column; anterior external vertebral venous plexus, the small s. around the vertebral bodies; posterior external vertebral venous plexus, the extensive s. around the vertebral processes; anterior internal vertebral venous plexus, the s. running the length of the vertebral canal anterior to the dura; posterior internal vertebral venous plexus, the s. running the length of the vertebral canal posterior to the dura; the latter two constitute the epidural venous plexus.plexus venosus vertebralis [NA] , Batson's plexus, vertebral venous plexus;
visceral nervous s.autonomic nervous s
Zaffaroni s.a chromatographic s. for the separation of steroids.

systema systema (sis´te´ma) [NA]

system See also system, apparatus. [L. fr. G. systema]
s. alimenta´rium* official alternate term for digestive system
s. digesto´riumdigestive system, digestive system
s. lymphat´icum [NA] lymphatic system
s. nervo´sum [NA] nervous system
s. nervo´sum autonom´icum [NA] * official alternate term for autonomic nervous system
s. nervo´sum centra´le [NA] * official alternate term for central nervous system, central nervous system
s. nervo´sum peripher´icum [NA] * official alternate term for peripheral nervous system
s. respirato´rium [NA] * official alternate term for respiratory system
s. skeleta´le [NA] skeletal system
s. urogenita´le [NA] * official alternate term for urogenital system

systematic systematic (sis´te-mat´ik)

Relating to a system in any sense; arranged according to a system.

systematic name systematic name

As applied to chemical substances, a s.n. is composed of specially coined or selected words or syllables, each of which has a precisely defined chemical structural meaning, so that the structure may be derived from the name. Water (trivial name) is hydrogen oxide (systematic). The s.n. of histamine (a semisystematic name) is imidazolethylamine, which indicates that a radical of imidazole replaces one hydrogen atom of ethylamine, which in turn is an ethyl group attached to an amine group. Dimethyl sulfoxide states that two methyl radicals are attached to a sulfur atom that holds an oxygen atom. Carbolic acid (trivial name) or phenol (semisystematic name) are, systematically, phenyl hydroxide or hydroxybenzene. See also semisystematic name.

systematization systematization (sis-te-mat´i-za´shun, sis-tem´a-ti-)

The arrangement of ideas into orderly sequence.

Système International d'Unités Système International d'Unités

See International System of Units.

systemic systemic (sis-tem´ik)

Relating to a system; specifically somatic, relating to the entire organism as distinguished from any of its individual parts.

systemoid systemoid (sis´te-moyd)

Resembling a system; denoting a tumor of complex structure resembling an organ.

systole systole (sis´to-le)

Contraction of the heart, especially of the ventricles, by which the blood is driven through the aorta and pulmonary artery to traverse the systemic and pulmonary circulations, respectively; its occurrence is indicated physically by the first sound of the heart heard on auscultation, by the palpable apex beat, and by the arterial pulse. [G. systole, a contracting]
aborted s.a loss of the systolic beat in the radial pulse through weakness of the ventricular contraction.
s. alter´nanshemisystole
atrial s.contraction of the atria.auricular s;
auricular s.atrial s
electrical s.the duration of the QRS-T complex (i.e., from the earliest q-wave to the end of the latest T wave on the ECG.
electromechanical s.the period from the beginning of the QRS complex to the first (aortic) vibration of the second heart sound.Q-S₂ interval;
extra-s. See extrasystole.
late s.prediastole
premature s.extrasystole
ventricular s.contraction of the ventricles.

systolic systolic (sis-tol´ik)

Relating to, or occurring during cardiac systole.

systolometer systolometer (sis´to-lom´e-ter)

1. An apparatus for determining the force of the cardiac contraction. 2. An instrument for analyzing the sounds of the heart. [systole + G. metron, measure]

systremma systremma (sis-trem´a)

A muscular cramp in the calf of the leg, the contracted muscles forming a hard ball. [G. anything twisted]

syzygial syzygial (si-zij´e-al)

Relating to syzygy.

syzygiology syzygiology (si-zij´e-ol´o-je)

The study of interrelationships, or interdependencies, especially of the whole, as opposed to the study of separate parts or isolated functions. [G. syzygios, yoked (see syzygy), + logos, study]

syzygium syzygium (si-zij´e-um)

syzygy

syzygy syzygy (siz´i-je)

1. The association of gregarine protozoans end-to-end or in lateral pairing (without sexual fusion). 2. Pairing of chromosomes in meiosis.syzygium; [G. syzygios, yoked, bound together, fr. syn, together, + zygon, a yoke]